x«^M>} 


DE  JOUR 

EN  JOUR 

EMMMHAIf 

MOURAMT 


DE   LA 

BIBLIOTHtqUE  DE 
5.  GRISWOLD  MORLEY 


University  of  California  •  Berkeley 

Gift  of 
JAMES  M.   MORLEY 


fit 


MINERAL  SPRINGS 


HEALTH  RESORTS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


COMPLETE  CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS 


EVERY  IMPORTANT  MINERAL  WATER 
IN  THE  WORLD 


ILLUSTRATED 


A  PRIZE  ESSAY 

Annual  Prize  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  California, 
Awarded  April  20,  1889 


WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  M,  D,,  M,  R,  C,  P,  Lond,,  M.  R,  C,  S,  Eng,,  etc, 

Joint  Editor  and  Publisher  of  the  PACIFIC  MEDICAL  JOURNAL 

Asst.  Chair  Medical  Chemistry  and  Materia  Medica,  and  Teacher  of  Chemistry  in  the  laboratories 

of  the  University  of  California  in  the  Medical  and  Dental  Departments. 

Member  International  Medical  Congress;  Member  Congress  of  Hygiene  and  Demography. 

Member  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  and  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  California. 

Member  of  the  San  Francisco  County  Medical  Society,  and  of  the  College  of  Pharmacy  and  of 

Pharmaceutical  Society. 

Secretary  and  Member  of  Alumni  Association  of  Medical  Department  of  University  of  California. 
Member  of  the  Board  of  Medical  Examiners  for  the  State  of  California. 

Member  of  the  National  Educational  Association. 
Analytical  Chemist  to  the  Coroner  of  the  city  of  San  Francisco. 

Author  of 

"Desiccated  Human  Remains;"  "Adulterations  in  Food  Products;"  "Western  Mummies;" 
"Mortality  in  Diphtheria;"  "Morphio-Mania,"  Etc.,  Etc. 

SAN    FRANCISCO 
THE   BANCROFT  COMPANY 

1892 


Kntered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  year  1890,  by 

WINSIyOW  ANDERSON,  M.  D. 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


TO  THE 

faculty 

OF   THE 

MEDICAL    DEPARTMENT 

OF  THE 

7llttit«r$ittj  of  California 

THIS  LITTLE  VOLUME  IS  RESPECTFULLY  INSCRIBED 
AS  A  SINCERE,  THOUGH  INADEQUATE,  TOKEN   OF  ESTEEM   FOR  THEIR  EMINENCE  AS 

<Feachers  aui  professional 

GENTLEMEN,  AND   AS   AN  ACKNOWLEDGMENT  OF  GRATITUDE  FOR 

THEIR  FRIENDSHIP  DURING   MY   EARLY  PROFESSIONAL 

CAREER,  BY  THEIR  FRIEND 


The  author  desires  to  acknowledge  his  obligations  to 
the  following  authorities : 


HOMER,  PLINY,  TACITUS 

PROF.  WM.  IRELAND,  JR. 

PROF.  EDW.  EVERETT  HALE 

PROF.  W.  F.  McNuTT 

PROF.  WOOD 

PROF.  HATCH 

DR.  McCALL  ANDERSON 

PROF.  LAVOISIER 

DR.  RABATEAU 

PROF.  FLINT 

DR.  TASSE 

DR.  SADTLER 

PROF.  VUPIAN 

DR.    SlGISMUND    SUTRO 

MR.  E.  McD.  JOHNSTONS 
MAJ.  BEN  C.  TRUMAN 

And  many  daily,  weekly 


PROF.  LE  CONTE 
PROF.  J.  D.  WHITNEY 
PROF.  H.  G.  HANKS 

U.  S.  DlSPENASORY,    1880 

PROF.  BARTHOLOW 
DR.  BENNETT 
DR.  ROBERTS 
PROF.  SEGUIN 
PROF.  DA  COSTA 
DR.  SAPPEY 
DR.  SCHARLING 
DR.  POKROWSKY 
DR.  MOREAU 
DR.  BRUNTON 
DR.  BEINSWANGER 
MR.  EDWARD  E.  EITEL 
DR.  WALTON 
and  monthly  journals. 


THK  GOLDEN  WEST 


CALIFORNIA 


The  old  Pacific  harshly  calls  to  Mendocino's  shore, 
But  sighs  at  Santa  Barbara's  feet  his  love-song  evermore; 
The  giant  redwoods  greeting  send  to  orange,  fig  and  lime, 
And  Siskiyou  holds  out  a  cup  for  wine  of  Anaheim. 

Proud  Shasta's  snow-crowned  head  looks  out  to  St.  Helena's  base, 
Where  Napa's  vine-wrouth  glory  smiles  in  fair  Sonoma' s  face, 
Mt.  Hamilton  reads  reverently  the  mysteries  of  the  skies, 
Where  San  Jose's  wide  valley-sweep  in  fruited  richness  lies. 

Across  the  San  Joaquin's  broad  reach  of  vines  and  waving  wheat 
The  old  Sierras  pour  their  gold  to  San  Diego's  feet; 
And  northern  pine  and  southern  palm  woo  sea-winds  from  the  west, 
While  over  all  a  spirit  broods  of  romance  and  unrest. 

The  rose  entwines  the  orange  tree,  the  sea-winds  rock  the  pines, 
And  wheat  sheaves  lift  their  golden  heads  amid  the  clustering  vines; 
The  latest  glow  of  sunset  still  unfolds  them  evermore, 
While  strength  and  beauty  stand  hand-clasped  upon  the   Western 

[shore. 


Carrie  Stevens  Walter. 


PREFACE 

Several  years  ago  while  visiting  some  of  the  prominent  mineral 
springs  and  health  resorts  in  this  State  the  author  satisfied  himself 
that  California  possessed  as  valuable  mineral  springs  as  could  be  found 
anywhere  in  the  world,  and  all  that  is  needed  to  make  them  as  service- 
able in  the  restoration  and  maintenance  of  health  as  their  famous  sister 
springs  in  the  East  and  in  Europe  is  their  further  development,  their 
chemical  analysis,  and  the  scientific  administration  and  application 
of  their  waters. 

In  Europe  Balneotherapy  and  the  scientific  internal  administration 
of  mineral  waters  have  been  investigated  for  centuries,  and  have  proved 
of  great  benefit  in  the  alleviation  and  eradication  of  many  of  the  most 
chronic  and  almost  intractable  diseases,  such  as — The  many  chronic 
articular  disorders,  rheumatism,  rheumatic  arthritis,  synovitis,  gout, 
indigestion,  dyspepsia,  torpidity  of  the  liver,  and  intestinal  tract, 
glandular  enlargement,  renal  affections,  Bright's  disease,  etc.,  irrita- 
tion and  inflammation  in  the  bladder,  brickdust  deposit,  calculus  or 
stone  in  the  bladder,  diabetes,  blood  glandular  diseases,  scrofulous, 
syphilitic  and  cutaneous  contaminations,  etc.,  etc. 

Having  obtained  analyses  of  every  European  and  American 
spring  of  any  note,  the  author  commenced  the  task  of  analyzing  the 
California  waters  and  comparing  the  results.  For  several  years  he  has 
been  carying  on  his  investigations,  making  a  great  many  original  analy- 
ses and  several  supplementary  ones,  and  he  presents  in  the  following 
pages  the  results  of  his  labors. 

It  will  be  observed  by  referring  to  the  analytical  tables  that  the 
California  waters  compare  favorably  with  those  of  the  European  and 
Eastern  States,  in  fact  many  of  them  are  almost  identical  in  composi- 
tion. 

The  springs  of  California  have  been  alphabetically  arranged, 
with  a  sketch  of  their  surroundings,  route  of  travel,  etc.,  to  facilitate 
ready  reference.  The  analyses  of  the  foreign  and  several  of  our  local 
springs  have  been  obtained  from  every  available  source  that  was 
authentic,  and  with  each  analysis  has  been  appended  the  analyst's 
name  whenever  obtainable. 

IX 


PREFA  CE— Continued 

The  article  containing  the  mineral  springs  proper  was  read 
before  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  California,  April  20,  1889 
and  awarded  the  annual  prize  of  the  Society. 

Short  articles  on  the  ancient  uses  of  mineral  springs,  their  classi- 
fication and  theory  of  origin,  with  the  therapeutics  or  medicinal  uses 
of  the  different  waters  have  been  added. 

The  medicinal  virtues  of  the  mineral  waters  and  Moor  baths 
have  been  dilated  upon,  for  it  is  believed  that  they  are  among  the  most 
efficient  auxiliaries  in  the  treatment  of  these  chronic  disorders,  pro- 
viding the  baths  are  properly  and  intelligently  used. 

The  work  contains  the  names  of  over  two  hundred  California 
springs,  with  about  one  hundred  analyses,  and  two  hundred  analyses  of 
all  the  famous  springs  in  America  and  abroad. 

Short  sketches  have  been  introduced  on  the  fertility  and  natural 
productions  of  California  ;  its  historical  account ;  climate;  comparative 
thermometric  tables ;  rainfall,  etc. ,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  that  our 
golden  shores  on  the  Pacific  compare  favorably  with  all  the  most  noted 
health  resorts,  whether  they  be  found  in  the  Old  or  in  the  New  World. 

Should  the  author  succeed  in  directing  attention  to  our  fountains 
of  health  and  to  their  scientific  utilization  in  the  treatment  of  disease, 
he  feels  certain  of  their  beneficial  effects,  and  should  any  of  the  springs 
through  his  efforts  prove  a  boon  to  suffering  humanity,  as  an  auxiliary 
remedy,  an  adjuvant  to  regular  scientific  medicine,  then  shall  his 
labors  have  been  amply  repaid. 

WINSLOW  ANDERSON, 

829  Broadway,  San  Francisco,   Cal. 
March,  1890. 


OR  CONTENTS 


Authorities  referred  to iv 

Preface ix 

Table  of  Illustrations xiii 

Index  to  Springs x\ 

General  and   Therapeutical  Index xix 

Introductory xxix 

Origin  of  Mineral  Springs 3 

"        Thermal  Springs 5 

"        Cold  Springs 9 

Medicinal  Uses  of  the  various  Mineral  Waters 12 

Therapeutic  Action  of  Mineral  Waters  on  the  Human  Economy 19 

Classification  of  Mineral  Waters 21  to  38 

The  Bath— its  origin  and  use 38  to  43 

Classification  of  Baths 43 

Temperature  in  Bathing 45 

The  Skin  in  Bathing 45 

Natural  Mineral  Water  Baths 48 

Effects  of  Mineral  Water  Bathing 51 

How  to  Bathe 53 

Temperatures 56 

Duration 57 

Treatment  after  Bathing 59 

Frequency  of  Bathing. i.... 60 

Minor  Ablutions 62 

Sitz  Bath 62 

Douche 62 

Uterine  Douche 63 

Spinal  Douche 64 

Moor  or  Mud  Bathing  in  Disease 64 

Gas  or  Vapor  Bathing 65 


Mineral  Springs  and  Health  Resorts  of  California  with  complete  Anal- 
ysis, Route  of  Travel,  etc.,  etc.,  Alphabetically  Arranged 68  to  270 

Noted  Mineral  Springs  of  Oregon 271 

"            "            "            Western  States 272-281 

"                          "            Southern  and  Southwestern  States 282-290 

XI 


TABLE  OF  CONTEXTS- Continued 

PAGE 

Noted  Mineral  Springs  of  Virginia 291-302 

"  "  "  Pennsylvania 303-305 

"  "  "  New  York 305-316 

"  "  "  New  England  States 317-318 

Canada 319-320 

"  "  "  Europe 321-340 

Analyses  of  Dead  Sea— Ocean,  etc 340-342 


Origin  of  the  Name  California 343 

Historical  Sketch  of  the  Discovery  and  early  Occupation  of  California 348 

Early  Mission  Fathers : 356 

Franciscan  Friars 359 

Sketch  of  Climate  of  California 368 

Rainfall 374 

Temperatures 375 

Comparative  Climatic  Tables  of  all  the  Noted  Health  Resorts  in  the  World  377 
Comparative  Tables  of  Mortality  in  the  different  Large  Cities  and  Countries 

of  the  World 382 

A  Trip  to  California  and  Pen  Sketch  by  Bayard  Taylor 384 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

The  Golden  West Frontispiece 

General  Views  of  Yosemite  Valley 2 

California  Palms 8 

Nevada  Falls— Bridal  Vail  Falls— Vernal  Falls— Cascade  Falls. .  10 

Scene  in  the  Sierras 1 8 

Lake  in  the  Sierras 27 

Yosemite  Falls 36 

Tahoe  Scenery 39 

Mirror  Lake 43 

Cap  of  Liberty 49 

Bridal  Vail  Falls 61 

The  Sentinel 63 

Ocean  Sculpture  near  Santa  Rosa 67 

Palm  Valley 72 

Clear  Lake  and  Uncle  Sam 8 1 

Anderson  Springs 83 

Sierra  Scene 96 

Byron  Springs 103,  105,  107,  109,  and  113 

Scene  in  Petrified  Forest,  near  Calistoga 117 

Hotel  del  Coronado 121 

Paso  Robles 124  and  1 26 

Mt.  Shasta 134 

The  Geysers 137,  139,  and  141 

Gilroy  Springs 157 

Susie  Lake 159 

Yosemite  Scene 160 

Glen  Alpine  Falls 161 

Harbin  Springs '  * ' ' 165 

Highland  Springs 169  and  1 70 

Klamath  Hot  Springs 184 

Lake  Tahoe  (map) 185 

Tahoe  City 186 

Litton  Springs 189 

Nevada  Falls 196 

XIII 


ILLUSTRA  TIONS—  Continued 

Gems  of  the  Sierras 197 

Napa  Soda  Springs 201 

Pagoda  Spring 205 

Lick  Observatory , 212 

Palm  Valley 215 

Paraiso  Hot  Springs 218 

Falls  near  San  Bernardino 226 

San  Marcos  Hotel  and  Grounds  at  Santa  Barbara 229 

Santa  Ysabel,  Ysabel  Lake  and  Surroundings '232,  235,  236,  238  and  240 

Remains  of  Prehistoric  Dam 242 

Clear  Lake 247 

Lake  Tahoe 252 

Doolan's  Ukiah  Vichy  Springs 258 

Gas  Well  at  Kelseyville 267 

Old  Mission,  Los  Angeles 348 

Church  and  Study  near  Del  Monte 353 

Old  Mission  Church  at  Santa  Barbara 357 

Mission  San  Miguel 361 

Santa  Cruz  Beach 363 

Monterey  Baths 365 

Hotel  Del  Monte  (Bird's-eye  View) 367 

Typical  Southern  California 370 

Pacific  Grove 372 

Views  of  Oakland 376 

Cliff  House,  San  Francisco 381 

Monster  Grapevine  at  Santa  Barbara 383 


INDEX   TO   SPRINGS 

CALIFORNIA  SPRINGS 


Adams Lake  68 

jQtna Napa  69 

Aguas  Calientes San  Diego  72 

Agua  Caliente Kern  73 

Agua  de  Vida 74 

Alabaster  Cave El  Dorado  76 

Alameda  Warm Alameda  76 

AlderGlen  Sonoma  76 

Alkali Mono  76 

Alkaline  Lakes Modoc  76 

Alkaline  Lakes Lake  76 

Allen Lake  76 

Alum  Rock Santa  Clara  78 

Anderson  Mineral Lake  82 

Antifat San  Bernardino  89 

Arrowhead,  Hot San  Bernardino  89 

Arroyo  Grande San  Luis  Obispo  90 

Azule Santa  Clara  91 

Bartlett Lake  91 

Bear  Valley San  Bernardino  94 

Benton  Hot Mono  95 

Berkeley  Soda Placer  95 

Big  Hot Lassen  95 

Big  Sulphur 96 

Bitter San  Bernardino  96 

Black  Lake Mono  97 

Black  Sulphur 97 

Blank's  Hot  Sulphur Colusa  97 

Blodgett's Santa  Clara  P7 

Boiling  Lakes Plumas  99 

Boiling  Springs Inyo  99 

Boiling  Sulphur Mono  99 

Bonanza  Hot Lake  100 

Borax  Pond Lake  101 

Borax  Flat Sail  Bernardino  101 

Borax  Marsh San  Bernardino  101 

Borax  Patch San  Bernardino  101 

Borax  Springs Lake  101 


Boyd's  Hot Modoc  102 

Branbeck's Lassen  102 

Byron Contra  Costa  103 

Cal.  Seltzer Mendocino  114 

Calistoga Napa  114 

Cameta  Warm 116 

Campbell's  Hot Sierra  1J6 

Campo's  Chalybeate 116 

Carbonated  Siskiyou  118 

Carnelian  or  Lake  Tahoe Placer  118 

Casa  Diablo Mono  118 

Castalian Inyo  118 

Castle  Rock Shasta  119 

Chalybeate  Mineral Tehama  119 

Chalybeate Shasta  119 

Coal  Valley Modoc  119 

Cold  Soda  Lake Plumas  120 

Cold  Soda  Springs Tuolumne  120 

Cook's Colusa  120 

Coronado , San  Diego  121 

Corral  de  Luz San  Diego  122 

Crystal Napa  122 

Crystal San  Mateo  122 

Guyana  Hot Santa  Barbara  123 

Deserter  Cave Kern  123 

Doolan's  Ukiah  Vichy 257 

Dos  Palmas San  Diego  248 

Dr.  Soupan's  Hot Plumas  123 

Ems  and  ^Etna  compared 72 

Elsinore San  Diego  133 

Eureka Humboldt  133 

Fairmount Sonoma  135 

Felt's  Mineral Humboldt  135 

Fresno  Hot Fresno  135 

Prey's  Soda,  bet.  Shasta  and  Siskiyou 135 

Fulton  Wells Los  Angeles  136 

Geysers Mono  155 

Geysers Plumas  155 


XVI 


INDEX  TO  SPRINGS 


Geysers Sonoma   136 

Geysers  Spa  or  Soda Sonoma   155 

Geysers  in  Long  Valley Mono   155 

Gilroy  Hot Santa  Clara   156 

Glen  Alpiue  Mineral El  Dorado   158 

Gordon's  Mineral Lake   163 

Harbin Lake   166 

HatchinHama Lake   168 

Hensley's  Soda Tehama   168 

Hibb's  Soda Shasta   169 

Highland Lake   169 

High  Rock Lassen   176 

Hood's 176 

HotBorate Lake    176 

Hot  Borax 177 

Hot  Mud 177 

Hot 177 

Hot  Soda Plumas    177 

Hough's  Mineral Lake   180 

Howard Lake  180 

Inflammable  Natural  Gas 181 

Iodine Lake  183 

Iron  Springs 183 

Kellogg's Napa   187 

Klamath  Hot Siskiyou   183 

Lake  Tahoe  or  Carnelian  Hot  Springs  185 

Lane's  Mineral Calaveras   187 

Las  Cruces  Hot Santa  Barbara   187 

Lick Tehama   188 

Little  Geyser Sonoma   188 

Little  Yosemite  Soda Tulare   188 

Litton  Seltzer Sonoma   188 

Lower  Soda Shasta  191 

Madrone 191 

Magnetic Santa  Cruz   192 

Mark  West Sonoma   192 

Matilija  Hot Ventura   193 

McCarthy's Shasta   194 

Mills Lake  194 

Mineral 193 

Mineral Los  Angeles   194 

Mineral Siskiyou   194 

Mineral Calaveras    194 

Mission  San  Jose Alameda   195 

Mono  Basin  Warm Mono    195 

Mono  Lake Mono    196 

Montecito  Hot Santa  Barbara   199 

Mountain  Glen Santa  Barbara   200 

Mud Lassen   200 

Mud Tehama  200 

Napa  Soda Napa   201 


Newsom's  Arroyo  Grande 207 

New  Almaden Santa  Clara  208 

Nicholas Santa  Cruz  209 

Ojai  Hot  Sulphur Ventura  210 

Owen's  Lake Inyo  211 

Pacific  Congress Santa  Clara  213  0  ^/UA 

Paert's  Hot Mono  217 

Paraiso  Hot Monterey  217 

Paso  deRobles San  Luis  Obispo  123 

Pearson's Lake  220 

Petroleum 221 

Piedmont Alameda  222 

Piru Ventura  222 

Rubicon  Soda Placer  222 

Salt  Lake Mono  225 

Salt 225 

Salt  Wells San  Bernardino  225 

San  Bernardino  Hot,  San  Bernardino  225 

San  Juan  Capistrar_o,San  Bernardino  227 

San  Juan  Hot 228 

San  Marcos  Sulphur,  Santa  Barbara  228 

San  Rafael Mariu  228 

Santa  Barbara  Hot Santa  Barbara  228 

Santa  Rosa  White Sonoma  231 

Santa  Ysabel San  Luis  Obispo  233 

Saratoga  Mineral Lake  242 

Saratoga Inyo  242 

Seigler's Lake  :43 

Shafer's  Hot Lassen  243 

Shasta  Soda Siskiyou  244 

Simmon's  Hot Colusa  244 

Skaggs' Sonoma  244 

Soda  Bay 245 

Soda  Lake San  Bernardino  246 

Soda  Pond Mono  246 

Soda Shasta  246 

Steamboat Plumas  248 

Stewart's  Hot Modoc  248 

Sulphur Inyo  248 

Summit  Soda Placer  250 

Tassaj  ara M  on terey  253 

Temescal San  Diego  253 

Thermal  Acid Inyo  254 

Thermal Plumas  255 

Tolenas Solano  255 

Tule  River  Soda Tulare  256 

Tuscan  or  Lick Tehama  256 

Ukiah  Vichy Mendocino  257 

Upper  Soda Siskiyou  260 

Vallejo  Sulphur Solano  260 

Volcanic Inyo  201 


INDEX  TO  SPRINGS 


XVJ.I 


Volcanic San  Diego   261 

Warm Inyo   262 

Warm Kern   261 

Warm  Sulphur Kern    262 

Warm Lassen   262 

Warm Modoc   261 

Warm San  Bernardino   262 

Warner's  Ranch San  Diego   262 

Waterman's San  Bernardino   263 


White  Sulphur Amador  204 

Whit*-  Sulphur Inyo   264 

White  Sulphur Napa  263 

White  Sulphur Sonoma  264 

White  Sulphur , Tehama   264 

Wilbur Colusa  26) 

Witter's  Mineral Lake   2(55 

Young's  Natural  Gas  Well 266 

Zem  Zem Lake  269 


OTHER  SPRINGS— DOMESTIC  AND   FOREIGN 


LOCALITY          PAGE          SPRINGS 


SPRINGS 

Adirondack New  York   305 

Aix-le-Bains France   321 

Aix-la-Chapelle Rhenish  Prussia   321 

Albany  Artesian  Well New  York   306 

Alburgh  Springs Vermont   317 

Alpena  Wells Michigan   272 

Alleghany  Spring Virginia  291 

Apollinaris Prussia  322 

Arkansas  Hot  Springs Arkansas   282 

Auburn  Springs New  York   306 

Augusta  Springs Virginia   291 

Avon  Springs New  York   3^6 

Baden-Baden Germany   322 

Bagnere-de-Bigorre France   322 

Bagnere-de-Lucaon France  323 

Ballston  Spa   New  York   307 

Bareges France   323 

Bath  Alum  Spring Virginia   292 

Bath England    328 

Bedford  Alum  Springs Virginia   203 

Bedford  Springs Pennsylvania   3^3 

Beer  Springs Oregon    271 

Berkelev  Springs Virginia   293 

Bethesda  Springs Wisconsin    272 

Bilin Bohemia  324 

Birchdale  Springs. ..New  Hampshire   317 

Bladen  Springs Alabama   283 

Blount  Springs Alabama   284 

Blue  Ridge  Springs Virginia  203 

Bine  Lick  Springs Kent"okv   284 

Bourbonne France  324 

Brighton England   324 

Buffalo  Springs Virginia   293 

Butterworth  Springs Michigan    272 

Canadian  Mineral  Springs. ..Canada   319 

Caledonia  Springs  Canada   319 

Capon  Springs Virginia   294 


LOCALITY          PAGE 

Carlsbad Bohemia  325 

Catusa  Springs Georgia   285 

Caxton  Springs Canada   320 

Charleston  Artesian  Well, S.  C.    285 

Cheltenham England   326 

Cherry  Vallev New  York   303 

Chittenango  Springs New  York   309 

Church  Hill  Alum  Springs. ..Virginia   295 

Clarendon  Springs Vermont   317 

Clifton  Springs New  York   309 

Columbia  Springs New  York   308 

Contrexville France   326 

Cooper's  Well Mississippi   286 

CrabOrchard  Springs Kentucky   287 

Cress-m  Springs Pennsylvania  303 

Des  Chutes  Hot  Springs Oregon   271 

Eaton  Rapids Michigan   273 

EmsontheLahn Germany  327 

Es'ill  Springs Kentucky   287 

European  Mineral  Springs 321 

Fachiugen  Germany   327 

Faye  te  Springs Pennsylvania   304 

Florida  Spring New  York   310 

French  Lick Indiana   274 

Friedrichshall Germany   327 

Fruit  Fort  Well Michigan   274 

Gastein  Austria  328 

Geilman Germany   328 

Gettysburg  Spring Pennsylvania  304 

Gieshiib -1 Bohemia   £28 

Green  Spring Ohio   274 

Green  Castle  Spring Indiana   275 

Greenbrier  White  Sulphur  Sp'g..Va.    295 

Hall Austria  329 

Harrodsburg  Springs Kentucky   288 

Harrowgate England   329 

Healing  Springs Virginia   296 


XVIII 


INDEX  TO  SPRINGS 


Highgate  Springs Vermont  318 

Holston  Springs Virginia  297 

Holywell Wales  330 

Homburg Germany  330 

Hot  Springs Virginia  296 

Hubbardston  Well Michigan   275 

Idaho  Hot  Springs Colorado  275 

Indian  Springs Indiana  276 

Jordan  Alum  Springs Virginia  297 

Jordan  White  Sulphur  Springs.. .Va.   298 

Kimberling  Springs Virginia  298 

Kissingen Bavaria  331 

Kreuznach Prussia  331 

Lafayette  Springs Indiana  276 

Lansing  Well Michigan   276 

Lebanon  Springs New  York   310 

Leslie  Well Michigan   277 

Leuk Switzerland  331 

Lodi  Artesian  Well Indiana  277 

Longmuir's  Well New  York  310 

Luber  Springs Maine  318 

Luhalschowitz Moravia  332 

Manitou  Spring Colorado   277 

Matienbad Bohemia  332 

Meinberg Germany   332 

Messena  Springs New  York   311 

Midland  Well Michigan   278 

Minnequa  Spring Pennsylvania   305 

Montvale  Springs Tennessee  288 

Nauheim Germany   333 

Neundorf Germany   333 

Neuenahr Prussia  333 

Newbury  Spring Vermont  318 

New  England  Mineral  Springs 317 

New  London  Alum  Springs Va.   298 

New  York  Mineral  Springs 305 

Oak  Orchard  Spring New  York   311 

Obersalzbrunn Silesia  334 

Ocean  Springs Mississippi   288 

Old  Stout  Springs Virginia   299 

Olympian  Springs Kentucky  289 

Oregon  Mineral  Springs 271 

Orkney  Springs Virginia   299 

Owosso  Spring Michigan   278 

Paroquet  Springs Kentucky   289 

Pennsylvania  Mineral  Springs 303 

Perry  Springs Illinois   278 

Plombieres France   334 


SPRINGS  LOCALITY          PAGB 

Puellna Bohemia  334 

Pyrmont Germany  335 

Rawley  Springs Virginia  300 

Red  Sulphur  Springs Virginia   300 

Richfield  Springs New  York  311 

Rock  Enon  Springs Virginia  300 

Rockbridge  Alum  Springs... Virginia  301 

Salt  Lake  Hot  Springs Utah   278 

Salt  Lake  Mineral  Springs Utah  279 

Salt  Sulphur  Springs  ....W.  Virginia  301 

Sandwich  Springs Canada   320 

Saratoga  Springs New  York   313 

Schlangerbad Germany  335 

Schuyler  Spring Illinois   280 

Schwalbach Germany   335 

Seidlitz Bohemia  336 

Sellers Germany   336 

Sharon  Springs New  York   312 

Spa Belgium  336 

Southern  and  Southwestern  Mineral 

Springs  282 

Sparta  Artesian  Well Wisconsin   279 

Spring  Lake  Well Michigan   280 

St.  Louis  Artesian  Well Missouri  289 

St.  Louis  Spring Michigan  280 

St.  Moritz Switzerland  337 

Sweet  Chalybeate  Springs.. .Virginia  302 

Toeplitz Bohemia  337 

Tunbridge England  337 

Vals France  338 

Variety  Springs Virginia  302 

Versaille  Spring Illinois  281 

Vichy Germany   338 

Victoriaquelle Prussia  338 

Virginia  Mineral  Springs 291 

Warm  Springs Georgia  290 

Warm  Springs North  Carolina   290 

Warm  Springs Virginia  302 

Weilbach Germany  339 

West  Baden  Springs Indiana  281 

Western  States  Mineral  Springs ....    272 

Wiesbaden Germany   340 

Wildbad Wiirtemberg  339 

Wildungen Germany  339 

Wilhoits  Soda  Springs Oregon    271 

Yellow  Springs - Ohio  281 

Yellow  Sulphur  Springs Virginia   302 


GENERAL  AND  THERAPEUTICAL  INDEX 


Abdominal  Plethora,  chlorinated  waters  in 32 

"          sulphureted  "     37 

Absorption  by  the  skin 47 

Acids  in  atonic  dyspepsia 21 

"      biliary  or  cystic  calculi 22 

"      lead  poisoning 22 

"     night  sweats 22 

"      oxaluria 22 

"     pyrosis 22 

"      serous  diarrhosa,  congestion  of  the  liver,  biliousness,  jaundice,  cirrhosis, 

hepatitis 22 

Acid  secretions,  alkalo-carbonated  waters  in ._ ...  23 

"      mineral  springs 21 

Acidity  of  the  urine  and  gastric  secretions,  flatulency,  etc.,  alkalo-carbonated 

waters  in 23 

magnesian  waters  in 36 

Adams  Springs 68 

Adams  Springs  in  chronic  dyspepsia,  portal  conjestion,  rheumatism,  Bright's  dis- 
ease, metriti? 69 

69 

Springs  in  renal  affections,  rheumatism,  neuralgia,  dyspepsia,  torpidity  of 

the  bowels,  hepatic  and  uterine  engorgements 70 

Age  of  the  bath 38 

Aguas  Calientes 72 

Aguas  Calientes  in  rheumatism,  syphilis,  strumous  affections,  renal  and  hepatic 

engorgement 73 

Agua  de  Vida 74 

Agua  de  Vida  in  dyspepsia,  cystitis,  congestion  of  the  kidneys,  anaemia,  malarial 

toxaemia,  chlorosis  and  rheumatism 75 

Alkaline  Mineral  waters 22 

Alkalo-Carbonated  waters 23 

"      in  atonic  dyspepsia 23 

"      acid   secretions,  fever,   rheumatism,    gout,  chronic 

arthrites,  congestion  of  the  kidneys  and  bladder  23 

"      vesicle  catarrh 24 

"      metritis,  leucorrhosa  and  sterility 24 

"  "  "      gout 24 

"  "  "      rheumatism 24 

"  "  "      diabetes 24 

"       difficult  menstruation 24 

"       obesity 25 

"      rheumatism  and  gout 25 

"       acidity  of  gastric  secretions,  flatulency,  etc 23 

XIX 


xx  GENERAL  AND  THERAPEUTICAL  INDEX 

Alkalo-Chalybeate  waters  in  anaemia,  lithsemia,  gravel  and  sand 26 

Alum  Rock ..  73 

Alum  waters  in  hemorrhages 26 

Allen 77 

Allen  Springs  in  hepatic  and  renal  affections,  dropsy,  dyspepsia,  chronic  constipa- 
tion, malarial  disorders 77 

Anaemia  chalybeate  waters  in 31 

"        alkalo-chalybeate  waters  in 26 

Aneurism,  iodine  waters  in 33 

Annual   temperature 373 

Arsenical  Mineral  Springs 26 

"        waters  in  menorrhagia  and  functional  impotence 28 

dyspepsia,    gastric   catarrh,   dysentery,    jaundice,    chlorosis, 
malarial  toxaemia,  cutaneous  diseases,  scrofula  and  syphilis  26 

Articular  affections 38 

Arrowhead  Hot  Springs  in  rheumatism  and  syphilis 90 

Asthma,  iodine  waters  in 33 

"        bromine  waters  in 29 

Atonic  dyspepsia,  acids  in 21 

alkalo-carbonated  waters  in 23 

Azule / 00 

Azule  Springs  in  dyspepsia,  torpidity  of  the  liver  and  intestinal  tract,  Bright's  dis- 
ease and  acidity  of  the  urine 91 

Balneotherapeutics 45 

Bartlett 91 

Bartlett  Springs  in  malarial,  rheumatic  and  uterine  diseases 93 

Bath 38 

Bathing  at  night 55 

"         before  breakfast  not  advisable 54 

"         abstracts  vitality 51 

"         during  the  crusades 4J 

"         as  a  religious  rite 40 

Baths  of  An  ton  ins 42 

"     in  Palestine 39 

"     among  the  Egyptians 39 

"  "         American  Aborigines 42 

Bear  Valley  Hot  Springs  in  kidney  and  bladder  affections 95 

Benefit  to  be  derived  from  springs 13 

"       of  the  bath  to  the  nervous  system 53 

Benton  Hot  Springs  in  rheumatism,  gravel,  etc 95 

Biliousness,  acids  in 22 

Biliary  calculi,  carbonated  waters  in 30 

Bladder  irritation 163 

Blodgett's 98 

Blodgett's  Springs  in  dyspepsia,  catarrh  of  the  stomach,  constipation,  kidney  and 

bladder  diseases 98 

Blood  Glandular  diseases 168 

Borax  Mineral  Springs 28 

Borax  in  Commerce 28 

Borax  waters  in  clergyman's  sore  throat 28 

"  "     catamenial  disorders,  cystic  and  nephretic  calculi 28 


GENERAL  AND     THERAPEUTICAL  INDEX  xxi 

Bright's  Disease 69,  91,  191,  205 

"  carbonated  waters  in 30 

traced  to  imperfect  cutaneous  functions 48 

"  sulphureted  waters  in 37 

Brines ; 340,341 

Bronchitis  vapor  baths  for 66 

Iodine  waters  in 33 

bromine  waters  in 29 

Bromine  waters  in  rheumatism,  gout,  blood-glandular  diseases,  obesity,  mercurial 

poisoning,  insomnia,  bronchitis  and  asthma 29 

"         waters  in  scrofula,  syphilis 29 

"         and  Bromine  Springs 28 

Byron 103 

Byron  Springs  in  dyspepsia,  chronic  hepatic  diseases,  obstruction  to  the  gall  ducts, 
torpidity  of  the  bowels,  Bright's  disease,  its  action  on  the  mucous  mem- 
branes of  the  throat  and  lungs,  stomach,  liver  intestinal  tract 107 

Catamenial  disorders,  borax  waters  in 29 

Calcareous  water  in  rickets  and  softening  of  the  bones 29 

California — Poem — Carrie  Stevens  Walters vii 

"  "        Bret  Harte 343 

"  "        Callie  I,.  Bonney 3 

"        Bayard  Taylor 384 

California  Seltzer 114 

Cal.  Seltzer  in  dyspepsia,  constipation,  acid  conditions  of  the  urine,  cystitis 114 

Calistoga 115 

Calistoga  Mineral  Springs  in  rheumatism,  cutaneous  diseases,  scrofula  and  con- 
stitutional taints 115 

Carbonated  Mineral  Springs 29 

waters  in  nausea,  gastric  irritation 30 

"    dyspepsia 30 

"  "     vesicle  calculi 30 

"  "     Bright's  disease 30 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 20 

Carnelian 118 

Carnelian  Mineral  Springs  in  cutaneous  affections 186 

or  Lake  Tahoe  Springs  in  rheumatism,  gout,  liver,  kidney,  chronic 

constipation,  and  cutaneous  affections 186 

Casa  Diablo  Hot  Springs 118 

Castalian 118 

Castle  Rock  Springs  in  rheumatism 119 

Catarrh,  iodine  waters  in 33 

"        vapor  baths  for 66 

Chemical  action  a  cause  of  heat 6 

Chalybeate  waters  in  anaemia 31 

or  ferruginous  waters 31 

Chlorosis,  arsenical  waters  in 26 

Chronic  arthritis,  alkalo-carbonated  waters  in 23 

"         malarial  poisoning,  iodine  waters  in 33 

"        metritis,  magnesian  waters  in 32 

malarial  fever,  sulphureted  waters  in 37 

"        eczema,  magnesian  waters  in 36 


xxn  GENERAL  AND  THERAPEUTICAL  INDEX 

Chronic  catarrh  of  the  mucous  membranes,  chlorinated  waters  in 32 

Cirrhosis,  acids  in 22 

Classification  of  Baths 43 

Clergyman's  Sore  Throat,  borax  waters  in 28 

Climate  of  California 368 

Coast  winds 369 

Colic,  magnesian  waters  in 34 

Comparative  temperature  table 377 

Congestion  of  the  liver,  sulphureted  waters  in 37 

"  "        "       acids  in 22 

"      kidneys  and  bladder  alkalo-carbonated  waters  in 23 

Coronado 121 

Cook's  Springs  in  liver  and  bowel  complaints 120 

Cutaneous  affections  arsenical  waters  in 26 

Cystic  disorders  and  nephretic  calculi,  borax  waters  in 28 

Death  rate 382 

Decay  of  Roman  Baths 40 

Deep  baths  not  necessary 58 

Deficient  digestion,  ferruginous  waters  in 32 

Diarrhoea,  ferruginous  waters  in 32 

Diabetes,  alkalo-carbonated  waters  in 24 

Difficult  menstruation,  alkalo-carbonated  waters  in 24 

Dr.  Moorman  on  mineral  waters 19 

Duration  of  the  bath /..  57 

Dyspepsia 69,  70,  77,  91,  98,  107,  114,  163,  172,  205,  269 

"        carbonated  waters  in 30 

"        arsenical  "     26 

Dysentery,  arsenical  "     26 

magnesian  "     34 

Effect  of  bathing  on  the  skin 46 

Elimination  by  the  skin 46 

Engorgement  of  the  liver,  magnesian  waters  in 34 

of  pelvic  viscera,  sulphureted  waters 37 

Enlarged  spleen,  sulphureted  waters  in 37 

Enlargement  of  the  body  duringthe  bath 50 

Eureka 133 

Fever,  alkalo-carbonated  waters  in 23 

Ferruginous  waters  in  hepatic  engorgement,  hemorrhoidal  affections,  diarrhoea, 

strumous  diseases,  albumin uria,  etc 31 

Ferruginous  waters  in  hysteria,  paludal  cachexia,  leucocythemic  exophthalmic 
goitre,  anaemia,  chlorosis,  fluor  albus,  scrofula,  rickets,  passive  hemorrhages, 
deficient  digestion,  neuralgia,  malarial  fever,  wasting  diseases  of  the  repro- 
ductive organs,  etc 31 

Flatulency,  magnesian  waters  in 34 

Fluor  albus,  ferruginous  waters  in 31 

Franciscan  Friars 359 

Frequency  of  bathing 60 

Function  of  red  blood  corpuscles 31 

Gastric  irritation,  iodine  waters  in 33 

"        catarrh,  arsenical  waters  in 26 


GENERAL  AND  THERAPEUTICAL  INDEX  xxin 

Geology  of  the  Coast  Range 9 

Geyser  Spa 136 

Gilroy 156 

Gilroy  Hot  Springs  in  syphilis,  rheumatism,  scrofula  and  glandular  swellings, 

chronic  skin  diseases 158 

Glandular  diseases,  bromine  waters  in 28 

Glen  Alpine  Springs  in  dyspepsia,  torpidity  of  the  bowels  and  kidney  and  bladder 

irritation 163 

Goitre,  iodine  waters  in 33 

Gordon's 163 

Gordon's  Mineral  Springs  in  chronic  bronchitis,  catarrh,  asthma  and  early  stages 

of  consumption 1C3 

Gout,  alkalo-carbonated  waters  in 24 

"(      bromine  waters  in 28 

"      sulphureted  waters  in 37 

"      chlorinated  "       33 

Great  Salt  Lake,  comparative  analysis  of,  with  Dead  Sea  and  Atlantic  Ocean 342 

Harbin 164 

Harbin  Springs  in  congestion  of  the  liver,  torpidity  of  the  bowels,  rheumatism 

and  cutaneous  affections 168 

Hemorrhages  alum  waters  in 26 

Hemorrhoidal  affections,  ferruginous  waters  in 32 

Hemorrhoids,  magnesian  waters  in 34 

"  sulphureted  "  37 

Hepatic  disorders,  acids  in 22 

Hibb's  Soda  Springs  in  kidney  and  bladder  troubles 169 

Highland's  Springs  in  dyspepsia,  neuralgia,  kidney  and  bladder  troubles,  calculi, 

gout  and  skin  diseases 172 

Historical  sketch  of  the  discovery  and  early  occupation  of  California 348 

Homer,  on  the  bath 40 

How  to  bathe 53 

Hot  baths  should  never  be  used  by  persons  subject  to  heart  disease 57 

Hot  Sitz  Bath 62 

Hough's  Mineral  Springs  in  cutaneous  and  rheumatic  troubles 180 

Hysteria,  ferruginous  waters  in ,... 32 

Hydropaths 45 

Increased  pulse  dangerous  when  heart  disease  exists 52 

Indiscriminate  use  of  medical  waters 13 

Individual  needs  of  each  bather 56 

Inflammation,  magnesium  waters  in 34 

Intelligent  use  of  the  bath 49 

Internal  tumefaction,  iodine  waters  in 33 

Iodine  Springs  in  consumption,  glandular  swellings,  skin  diseases 184 

Iodine  waters  in  glandular  enlargements 33 

"       gastric  irritation  and  acute  inflammation 33 

"        chronic  malarial  poisoning,  goitre,  tumors,  syphilis,  bronchitis, 
catarrh,     asthma,   pleurisy,    rheumatism,   gout,    Bright's 

disease,  internal  tumefaction  and  aneurism 33 

Iodine  Mineral  Springs 33 

Insomnia,  bromine  waters  in 29 

Islam,  on  the  bath 40 


xxiv  GENERAL  AND  THERAPEUTICAL  INDEX 

Jaundice,  acids  in 22 

"         arsenical  waters  in .'. 26 

Kinds  of  Bath 43 

Klamath  Hot  Springs  in  liver  and  kidney,  rheumatism,  gout  and  joint  affections.. .184 

Lane's  Springs  in  constipation,  dyspepsia,  chronic  malarial  poisoning,  liver  and 

kidney  complaints 187 

Lead  poisoning,  acids  in 22 

Leucocythemic  exopthaltnic  goitre,  etc.,  ferruginous  waters  in 32 

Leucorrnrea,  alkalo-carbonated  waters  iu 51 

Lithaemia,  alkalo-chalybeate  waters  in 24 

Lithontriptic,  value  of  alkalo-carbonated  waters 23 

Litton 188 

Lower  Soda  Springs  in  gravel,  cystitis,  nephritis,  albuminuria 191 

Madrone  Mineral  Springs  in  syphilis,  rheumatism,  skin  diseases 191 

Magnesian   waters 34 

"       in  painter's  palsy,  mercurial  poisoning 34 

"       in  inflammation,  renal  and  cardiac  anarca 34 

"       in  dysentery,  sick  headache,  flatulency,  colic,  acidity,  engorge- 
ment of  the  liver,  sub-involution,  chronic  metritis  and 

hemorrhoids 36 

"  "       in  obesity 36 

"       for  pendulous  abdomen  chronic  eczema 36 

Malarial  fever,  ferruginous  waters  in 31 

"  "       arsenical  waters  in 26 

Matilija  Hot  Springs  in  syphilitic  contaminations,  strumous  and  skin  diseases, 

rheumatism 1 93 

Mean  temperature  tables 373  to  380 

Medicinal  uses  of  the  various  mineral  waters 12 

Medical  advice  in  connection  with  the  bath 48 

Menorrhagia  and  functional  impotence,  arsenical  waters  in 24 

Mercurial  poisoning,  magnesian  waters  iu 34 

"  "  bromine  "    :S 

Metritis  alkalo-carbonated  waters  in , 24 

"       sulphureted  waters  in 37 

Meteorological  tables 373  to3SO 

Minor  ablutions 62 

Mission  Fathers 356 

Modern  Oriental  Baths 41 

Modus  Operandi  of  the  Turkish  bath 45 

Mono  Basin 191 

"      Lake 196 

Mosaic  Law 39 

Mud  or  Moor  Bath 64 

NapaSoda 203 

Napa  Soda  Springs,  in  Bright's  disease,  cystitis  and  dyspepsia 205 

Natural  Mineral  Water  Bath 48 

Nausea,  carbonated  waters  in 30 

Never  bathe  either  immediately  before  or  after  a  meal 58 

Neuralgia,  ferruginous  waters  in 31 

Newsom's  Arroyo  Grande 207 


GENERAL  AND  THERAPEUTICAL  INDEX  xxr 

Newsoru's  Arroyo  Grande  in  old  chronic  rheumatism,  gout,  catarrhal  affections  of 

the  bladder  and  bowels,  skin  diseases,  uterine  troubles 208 

New   Almaden  Vichy ,...209 

New  Almaden  Springs  in  gastric  and  hepatic  disorders,  renal  affections,  gout 208 

Nicholas 209 

Night  Sweats,  acids  in 22 

Noticeable  phenomena  of  the  Bath 47 

Oak  Orchard  Spring,  Genesee  Co.,  New  York 21  and  311 

Obesity,  bromine  waters  in 28 

"       alkalo-caroonated  waters  in  25 

"       magnesian  waters  in 36 

Ocean  currents 369 

Ojai  Hot  Sulphur  Spring  in  stiff  joints,  rheumatism,  gout,  skin  diseases 210 

Origin  of  the  name  of  California 343 

"     mineral  springs 3 

Owen's  Lake 211 

Pacific  Congress 213 

Painter's  palsy,  magnesian  waters  in 34 

Paraiso  Springs  in  rheumatism,  skin  diseases,  constipation,  dyspepsia 220 

Passage  of  water  through  mineral  strata 4 

Passive  hemorrhages,  ferruginous  waters  in 31 

Paludal  cachexia,  ferruginous  -waters  in 31 

Pendulous  abdomen,  magnesian        "      36 

Phthisis,  vapor  baths  for 66 

Pleurisy,  iodine  waters  in 33 

Pores  of  the  skin 46 

Power  of  the  skin  to  absorb  foreign  matters 47 

Pulse  increases  by  Hot  Baths 51 

Pyrosis,  acids  in 21 

Rainy  season 373 

Rainfall  tables 375 

Regime  at  foreign  spas .  14 

Renal  and  cardiac  anarca,  magnesian  waters  in 34 

Rheumatism 69,  70,  73,  75,  90,  115,  119,  158,  168,  180,  186,  187,  191,  193, 

208,  210,  220,  259,  269. 

sulphureted    waters  in 37 

iodine  "     33 

"  chlorinated  "     32 

"  bromine  " 28 

"  alkalo-carbonated   "     23  and  25 

Rickets,  ferruginous  waters  in 31 

and  softening  of  the  bones,  calcaiious  waters  in 29 

Roman  Baths 40 

Rules  for  bathing 53 

Russian  Baths 42 

Rushing  medical  treatment 13 

Sand,  alkalo-chalybeate  waters  in 26 

Santa  Barbara 233 

Santa  Isabel...  ...230 


xxvi  GENERAL  AND  THERAPEUTICAL  INDEX 

Santa  Isabel  Spring  in  consumption,  chronic  bronchitis,  asthma,  catarrh,  aftec- 

tions  of  the  nose-pharynx 241 

Scrofula  ferruginous  waters  in 31 

"       chlorinated  "     32 

"       iodine  "     33 

"      bromine  "     28 

"      and  syphilis,  arsenical  waters  in 26 

Seigler's  Springs  in  lung,  liver  and  rheumatism 243 

Seltzer  Springs 114 

Sensation  upon  entering  the  bath 49 

Serous  diarrhoea,  acids  in 22 

Shafers'Hot 243 

Sick  headache,  magnesian  waters  in 36 

Silicious  Mineral  waters 36 

Skaggs' 254 

Skin  diseases,  vapor  baths  for 66 

Slow  baths 59 

Soothing  baths 56 

Spinal  Bath 64 

Sterility,  alkalo-carbonated  waters  in 24 

Stimulants  to  be  after  the  bath 59 

Stimulating  baths 68 

Struinous  diseases,  ferruginous  waters  in 31 

"         affections,  sulphureted          "    37 

Sub-involution,  magnesian  waters  in 34 

Subterranean  heat  causes  of 6 

Sulphur 250 

Sulphureted  waters  in  rheumatism,  gout,  congestion  of  the  liver,  abdominal 
plethora,  chronic  malarial  fever,  enlarged  spleen,  engorgements  of  pelvic 
viscera,  metritis,  hemorrhoids,  uterine  tumors,  syphilis,  strumous  affec- 
tions, Bright's  diseases,tuberculosis 37 

Summit  Soda 250 

Syphilis,  bromine  waters  in 28 

"      sulphureted      "     37 

Temperature  of  the  bath 56 

in  bathing 45 

"  of  Mud  Baths 65 

The  skin 46 

Therapeutics  of  chlorinated  or  muriated  waters 32 

"  "   iodine  waters 33 

"    action  of  mineral  waters 19 

"    arsenical  mineral  springs 26 

"  "    alkaline  waters „ 23 

"  "    acid  waters 21 

"  "    thermal  springs 38 

"  "    sulphureted  waters 37 

"    magnesian  waters 34 

"    chalybeate  or  ferruginous  waters 31 

'•  "    bromine  springs 28 

"    borax  springs 28 


GENERAL  AND  THERAPEUTICAL  INDEX  xxvn 

Thermal  Springs 38 

"        acid  springs 21 

•'        springs  in  articular  affections 38 

The  Bath 38 

The  Douche 62 

The  effect  of  mineral  water  bathing  on  the  circulation  and  respiration 51 

To  promote  perspiration  after  the  bath 59 

Through  Lake  County — Poem — Carrie  Stevens  Walter 80 

Tolenas 255 

Torpidity  of  the  kidneys 163 

"      bowels 70  and  163 

"      liver  and  intestinal  tract 76 

Total  effect  of  suppressed  elimination 48 

Transpiration 46 

Treatment  after  the  bath —  59 

Tuberculosis,  sulphureted  waters  in. 37 

Tumors,  iodine  waters  in 33 

Ukiah  Vichy  Springs  in  gout,  rheumatism,  joint  diseases,  dyspepsia,  renal  calculi, 

chronic  renal  and  cystic  disorders 259 

Uniform  temperature 371 

Upper  Soda  Springs 260 

Use  of  flesh-brush  after  the  bath 59 

Uterine  tumors,  sulphureted  waters  in 37 

"        douche 63 

Vapor  baths  for  catarrh,  bronchitis,  phthisis  and  skin  diseases 66 

"       baths 44 

"      and  Gas  baths 65 

Vegetable  baths 45 

Velocity  of  winds 371 

Vesical  calculi,  carbonated  waters  in 30 

"      catarrh,  alkalo-carbonated  waters  in 23 

Volcanic  Mineral 261 

Warm  Spring  near  Owen's  Lake 262 

Wasting  diseases  of  the  reproductive  organs,  etc.,  ferruginous  waters  in 31 

Water  as  a  diluent 19 

"        "   solvent 9 

Wilbur 265 

Witter's  Mineral  Springs  in  liver  and  kidney  diseases  and  bowel  disorders 266 

Witter's  Mineral 268 

Young's  Gas  Well 266 

Young's  Natural  Gas  Well  in  kidney  and  liver  complaints 269 

Zem  Zem  Springs  for  dyspepsia,  rheumatism,  kidney  and  liver  diseases 269 


"  There  is  a  beautiful  valley  afar  in  the  west, 

Where  orange  and  fig  trees  are  grown, 
Where  dawnlight  like  Eden  is  flooding  its  breast, 
And  the  spirit  of  peace  is  ever  its  guest, 
Where  storm  and  discord  are  unknown. 

"  And  the  stars  shine  down  on  that  glen  in  the  west 

When  the  light  of  the  daytime  has  flown ; 
They  mirror  their  gleam  in  the  river's  clear  breast, 
While  the  night  zephyrs  whisper  each  blossom  to  rest 
In  the  tenderest  of  loverlike  tone." 


INTRODUCTORY 

MINERAL  SPRINGS 

ROM  TIME  IMMEMORIAL  MINERAL  WATERS 
have  been  highly  valued  as  medicinal  agents.  The 
earliest  Greek  and  Roman  physicians  admitted  and 
advocated  their  efficacy  in  the  treatment  of  many 
diseases,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  writings  of  Hip- 
pocrates, Aristotle  and  Herodotus.  Temples  were 
erected  in  close  proximity  to  mineral  springs  and 
dedicated  to  their  healing  god,  ^Esculapius.  The 
ancients  had  recourse  to  the  sulphurous  thermal 
springs  of  Tiberias  (now  Tabareah),  which  are  also 
extensively  used  at  the  present  day  by  patients  from  all  parts  of  Syria, 
for  the  healing  of  painful  tumors,  rheumatism  and  skin  diseases. 
Josephus  mentions  the  thermal  baths  of  Calirrhoe,  near  the  Dead 
Sea,  made  famous  by  Herod,  who  used  them  during  his  sickness. 

The  Egyptians,  Arabians  and  Mohammedans  have  used  mineral 
waters  for  the  healing  of  the  sick  from  a  very  early  period  down  to  the 
present  time.  Homer  frequently  speaks  of  bathing  and  using  the  nat- 
ural waters  in  the  preparation  of  the  sacrifice,  in  the  reception  of 
oracles  and  the  holy  marriages.  Pliny,  in  his  natural  history,  mentions 
a  large  number  of  mineral  and  thermal  springs  in  different  parts  of 
Europe  and  speaks  highly  of  their  curative  properties.  For  five  cen- 
turies mineral  waters  were  almost  the  only  medicines  employed  in  Rome, 
and  the  aqua  calientes  have  been  in  active  use  for  drinking  and  bathing 
purposes  for  over  two  thousand  years.  The  hot  springs  from  which 
was  derived  the  name  Thermopylae,  immortalized  by  the  heroic  Spar- 
tans, have  also  been  used  for  over  twenty  centuries  for  the  alleviation 
of  human  sufferings.  The  popularity  of  these  living  health-giving 


IN  TROD  UCTOR  Y 

fountains  has  not  decreased  with  the  modern  discoveries  of  medical 
science,  but,  on  the  contrary,  mineral  waters  have  become  more  useful 
and  their  application  more  extended,  inasmuch  as  they  have  been 
reduced  to  scientific  exactness  in  their  mode  of  administration.  During 
these  two  thousand  years,  and  particularly  during  the  last  five  hundred 
years,  it  has  been  fully  demonstrated  that  the  greatest  beneficial  results 
obtainable  at  these  springs,  for  the  various  maladies  to  which  they  are 
applicable,  have  accrued  from  the  scientific  use  of  the  waters  and  the 
exhibition  of  judicious  internal  medication  at  the  same  time,  together 
with  an  adoption  of  the  carefully  prepared  regime  observed  at  the  dif- 
ferent spas,  or  mineral  watering-places.  Many  of  the  ablest  physicians 
of  our  day  show  their  confidence  in  this  plan  of  treating  many  of  the 
intractable  or  chronic  diseases,  not  only  by  going  to  the  springs  them- 
selves when  they  fall  victims  to  these  disorders,  as  well  as  sending 
many  of  their  patients  to  them,  but  by  the  fact  that  qualified  European 
professors  have  been  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  mineral  springs 
and  chairs  have  been  instituted  in  the  medical  colleges  and  universities, 
which  these  professors  fill,  by  which  means  Balneotherapy  and  the  use 
of  mineral  waters  have  become  recognized  branches  of  medical  educa- 
tion. Students  and  medical  men  are  taught  the  virtues  of  mineral 
waters  and  the  practical  results  obtained  through  centuries  of  research 
at  the  springs  in  many  of  the  German,  French,  Italian  and  English 
universities  at  the  present  day. 

In  America,  and  particularly  in  California,  we  cannot  boast  of 
twenty  or  even  five  centuries  of  continuous  use  of  any  of  our  mineral 
or  thermal  springs  ;  but  with  this  exception  our  mineral  waters  on  the 
Atlantic  Coast,  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast  can 
truthfully  be  said  to  be  as  valuable  as,  and  in  many  cases,  as  may  be  seen 
from  the  analyses,  almost  identical  with,  the  famous  spas  of  Europe. 

In  California  we  have  over  two  hundred  cold  and  hot  mineral 
springs,  ranging  from  the  cool,  delicious,  effervescent  soda,  and  spark- 
ling vichy  to  the  ferruginous,  saline,  alkaline  and  sulphurous  wells,  ever 
ready  and  overflowing,  to  be  utili/ed  for  the  healing  of  the  ' '  many  ills 
to  which  the  flesh  is  heir." 

When  our  California  springs  become  more  generally  known,  and 
their  similarity  to  the  famous  European  spas  is  better  understood ,  our 
invalids  may  not  find  it  necessary  to  undertake  the  long,  tedious, 
expensive,  and  in  many  instances  hazardous  journey,  when  they  can 
find  right  here  in  California,  at  their  very  doors,  as  it  were,  almost  the 
identical  waters,  with  all  the  conveniences  and  luxurious  accommoda- 
dations  found  abroad,  and  with  the  additions  of  a  variety  of  food 
products  and  a  pure,  dry  and  balmy  atmosphere,  and  an  invigorating 
and  stimulating  climate  unequaled  in  any  other  country  in  the  world. 


VIEW  OF  YOSEMITK  VAI.LF.Y 


MINERAL   SPRINGS 

AND 

HEALTH  RESORTS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


Beyond  the  Rockies'  grand  expanse 

I^and  of  eternal  Summer  smiles  ; 
Stern  Winter's  rude  and  hoary  King 

Retreats  before  her  magic  wiles, 
And  when  in  olden  days  agone 

He  came  snow-laden  from  afar, 
And  scattered  crystals  in  his  train, 

And  touched  with  frost  each  gleaming  star, 
Until  he  came  where  Summer  dwells — 

What  plea  she  made  I  do  not  know, 
But  this  the  King  was  vanquished  here, 

And  on  the  mountains  left  his  snow. 

Callie  L.  Bonney. 

ORIGIN  OF  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

The  chemical  and  physical  phenomena  of  natural 
waters  have  been  long  and  carefully  studied  by  the  ablest 
chemists  and  physicists  of  the  times.  Yet  the  phenomena 
are  so  complex  and  varied,  that  many  problems  connected 
with  this  subject  still  await  investigation.  The  subject  is 
such  an  extensive  and  intricate  one  that  we  shall  content 
ourselves  with  giving  a  brief  explanation  of  a  few  of  the 
more  important  topics. 

In  a  general  way  a  mineral  spring  may  be  defined  as 
one  yielding  water  impregnated  to  a  greater  or  less  extent 
with  substances  rendering  it  suitable  for  medicinal  pur- 
poses. The  quantity  and  the  kind  of  these  dissolved  sub- 
stances vary  greatly  in  different  springs.  To  find  the 


4  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

cause  of  this  variance  we  must  look  to  different  circum- 
stances, such  as  the  strata  passed  through  by  the  water,  and 
the  temperature  and  pressure  at  which  it  exerted  its  solvent 
action  upon  the  various  mineral  ingredients. 

Water  may  almost  be  said  to  be  the  universal  solvent. 
Careful  experiments  show  that  water  is  capable  of  dissolving 
minute  quantities  of  those  minerals  most  difficult  of  solu- 
tion ;  even  glass  is  soluble  to  an  appreciable  extent,  as 
careful  experiment  proves.  Absolutely  pure  water  is  never 
found  in  nature ;  even  the  rain  from  the  pure  skies,  the 
purest  water  known,  contains  small  amounts  of  dissolved 
oxygen,  nitrogen,  carbonic  acid  gas,  ammonia,  and  nitrous 
compounds,  besides  small  quantities  of  solid  matter,  organic 
and  inorganic,  previously  suspended  in  the  atmosphere  as 
dust. 

FORMATION  OF  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

A  large  proportion  of  the  water  that  falls  on  the  earth 
runs  off  in  the  streams  and  rivers  ;  the  rest  sinks  into  the 
ground,  percolating  through  porous  places  and  crevices 
wherever  it  can  find  a  way,  finally  reappearing  at  the  sur- 
face in  the  form  of  springs.  As  water  passes  through  the 
soil  it  comes  in  contact  with  decaying  vegetable  matter, 
which  takes  from  it  part  of  its  oxygen,  and  gives  up  to  it 
small  quantities  of  organic  acids  and  carbonic  acid.  Such 
acids,  especially  carbonic,  increase  very  greatly  the  solvent 
powers  of  water,  enabling  it  to  attack  slowly,  but  still 
effectually,  otherwise  practically  indecomposible  and  insol- 
uble substances.  The  carbonates  of  calcium  and  magnesium 
are  readily  dissolved ;  even  silica  and  refractory  silicates 
are  slowly  acted  on,  and  their  elements  carried  off  in  the 
water.  Thus  from  the  decomposition  of  igneous  and  meta- 
morphic  rocks,  waters  derive  all  the  soluble  compounds  of 
their  constituent  minerals.  Waters  passing  through  sedi- 
mentary strata  dissolve  out  many  previously  deposited  salts. 
It  is  from  such  sources  that  salt  springs  derive  their  salt. 


FORMATION  OF  MINERAL  SPRINGS  5 

In  volcanic  regions,  where  secondary  volcanic  agencies 
are  still  at  work,  large  quanties  of  free  carbonic  acid  gas  are 
often  given  off  beneath  the  surface — its  formation  being  in 
most  cases  probably  due  to  the  action  of  hot  silicious  solu- 
tions upon  limestone,  or  other  carbonates.  Water  coming 
in  contact  with  this  gas  rapidly  absorbs  it,  the  amount  vary- 
ing in  proportion  to  the  pressure  and  inversely  as  the  tem- 
perature. Thus  at  60°  F.  and  a  pressure  of  one  atmosphere 
(about  15  pounds  to  the  square  inch)  water  absorbs  its  own 
volume  of  the  CO2  gas  ;  at  32°F.  and  the  same  pressure, 
nearly  two  volumes.  And  the  amount  absorbed  is  increased 
directly  as  the  pressure,  so  that  at  ten  or  twenty  atmos- 
pheres (at  60°),  ten  or  twenty  volumes  of  gas  may  be  taken 
up  ;  and  with  this  increase  in  the  gas  absorbed,  there  is  also 
an  increase  in  the  amounts  of  carbonates  of  lime, magnesia, 
iron  and  other  salts  dissolved. 

When  the  excess  of  gas  escapes,  on  the  water  standing 
long  exposed  to  the  air,  the  excess  of  salts  is  also  deposited. 
In  carbonated  springs  we  often  find  large  amounts  of  min- 
erals deposited  in  beautiful  and  fantastic  forms.  In  rare 
cases  waters,  especially  in  volcanic  regions,  contain  free 
acids,  sulphuric,  hydrochloric,  or  nitric.  Such  waters,  of 
course,  exert  a  most  powerful  solvent  chemical  action  upon 
minerals,  and  usually  soon  find  bases  to  combine  with  the 
acids. 

THERMAL  WATERS. 

Water  in  its  subterranean  courses,  sometimes  from 
various  causes,  becomes  heated  to  a  very  high  temperature; 
often,  if  at  considerable  depths,  where  it  is  under  pressure, 
to  a  point  far  above  212°  F.,  the  ordinary  boiling  point  of 
water.  Heated  or  superheated  waters  exert  a  powerful 
chemical  action,  being  capable  of  dissolving  many  times 
more  solid  matter  than  when  cold.  When  such  water  cools, 
the  ingredients,  which  are  held  in  solution  by  heat  alone, 
are  usually  deposited.  Such  deposits  may  be  seen  at  the 
mouths  of  geysers  and  are  often  quite  beautiful. 


6  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Stalactites,  curious  and  grotesque  figures  hanging  like 
pendants  from  the  roofs  of  caves,  and  stalagmites,  from  their 
drippings  on  the  floors  of  caves,  are  formed  in  the  same  way 
from  cold  water  charged  with  carbonate  of  lime. 

CAUSES  OF  SUBTERRANEAN  HEAT. 

There  are  three  causes  principally  effective  in  raising 
the  temperature  of  the  water  of  thermal  or  hot  springs. 
These  are  (i),  Secondary  volcanic  action ;  (2)  Chemical 
action  ;  and  (3)  The  interior  heat  of  the  earth. 

VOLCANIC  ACTION. 

By  far  the  greatest  number  of  hot  springs  are  located 
either  in  regions  of  active  volcanic  action  or  in  regions 
where,  although  active  eruptions  have  not  occurred  for  hun- 
dreds or  even  thousands  of  years,  the  evidences  of  former 
eruptions,  such  as  old  craters  and  beds  of  volcanic  rocks, 
may  still  be  seen.  In  such  regions  feeble  secondary  phe- 
nomena, such  as  geysers,  fumaroles  and  hot  springs,  linger 
on  for  ages  to  attest  to  the  slumbering  fires  within.  Water, 
percolating  through  the  crevices  of  the  slowly  cooling 
rocks  beneath  the  surface,  is  often  heated  to  a  very  high 
temperature.  The  interesting  phenomenon  of  hot  and  cold 
springs  existing  side  by  side  is  common  in  such  regions. 
The  waters  of  such  springs  have  evidently  come  from  dif- 
ferent strata  of  the  rocks  or  from  different  depths  where 
temperatures  are  different.  (See  cold  springs.) 

CHEMICAL  ACTION. 

Another  source  of  heat  of  certain  mineral  springs  is 
chemical  action.  It  is  well  known  that  while  some  chemical 
reactions  have  the  effect  of  producing  cold,  there  are  many 
that  produce  great  quantities  of  heat.  There  are  many 
such  that  may  take  place  in  mineral  waters,  For  instance 
sulphur  maybe  oxidized  to  sulphur  dioxide  (SO,  SO2) .  thereby 


CHEMICAL  ACTION  7 

producing  considerable  heat ;  this  substance  dissolves  in 
water,  forming  sulphurous  acid  (H2  SO3)  which  is  capable  of 
still  further  oxidation  and  the  formation  of  sulphuric  acid, 
(H2  SO4)  heat  being  again  produced.  And  sulphuric  acid, 
if  it  comes  in  contact  with  suitable  substances,  limestone 
for  instance,  or  other  carbonates,  acts  upon  them  with  still 
further  liberation  of  heat,  forming  sulphates. 

Competent  authorities  estimate  that  under  favorable 
circumstances  and  in  waters  highly  charged  with  certain 
substances  chemical  action  may  raise  the  temperature  of 
water  as  high  as  even  212°  F.  But  it  is  usually  not  a  pre- 
dominant cause  of  the  heat  of  thermal  springs,  but  only  a 
subordinate  one,  often  operating  in  conjunction  with  other 
causes,  especially  in  volcanic  regions. 

HEAT  OF  THE  EARTH. 

Occasionally  warm  and  hot  springs  are  found  in 
regions  free  from  evidences  of  volcanic  action.  Where  the 
elevation  of  temperature  is  not  due  to  chemical  action  we 
must  look  to  another  cause,  the  universal  interior  heat  of 
the  earth.  In  the  boring  of  artesian  wells  it  has  been  dem- 
onstrated that  in  non-volcanic  regions  there  is  a  rise  in 
temperature  of  i°  F.  for  about  every  fifty-five  feet  of 
descent.  Thus  a  spring  having  a  temperature  of  120° 
issuing  in  a  locality  where  the  mean  temperature  is  50° 
should  have  come  from  a  depth  of  about  3,850  feet.  But 
such  estimates  are  not  always  reliable,  as  in  many  places, 
even  where  there  are  no  signs  of  volcanic  activity,  the  rise 
in  temperature  is  more  rapid  than  that  mentioned,  owing, 
probably,  to  the  inequalities  of  the  earth's  crust. 

As  so  many  of  the  mineral  springs  of  California  are 
found  in  the  Coast  Range,  it  may  be  interesting  to  compare 
their  geological  history  with  that  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 

NOTE. — Warm  and  hot  springs  frequently  become  cool  for  a  considerable 
period,  varying  from  a  few  days  to  several  weeks.  Recently  this  phenomenon 
has  been  observed  in  the  hot  springs  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  These  springs 
have  temperatures  of  122°  F.  ordinarily,  but  for  one  month,  in  June  to  July  of 
1889,  and  preceding  years,  at  irregular  times,  the  springs  became  as  cold  as  50°  F. 


^^^ 

CALIFORNIA    1'ALJuS 


HEAT  OF  THE  EARTH  9 

range.  The  Sierras  were  upheaved  at  the  end  of  the 
Jurassic  period,  at  the  same  time  as  the  Wasatch  range  four 
hundred  miles  eastward.  The  Coast  Range  was  not 
upheaved  from  the  ocean  until  long  after,  toward  the  end  of 
the  Miocene  Tertiary.  On  this  subject  Professor  Le  Conte 
says : 

"  The  Coast  chain  of  California  is  a  very  complex  sys- 
tem of  ranges  with  narrow  valleys  between,  contrasting 
strongly  in  this  respect  with  the  grand  simplicity  of  struc- 
ture characteristic  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  Cretaceous 
and  Tertiary  strata  of  which  it  is  composed  are  strongly 
folded  into  repeated  anticlines  and  synclines  by  the  lateral 
pressure  which  produced  the  ranges.  As  shown  by  the  age 
of  the  newest  crumpled  strata  which  enter  into  its  composi- 
tion, its  birth-time  was  the  end  of  the  Miocene.  In  some 
places  the  strata  are  unchanged  and  full  of  fossils,  but  in 
others  they  are  intersected  by  dikes  and  overflowed  by  lava, 
and  are  therefore  highly  metamorphic.  This  is  especially 
true  of  the  region  to  the  north  of  the  bay  of  San  Francisco." 

THEORY  OF  COLD  SPRINGS. 

Cold  springs,  such  as  carbonated  waters,  are  formed 
without  the  aid  of  subterranean  heat.  In  the  mountains 
and  on  the  hillsides  water  percolates  through  the  soil  during 
the  precipitating  season,  filling  up  all  the  underground  res- 
ervoirs until  it  reaches  a  clay  bottom  or  impervious  stratum 
upon  which  to  rest  or  flow.  Following  the  declivities  the 
water  passes  through  the  many  crevices  and  fissures  and 
finds  an  outlet  at  a  lower  level,  perhaps  several  miles  away. 
Daring  its  passage  through  the  different  stratifications  of 
the  mineral  constituents  of  the  earth's  crust,  the  water  dis- 
solves, first,  some  organic  or  vegetable  matter,  liberating 
gases,  oxygen,  carbonic  acid  gas,  etc.;  it  next  attacks  the 
carbonates — limestone,  etc. — in  the  rocks  and  becomes 
charged  with  gases  and  mineral  ingredients  from  the  chem- 
ical metamorphosis  caused  by  the  action  of  the  various  acid- 
ulous radicals  on  the  baselous  compounds.  Hence  the 


10  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

composition  of  a  spring  depends  entirely  on  the  rocks  and 
minerals  through  which  its  water  permeates.  Passing 
through  large  salt  deposits,  the  spring  contains  quantities 
of  sodium  chloride.  Filtering  through  iron  ores,  we  have 
a  ferruginous  spring.  Permeating  limestone  or  marble,  we 
have  water  rich  in  calcium  salts,  and  so  on.  Rain  water,  as 
we  have  remarked,  contains  enough  gaseous  impurities 
alone  to  act  and  react  on  the  earth's  crust.  To  these  are 
added  the  organic  acids  and  gases  from  the  animal  and  the 
vegetable  kingdoms,  and  when  the  action  has  once  com- 
menced chemical  evolution  or  reaction  continues.  Through 
these  agencies  the  rocks  and  minerals  are  acted  upon  and 
greater  or  less  quantities  of  the  different  mineral  ingredi- 
ents are  held  in  suspension  and  in  solution  in  the  mineral 
waters. 

It  has  been  stated  that  certain  spring  waters  in  this 
State,  subjected  to  chemical  analyses,  have  shown  larger 
amounts  of  mineral  ingredients  than  the  water  could  pos- 
sibly hold  in  solution,  as  the  saturating  point  of  such  and 
such  an  ingredient  was  so  much,  hence  the  analysis  has 
been  deemed  incorrect.  It  is  not  the  writer's  desire  to 
champion  inaccurate  analyses,  but  to  call  attention  to  the 
fact  that  as  carbonic  acid  gas  (CO2) ,  the  great  solvent  power 
in  mineral  springs,  is  held  in  solution  in  the  water  directly 
as  the  pressure  and  inversely  as  the  temperature,  so  does  it 
increase  the  solvent  action  of  the  water,  part  passu  on  the 
mineral  constituents  to  such  an  extent  that  many  thousand 
grains  of  solids  may  be  held  in  solution  in  a  gallon  of 
water  as  long  as  the  gases  also  remain. 


12  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


"  To  suffering  man  from  Nature's  genial  breast 
A  boon  transcendant  ever  mayst  thou  flow  ; 
Blest  holy  fount,  still  bid  old  age  to  know 
Reviving  vigor  ;  and  if  health  repressed 

Fade  in  the  virgin's  cheek,  renew  its  glow 
For  love  and  joy;  and  they  that  in  thy  wave 
Confiding  trust  and  thankful  lave, 
Propitious  aid,  and  speed  the  stranger  band, 
With  health  and  life  renewed,  unto  their  native  land." 


MEDICINAL  USES 
OF  THE  VARIOUS  MINERAL  WATERS. 

The  internal  administration  and  the  external  applica- 
tion of  the  natural  mineral  waters  having  been  reduced  to 
a  scientific  basis,  it  is  quite  important  that  the  rules  regu- 
lating their  administration  should  be  followed. 

Thousands  of  invalids,  ill-advised  or  perhaps  wholly 
unadvised,  seek  the  different  springs  and  health  resorts 
annually.  During  the  author's  travels  among  the  springs 
of  California  he  frequently  found  people  whose  cases  were 
actually  aggravated  and  the  fatal  termination  hastened  by 
the  use  of  the  wrong  mineral  waters. 

Mineral  springs  are  not  "  cure-alls."  As  a  rule,  too 
much  is  claimed  for  them.  The  many  marvelous  cures 
cited  and  the  many  improbable  and  ridiculous  statements 
seen  on  printed  circulars  do  more  harm  than  good.  Sensi- 
ble people  are  not  going  to  believe  that  a  "  magnetic"  min- 
eral water  is  going  to  cure  a  bad  case  of  consumption,  or 
that  any  "  mineral  water"  cures  heart  disease,  etc. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  would  be  quite  as  flagrant  an 
error  to  suppose  that  all  the  reputed  beneficial  effects  of 
mineral  waters  were  only  the  result  of  extravagant  or  inter- 
est ed  imaginings. 


MEDICINAL    USES  OF  MINERAL   WATERS  13 

To  obtain  the  greatest  possible  benefit  from  springs  it 
is  absolutely  essential  that  the  patient  first  consults  his 
regular  physician.  A  careful  diagnosis  should  be  made  of 
his  case,  and  then  if  a  change  of  scene  and  a  course  of 
treatment  at  some  spring  be  truly  advantageous,  let  the 
physician,  who  is  certainly  the  most  competent  to  advise  in 
such  matters,  recommend  the  resort  best  suited  to  the  case. 
If  the  mineral  waters  and  hygienic  regime  be  used  as  an 
auxiliary  to  the  regular  internal  treatment,  the  best  results 
may  be  hoped  for.  Once  at  the  springs  the  patient  should 
implicitly  follow  the  directions  of  the  resident  physician, 
who,  if  armed  with  a  personal  letter  from  the  patient's  reg- 
ular physician,  can  prescribe  wisely  at  once- 

The  indiscriminate  use  of  mineral  waters,  either  for 
drinking  or  bathing  purposes,  cannot  be  too  strongly  con- 
demned, for  while  they  look  bland  and  harmless,  they 
are  potent  therapeutic  agents  which  may  accomplish  much 
good  if  judiciously  employed,  but  may  also  do  much  harm 
and  may  be  followed  by  serious  if  not  fatal  results  in  care- 
less hands. 

The  climate  here  in  California  is  conducive  to  the 
highest  excellence  in  mental  activity  and  physical  strength. 
When  an  individual  contracts  a  disease — rheumatism,  for 
instance — which  requires  several  weeks  for  a  complete  cure, 
he  becomes  restless  and  eager  to  follow  his  vocation.  The 
result  is  that  as  soon  as  the  patient  is  able  to  walk  at  all  he 
commences  the  continuous  rush  of  business,  and  neglects 
his  disease,  which  gradually  lapses  into  a  sub-acute  or 
chronic  state.  In  this  condition,  perhaps,  he  goes  to  the 
springs.  Here  the  same  restlessness  characterizes  the 
average  Californian,  and,  indeed,  the  majority  of  American 
patients.  He  will  "rush"  the  treatment.  If  one  glass  of 
water  be  prescribed  three  times  daily  he  will  take  half  a 
dozen  glasses  as  many  times  a  day.  If  one  sulphur  water 
or  mud  bath  be  prescribed  once  in  three  or  once  in  two  days 
he  will  want  to  take  it  two  or  three  times  daily  in  order  to 
hurry  up  the  treatment. 


14  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

This  is  not  an  overdrawn  or  an  individual  instance. 
Resident  physicians  have  repeatedly  informed  the  writer  of 
the  difficulty  experienced  in  keeping  patients  within  due 
bounds,  and  in  more  than  one  case  this  rushing  and  unau- 
thorized self-treatment  has  resulted  fatally  in  less  than  one 
week's  time.  And  as  to  quick  recoveries,  in  the  majority  of 
obstinate  cases,  repose,  pure  and  simple,  is  the  most  potent 
remedial  agent  that  can  be  employed  ;  whilst  heroic  treat- 
ment only  hastens  the  fatal  moment  of  utter  collapse. 
Business  cares  may  be  pressing,  and  of  vital  importance, 
but  it  is  of  far  more  importance  that  the  fast  wearing 
out  machine  be  saved  while  there  is  yet  time  so  that  it 
may  not  run  the  risk  of  becoming  a  helpless  encumbrance 
on  the  already  overburdened  shoulders  of  relatives  and 
friends. 

Therefore,  let  suffering  humanity  first  seek  medical 
advice,  be  thoroughly  examined  and  carefully  diagnosti- 
cated. Let  the  intelligent  physician  send  the  patient  to  the 
springs  best  suited  to  the  individual  case,  and  whilst  there 
drink  the  waters  and  use  the  baths,  and  follow  the  regime 
directed  by  the  resident  or  supervising  physician.  This 
plan,  with  judicious  internal  medication  promises  the  best 
results. 

All  we  need  at  American  health  resorts  and  mineral 
watering-places  is  to  follow  the  natural  scientific  regime 
which  has  been  worked  out  for  centuries  in  Europe.  There 
every  patient  confides  in  his  physician,  and  medical  men 
abroad  value  the  mineral  springs  more,  apparently,  than 
we  do  in  America.  The  patient  is  ordered  to  this  or  that 
spring  for  one,  two  or  three  months.  He  places  himself 
entjrely  under  the  care  of  his  family  physician  and  the  resi- 
dent physician  at  the  springs.  Patients  who  are  able  to 
walk  get  up  at  6  A.  M.  and  walk  to  the  springs,  drink  the 
prescribed  amount  of  water  and  walk  from  one  to  two  miles 
before  breakfast.  They  take  their  meals  regularly.  Their 
diet  is  carefully  regulated  for  each  disease.  They  retire 
early,  exercise  freely,  use  the  baths  or  drink  the  waters 


MEDICINAL    USES  OF  MINERAL    WATERS  15 

regularly  and  improve  twice  as  rapidly  in  Germany,  France 
and  England  for  the  same  class   of  diseases,  and  with  the 
same — almost    the   identical — mineral  water    treatment  as 
we  use  in  America,  simply  because  they  follow   a   regular 
scientific  system.     This  we  hope  will  be  done  in  California. 
Is  it  not  well  to  follow  in  the  footsteps  of  the  sages  who 
have  gone  before  ?     Is  it  not  well  to  adopt  anything  we  find 
abroad  where  the  experience  has   been  extended  over  centu- 
turies,  when  we  know  it   is    philosophic    and  conducive  to 
our  own  health  and  welfare  ?     A   moment's  reflection  will 
convince  any  one  how  much   better   the   European  plan  is 
than  our  own.     We  sleep  until  breakfast  is  nearly  over,  use 
the  mineral  water  when  we  feel  like  it,  exercise  as  little  as 
possible,  and  recognize   no    superior  in   this   free  and  inde- 
pendent country.     A  medical  man  is  not  allowed  to  tell  one 
of  these  sovereigns  that  he  must  get  up  at  6  A.  M.  and  drink 
the  prescribed  amount  of  mineral  water  and  walk  the  nec- 
essary number  of  miles  before  breakfast ;  eat  the  regulation 
diet  and  strictly  follow  the  regime  best  calculated  to  improve 
his  disease  ;  it  would  jar  too  much  on  his  sensitive  republi- 
can feelings.    Yet  this  is  j  ust  what  American  watering-places 
and  sanitariums  need.      It  is   the  only  thing  our  California 
mineral  springs  need  to  make  them  as   successful  in    this 
treatment  of  the  many  chronic  diseases  as  the  spas  of  Europe 
are.     In  the  writer's  travels  among  the  different  springs  of 
California  he  frequently  found  spring  owners  who  advised 
their  patients  to  throw  away   all  their   pills,  powders  and 
potions    and   rely    entirely    on  the   natural   product   from 
Nature's  laboratory.     This  is  not  the  wisest  course  to  pur- 
sue.    Many  of  our  local  springs  could  be  made  to  assist  the 
regular  scientific   medical   treatment.     The   two  combined 
(mineral  waters  ;  .nd  medicine)  will  effect  a  cure  in  many  of 
the  obstinate    and  intractable   diseases,  when   either  taken 
alone  may  not  benefit  the  patient  so  much.     Mineral  waters 
hasten  the  cure  by  assisting  in  the  absorption  of  appropri- 
ate remedies  as  well  as  by  their  eliminating  powers.     Com- 
paratively larger  doses,  for  instance,  of  many  blood  purifying 


16  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

remedies  can  be  tolerated  when  taken  in  conjunction  with 
mineral  waters,  because  the  medicine  acts  more  rapidly  on 
the  disease,  and  is  in  turn  more  rapidly  discharged  from  the 
body,  carrying  with  it  the  poison  from  the  disease  under 
treatment. 

This  is  the  explanation  of  the  great  secret  in  rapidly 
curing  chronic  diseases  at  the  springs.  At  the  Arkansas 
springs,  at  Virginia,  at  New  York,  and  at  the  European 
spas,  this  is  their  successful  plan- -medicine  and  mineral 
waters  combined.  Many  a  poor  suffering  mortal  has  had 
occasion  to  thank  the  intelligence  of  the  medical  man  who 
first  combined  nature  and  art,  and  made  it  possible  to  rid  the 
system  of  those  serious  and  almost  worse  than  fatal  chronic, 
lingering,  painful  diseases  by  combining  generous  medica- 
tion with  natural  mineral  waters. 

The  following  extract  is  from  an  editorial  in  the  Jour- 
nal of  Balneology  and  Medical  Clippings,  A.  L.  A.  Toboldt, 
M.  D.,  and  J.  A.  Beebe,  M.  D.,  editors,  New  York,  June, 
1889: 

SANITARIUMS  AND  HEALTH  RESORTS 

It  is  a  fact  greatly  to  be  deplored  that  more  time  and  study  is  not 
devoted  to  the  subject  of  mineral  springs  in  this  country,  as  they  seem 
best  suited  to  the  treatment  of  so  vast  a  number  of  cases,  especially 
when  properly  directed  by  some  physician  who  is  thoroughly  convers- 
ant, not  only  with  the  disease  to  be  treated,  but  also  with  the  mineral 
spring  at  his  disposal. 

It  would  be  a  grand  thing  for  this  country,  and  we  may  say  for  the 
undertakers  of  the  enterprise  as  well,  to  build  a  few  large  hotels  in  a 
location  specially  suited  for  the  purpose,  on  account  of  its  healthful- 
ness,  salubrious  climate,  hygienic  surroundings,  etc.,  to  thoroughly 
equip  these  with  all  the  latest  appliances  for  the  various  kinds  of  baths, 
not  excepting  the  moor,  or,  as  the}'  are  sometimes  styled  in  the  coun- 
try, "mud  baths."  Let  the  place  be  thoroughly  stocked  with  all  the 
leading  brands  of  imported  as  well  as  domestic  mineral  spring  waters. 
Then  let  a  physician  be  placed  in  charge  who  is  thoroughly  familiar 
with  this  branch  of  medicine,  and  we  have  no  doubt  but  what  the 
enterprise  will  receive  the  indorsement  and  support  of  all  the  more 
enlightened  and  intelligent  physicians  of  this  county.  Such  an  insti- 
tution has  become  a  necessity,  and  we  have  little  doubt  but  what,  if  not 


SANITARIUMS  AND  HEALTH  RESORTS  17 

this  year,  the  next  few  years  will  see  such  an  enterprise,  not  alone 
started,  but  flourishing.  There  is  that  so  little  understood  disease, 
"diabetes."  Let  any  patient,  among  the  better  class,  be  suffering  from 
this  disease  and  his  physician  at  once  orders  him  to  Carlsbad.  And 
why?  Because  experience  has  demonstrated  the  fact  over  and  over 
again  that  diabetic  patients  get  well  at  Carlsbad.  The  reason 
why  they  get  well  there  quicker  than  when  drinking  the  imported 
waters  at  home  is  no  great  secret  to  the  profession.  They  know 
that  in  Carlsbad  the  patient  at  once  places  himself  under  the  care  of 
an  intelligent  physician  who  has  mastered  every  detail  of  the  treat- 
ment of  this  disease,  a  regular  bill  of  fare  is  made  out  for  the  patient, 
which  he  adheres  to  as  strictly  as  to  the  drinking  of  the  Carlsbad 
waters.  Then  the  fact  of  the  patient  being  away  from  home  comes  in 
fyere  as  a  very  great  factor,  never  to  be  overlooked.  He  is,  by  leaving 
home,  at  once  removed  from  the  probable  cause  of  the  disease,  let  this 
be  mental  overwork,  worry,  anxiety,  grief  or  what  not,  he  is  placed 
under  entirely  different  surroundings,  and  in  addition  to  this  there  come 
the  factors  of  a  salubrious  climate,  systematic  out-of-door  exercise,  reg- 
ular habits,  and  the  diet  specially  adapted  to  his  disease.  It  is,  no 
doubt,  largely  owing  to  these  factors  that  the  patients  improve  so  rap- 
idly at  Carlsbad.  But  all  these  additions  to  the  drinking  of  Carlsbad 
water  can  be  had  here  as  well  as  the  Carlsbad  water  itself;  in  fact, 
whereas  the  water  must  be  imported  we  already  have  all  the  necessary 
adjuncts,  we  have  the  climate,  the  hygiene,  etc.,  the  only  thing  we 
lack  as  yet  is  the  sanitarium  or  health  resort  under  proper  management. 
Diabetes  is  only  one  of  the  many  diseases  that  can  best  be  reached  and 
conquered  in  this  way.  The  many  diseases  of  the  female  generative 
organs,  let  them  be  induced  by  inflammations  in  the  pelvis,  severe 
child-bed  or  other  causes,  may  also  be  mentioned  here  ;  that  they  are 
better  treated  away  from  home,  from  the  cares  and  trials  of  a  household 
or  from  the  annoyance  of  officious  and  over-sympathetic  friends,  no  one 
will  question. 

Then  there  is  that  host  of  diseases  due  to  nervous  breakdown,  from 
overwork,  anxiety,  worry,  grief,  dissipation,  etc.  To  attempt  to  treat 
these  at  home  is  generally  a  long,  tedious  and  wearisome  task,  and  when 
convalescence  has  but  fairly  started,  the  physician,  having  regard  for 
the  other  members  of  the  family,  hastens  to  suggest  travel,  the  sea- 
shore, mountains,  etc.,  generally,  however,  not  before  some  other 
member  of  the  family  is  thoroughly  broken  down  with  the  nursing. 
What  a  boon  a  properly  located  and  equipped  sanitarium  would  be  to 
those  patients  ;  a  place  they  could  go  to,  knowing  they  would  receive 
the  best  treatment,  care  and  attention,  instead  as  it  is  at  present  in  this 
country,  stay  at  home,  wear  out  all  the  rest  of  the  family,  and  either 


18 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


finally  succumb  to  the  disease,  or  else,  what  seems  still  worse,  become 
an  invalid  for  life,  only  a  fit  subject  for  the  numerous  institutions  for 
invalids. 

In  this  category  let  us  also  mention  the  old  liver  diseases,  chronic 
constipation,  obesity,  etc.  The  taking  of  these  patients  away  from  their 
daily  tasks,  their  sedentary  habits,  compelling  them  to  live  out  of  doors, 
take  properly  regulated  exercise,  diet,  etc.,  etc.,  and  if  their  stay  at 
such  a  sanitarium  be  ever  so  short,  they  will  return  home  to  their 
accustomed  duties  with  a  vim,  activity  and  vigor  they  hardly  deemed 
possible. 

But  enough  of  these  examples;  let  us  hope  that  at  no  distant  day 
this  country,  so  rich  in  every  kind  of  institution,  will  not  have  to  send 
her  sick  to  Europe  to  be  treated  at  Carlsbad,  Franzensbad,  etc.,  but  will 
have  as  good  institutions  here  at  home,  and,  if  Carlsbad  water  must  be 
drunk,  let  it  be  drunk  here,  no  necessity  of  having  to  go  to  Europe  to 
get  that  which  is  already  imported  and  at  hand,  and  surely  no  one  will 
say  that  we  need  import  a  salubrious  atmosphere,  or  healthy  climate  ; 
our  climate  is  surely  as  good  as  any  to  be  found  in  Europe. 


SCENE  IX  THE  SIERRAS 


THE   THERAPEUTIC    ACTION    OF    MINERAL  WATERS  ON 
THE  HUMAN  ECONOMY. 

The  specific  action  of  any  mineral  spring  must  of  course 
depend  upon  the  chemical  ingredients  found  in  its  waters. 
In  the  following  classification  of  the  various  distinct  mineral 
waters,  short  notes  on  their  therapeutic  action  have  been 
added.  Generally  speaking,  mineral  waters  are  well 
received  and  well  borne  by  the  stomach. 

The  following  extract  is  from  a  description  of  Dr. 
Moorman,  resident  physician  at  the  White  Sulphur  Springs 
in  Virginia  for  over  thirty  years.  He  is  probably  the  best 
qualified  medical  man  in  America  on  the  special  subject  of 
mineral  waters.  He  says,  in  speaking  of  the  action  of  the 
mineral  waters  generally  : 

"  Mineral  waters  are  evidently  absorbed;  they  enter  into 
the  circulation  and  change  the  consistency  as  well  as  the 
composition  of  the  fluids  ;  they  course  through  the  system 
and  apply  the  medicinal  materials  which  they  hold  in  solu- 
tion, in  the  most  minute  form  of  subdivision  that  can  be  con- 
ceived, to  the  diseased  surfaces  and  tissues;  they  reach  and 
search  the  most  minute  ramifications  of  the  capillaries, 
and  remove  the  morbid  condition  of  those  vessels  which  are 
so  frequently  the  primary  seats  of  disease.  It  is  thus  that 
they  relieve  chronic  disordered  action,  and  impart  natural 
energy  and  elasticity  to  vessels  that  have  been  distended 
either  by  inflammation  or  congestion,  while  they  communi- 
cate an  energy  to  the  muscular  fibre  and  to  the  animal 
tissues  generally,  which  is  not  witnessed  from  the  adminis- 
tration of  ordinary  remedies.  Mineral  waters  also  dissolve 
many  pathological  and  morbific  materials  which  are  more 
readily  eliminated  from  the  body.  They  also  act  on  the 
nervous  system,  regulating  and  stimulating  important  blood 
forming  centers  whose  abnormal  action  is  often  the  pri- 
mary cause  of  deleterious  changes  in  the  blood  itself.  The 
waters  are  also  serviceable  as  simple  diluents,  washing  out 

(19) 


20  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

the  gastrointestinal  tract,  diluting  the  different  fluids  of  the 
body,  and  serving  as  vehicles  of  waste  products,  besides 
having  their  own  tonic  action. 

"  Carbonic  acid  gas,  although  a  poisonous,  effete, 
worn  out  substance  when  eliminated  from  the  integumen- 
tary system  and  pulmonary  mucous  membranes,  laden 
as  it  is,  with  noxious  materials,  when  taken  in  the  natural 
mineral  waters,  which  nearly  always  contain  more  or  less 
of  this  gas,  not  only  dissolves  the  one  substance  without 
disuniting  the  combinations  of  the  others,  but  it  enters  the 
system  charged  with  mineral  particles,  and  presents  them 
to  the  mouths  of  the  absorbent  vessels  in  this  highly  diluted 
condition,  while  at  the  same  time  it  promotes  their  direct 
absorption  by  naturally  creating  a  stimulating  power  on  the 
vascular  and  nervous  system.  Thus  you  may  understand 
why  six-tenths  of  a  grain  of  iron  imbibed  into  the  duodenal 
lacteals  with  abundance  of  the  gaseous  acid  may  exercise  a 
greater  influence  on  the  circulating  system  than  three  or 
four  times  the  quantity  of  pharmaceutic  carbonate  of  iron, 
which  has  to  be  dissolved  in  the  gastric  juice  previous  to 
absorption." 

The  foregoing  extract  is  from  Dr.  Sigismund  Sutro  of 
London,  who  is  an  expert  on  mineral  waters,  and  whose 
able  lectures  delivered  in  London  before  the  Hunterian 
School  of  Medicine,  show  that  he  has  studied  his  subject 
thoroughly.  Chemical  experience  teaches  us  that  although 
a  chalybeate  water  contains  only  a  few  grains  of  iron  salt  to 
each  gallon,  yet  its  tonic  effect  is  greater  than  larger  quan- 
tities given  without  the  aid  of  the  mineral  water. 

From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  observed  that  mineral 
waters  act  beneficially  on  the  economy  from  the  fact  that 
they  are  easily  borne  by  the  stomach  and  are  pleasant  to 
drink ;  besides  their  specific  action  depending  on  the  pre- 
ponderance of  any  one  or  more  special  ingredients,  the 
waters  acts  as  stimulants,  not  only  to  the  digestive  organs, 
but  also  to  the  absorbing  organs.  By  these  means  the 
fractional  part  of  a  grain  of  iron  may  become  more  powerful 


THERAPEUTIC  ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS  21 

than  vastly  larger  quantities  otherwise  administered.  Min- 
eral waters  also  dissolve  and  remove  morbific  products  and 
prevent  their  further  development  and  deposit  in  the 
human  economy. 


i.     ACID  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

There  are  mineral  springs  containing  some  natural 
mineral  acid — notably  sulphuric.  The  Oak  Orchard  Spring 
in  Genesee  County,  N.  Y.,  contains  over  133  grains  of  sul- 
phuric acid  to  each  gallon,  having  only  211  grains  of  solid 
ingredients.  This  is  perhaps  the  strongest  acid  spring  in 
America.  The  Thermal  Acid  Springs  in  California  con- 
tain 78  parts  in  1,000  of  sulphuric  acid.  Several  other 
springs  contain  appreciable  amounts  of  sulphuric,  hydro- 
chloric (muriatic),  and  nitric  acids.  Nearly  all  the  cold  and 
many  of  the  hot  springs  contain  carbonic  acid  gas.  This 
in  solution  in  the  w  ater  forms  carbonic  acid.  When  drank  at 
the  springs,  or  immediately  after  opening,  that  which  is  bot- 
tled, it  is  found  to  be  acid,  but  allowing  the  water  free 
exposure,  the  gas  evaporates  and  the  water  becomes  alkaline 
and  loses  much  of  its  medicinal  effect  (see  (8),  carbonated 
waters) . 

THERAPEUTICS  OF  ACID  MINERAL  WATERS. 

These  waters  are  highly  useful  in  many  conditions  of 
the  digestive  apparatus.  In  atonic  dyspepsia,  the  acids, 
especially  hydrochloric,  should  be  taken  after  meals  to 
assist  in  the  digestion  of  nitrogenous  food  in  the  stomach. 
Taken  in  conjunction  with  the  usual  concomitant  mineral 
constituents  found  in  spring  waters,  acids  are  important 
tonics  in  these  cases  taken  after  the  meals. 

In  the  many  cases  of  excessive  formation  of  acid  in  the 
stomach  from  the  faulty  digestion  or  fermentation  of  sac- 
charine and  starchy  foods  with  the  troublesome  symptoms 
of  acid  eructation  (pyrosis)  or  u  heartburn,"  the  mineral 


22  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

acids  and  waters  are  beneficial,  but  in  these  cases  they  must 
be  taken  before  meals,  otherwise  the  waters  would  be 
increasing  instead  of  decreasing  the  trouble.  These  acid 
waters  are  useful  in  the  treatment  of  colliquative  or  night 
sweats,  acting  as  astringents  ;  for  this  purpose  they  should 
be  taken  before  retiring.  In  chronic  serous  diarrhoea,  con- 
gestion of  the  liver,  so  called  u  bilious  attacks."  jaundice, 
with  portal  torpidity,  early  stages  of  cirrhosis  and  chronic 
hepatitis,  the  acid  waters  are  recommended — taken  two 
hours  after  meals  three  times  daily. 

For  chronic  lead  poisoning  the  sulphuric  acid  waters 
are  valuable,  forming  insoluble  and  inert  sulphates  of  lead 
which  pass  from  the  system. 

Certain  urinary  disorders  are  much  benefited  by  these 
waters,  for  example,  the  phosphate  diathesis,  oxaluria, 
alkalinity  of  the  urine  with  a  feeling  of  general  malaise  and 
a  loss  of  ambition,  etc. 

Mineral  and  acid  waters  are  also  useful  in  chronic 
catarrhal  affections  of  the  stomach  and  bladder,  in  biliary 
or  cystic  calculi  (phosphatic),  in  fevers  and  certain  skin 
diseases. 

Acid  baths  or  topical  applications  of  the  acid  waters 
are  also  recommended  in  chronic  liver  and  skin  troubles. 


2.  ALKALINE  MINERAL  WATERS. 

The  alkaline  waters  may  be  divided  into  three  classes, 
viz :  (a)  alkalo-carbonated.  (b)  alkalo-chalybeate.  (c) 
alkalo-saline. 

(a)  The   alkalo-carbonated   variety   comprises    a  long 
list  of  cold  mineral  springs  having   carbonates  and  bicarbo- 
nates  of  sodium,  potassium,  etc.,  with   a   small  amount  of 
carbonic  anhydride.  Upon  standing  in  the  air  a  short  time  a 
small  amount  of  gas  evaporates.    These  waters  are  alkaline. 

(b)  The   alkalo-chalybeate  waters  contain   besides  the 
carbonates     of    sodium    and    potassium,    etc.,    carbonates 
(usually)  or  some  other  salt  of  iron. 


ALKALINE  MINERAL    WATERS  23 

(c)  Alkalo-saline  mineral  waters  have  in  addition  to 
the  alkaline  carbonates,  sulphates  of  magnesia  (Epsom 
salts)  and  sulphate  of  sodium  (Glauber's  salt). 

THERAPEUTICS  OF  ALKALINE  WATERS. 

The  medicinal  uses  of  the  alkaline  mineral  waters  are 
quite  considerable  as  well  as  beneficial  if  judiciously  admin- 
istered as  to  time,  quantity  and  quality. 

THE  ALKALO-CARBONATED  WATERS. 

These  are  advised  in  dyspepsia  with  excessive  acidity 
of  the  gastric  secretions,  with  sour  and  disagreeable  eructa- 
tions and  regurgitations,  with  flatulent  distention  of  the 
abdomen.  For  these  purposes  the  waters  are  taken  after 
meals. 

In  atonic  dyspepsia  an  acid  is  exhibited  after  meals  to 
assist  in  the  chymification  of  the  nitrogenous  elements  of 
food  in  the  stomach.  Alkaline  waters  taken  before  meals 
will  also  stimulate  the  peptic  glands  into  activity  and 
thereby  assist  in  stomach  digestion.  In  this  way  these 
waters  act  as  a  tonic.  For  this  purpose  they  are  taken  in 
moderate  quantities  fifteen  to  thirty  minutes  before  meals. 

The  alkalo-carbonated  waters  are  usually  diuretic  and 
correct  any  acid  tendency  of  the  urinary  secretions,  hence 
they  are  of  great  utility  in  fevers  and  rheumatism,  gout, 
chronic  arthritis,  congestion  and  irritation  of  kidneys  and 
bladder,  etc. 

The  lithontriptic  value  of  alkalo-carbonated  waters  has 
been  established  in  the  most  conclusive  way,  by  carefully 
conducted  experiments  at  many  of  the  celebrated  spas  in 
Europe.  Many  of  the  greatest  masters  of  clinical  medicine 
thoroughly  indorse  these  waters  in  the  treatment  of  calculi, 
gravel  and  gout.  The  waters  are  of  special  value  in  the 
cystic  and  nephretic  calculi  (urinary  stones),  which  are 
made  up  of  inorganic  molecules  united  by  crystallization  or 
by  mucous  debris.  Indeed,  many  of  these  little  granules 


24  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

are  composed  of  a  little  mucous  epithelium  or  some  acci- 
dental foreign  body  for  a  nucleus,  around  which  uric  acid, 
carbonate  of  lime,  phosphates  of  magnesia,  ammonia  and 
soda  or  oxalate  of  lime  crystallize.  The  active  determining 
cause  appears  to  be  urinary  fermentation  which  produces 
the  crystallization.  In  uric  acid  gravel  the  alkalo-carbon- 
ated  mineral  waters  assist  in  diluting  the  urine  and  render- 
ing it  alkaline,  thereby  preventing  the  formation  of  calculi. 

It  is  also  claimed  that  these  carbonated  waters  dissolve 
the  uric  acid  calculi,  transforming  them  into  urate  of  soda, 
which  is  more  readily  soluble  in  the  alkaline  waters. 

In  vesical  catarrh,  with  all  the  concomitant  symptoms 
of  irritation,  pain,  etc.,  the  alkalo-carbonated  waters  have  a 
pleasant  effect. 

For  metritis,  leucorrhcea  and  sterility  these  waters  have 
long  been  in  use  in  Europe. 

M.  M.  Petrequin  and  Socquet,  in  their  "  Trait  des  Eaux 
Minerales,"  write  as  follows :  "  In  women,  alkaline  waters 
have  a  complex  physiological  action  on  the  uterine  systems. 
They  tend  to  diminish  the  catarrhal  secretions,  and  the 
same  result  is  observed  in  cases  of  leucorrhcea. 

4<As  for  derangement  of  menstruation,  resulting  either 
from  chlorosis  or  from  obstruction  of  the  womb,  they  also 
may  be  combated  by  the  same  springs. 

"  Their  influence  favors  conception.  This  is  doubtless 
attributable  to  the  above  combination  of  circumstances  and 
it  is  for  this  reason  they  can  be  prescribed  in  cases  of  ster- 
ility." (See  also  article  on  uterine  douche.) 

In  gout  these  waters  are  highly  extolled.  The  excess- 
ive acid  condition  of  the  blood  is  modified  and  the  uric  acid 
is  rapidly  eliminated. 

The  use  of  alkaline  mineral  waters  forms  the  only 
treatment  used  for  rheumatism  in  many  cases  and  the 
patients  recover  rapidly. 

In  diabetes  (sugar  in  the  urine)  European  springs, 
especially  the  alkaline  waters,  have  been  much  used.  The 


ALKALO-CARBONATED  WATERS  25 

eminent  chemist,  Pelouze,  expresses  himself  in  the  follow- 
ing emphatic  way  in  writing  to  his  friend,  Prof.  Mialhe  : 

"  I  shall  not  take  upon  myself  to  decide  whether  the 
theory  which  you  sustain  respecting  the  destruction  of 
sugar  in  the  system  be  true  or  false ;  but  I  can  affirm  that  I 
myself  have  witnessed,  as  a  result  of  appropriate  alkaline 
treatment,  the  disappearance  of  sugar  from  the  urine  of 
many  diabetic  patients  subjected  to  its  action,  and,  more- 
over, in  many  of  these  cases  it  had  not  reappeared  several 
months  after  the  treatment  was  stopped,  the  system  having, 
so  to  speak,  laid  in  a  stock  of  health."  The  salines  which 
frequently  become  alkalo-salines  are  of  much  value  in 
catarrhal  conditions  of  the  gastro-intestinal  tract  with  chlyo- 
poietic  engorgements. 

For  obesity  it  is  necessary  to  use  large  quantities  of  the 
alkalo-carbonated  and  alkalo-saline  waters  to  keep  the  intes- 
tinal circulation  well  depleted.  The  water  should  be  taken 
an  hour  before  meals  and  again  two  or  three  hours  after- 
wards, using  several  quarts  daily.  The  hot  alkaline  baths 
may  also  be  taken  daily  (under  the  immediate  supervision 
of  the  medical  attendant)  with  perfect  safety  and  with  much 
benefit.  The  diet  must  be  carefully  regulated.  Nothing 
should  be  eaten  that  grows  underneath  the  ground,  and  the 
starchy  and  saccharine  foods  which  assist  in  the  accumula- 
tion of  adipose  tissue  should  be  sedulously  avoided.  Lean 
meats  may  be  eaten  and  hot  alkaline  waters  drank.  Sys- 
tematic exercise  should  be  observed.  In  this  way  the  author 
succeeded  in  reducing  one  female  patient  from  255  pounds 
to  1 80  pounds  in  five  months,  the  patient  at  the  same  time 
enjoying  perfect  health. 

For  rheumatism  and  gout  the  alkaline  springs  have 
long  had  a  deservedly  high  reputation.  The  water  is  taken 
in  moderate  quantities,  six  to  twelve  glasses  daily,  with  its 
external  application  in  the  form  of  hot  baths.  In  rheuma- 
tism the  blood  is  surcharged  with  acids,  and  the  alkaline 
waters  seem  to  neutralize  this  condition. 


26  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  alkalo-chalybeate  waters  are  especially  serviceable 
in  ansemia  and  lithiaemia,  or  the  lithic  acid  diathesis,  in 
"  gravel  "  or  "  sand  "  in  the  urine;  also  in  diabetes  mellitis, 
especially  when  it  is  hepatic  in  origin  or  when  it  occurs  in 
obese  people.  The  chalybeate  waters  are  of  great  service 
in  the  many  diseases  superinduced  by  a  paucity  of  red  blood 
corpuscles  or  depending  on  toxaemia  which  deteriorated  the 
quality  of  the  blood. 

3.     ALUM  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

Several  springs  in  California  contain  considerable 
quantities  of  alum. 

Therapeutically,  as  far  as  the  alum  itself  is  concerned, 
those  springs  are  not  of  any  special  value.  The  waters 
have  been  used  for  hemorrhages  and  for  uterine  douches. 

4.    ARSENICAL  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

In  many  localities  up  and  down  the  coast  we  find  dis- 
tinct traces  of  arsenic  in  combination  with  other  elements 
among  the  mineral  ingredients  of  springs. 

THERAPEUTICS. 

Arsenical  waters  have  proved  highly  beneficial  in  irri- 
tative dyspepsia,  chronic  gastric  catarrh,  gastralgia  and 
enteralgia.  For  this  purpose  small  draughts  should  be 
taken  half  an  hour  before  meals.  In  chronic  diarrhoea  and 
dysentery  it  should  be  taken  an  hour  before  meals  or  two 
hours  after  meals.  Jaundice  with  catarrh  of  the  bile  ducts 
and  chronic  cirrhosis  of  the  liver  are  improved  by  these 
waters.  The  waters  are  also  highly  extolled  in  chlorosis 
and  ansemia,  chronic  malarial  toxaemia,  hemicrania  and 
malarial  neuralgia,  and  in  cutaneous  diseases,  scrofulous 
sores  and  syphilitic  contaminations.  The  skin  diseases 
most  benefited  are  the  chronic  scaly  variety — especially 
psoriasis,  eczema,  pemphigus  and  old  cases  of  acne  (pim- 
ples). For  these  diseases  the  waters  containing  both  iron 


28  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

and  arsenic  are  especially  serviceable,  taken  one  hour  after 
meals.  Menorrhagia  and  functional  impotence  are  also 
improved  by  a  course  at  these  arsenical  and  chalybeate 
springs,  with  wholesome  food  and  free  outdoor  exercise. 

5.    BORAX  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

Springs  containing  borates  and  borax  are  plentiful  in 
California. 

THERAPEUTICS. 

The  waters  are  useful  for  catamenial  irregularities,  and 
for  cystic  and  nephretic  calculi  depending  on  a  uric  acid 
diathesis.  In  these  latter  cases  the  borax  probably  acts 
by  liberating  the  alkali  sodium,  which  then  neutralizes  the 
uric  acid,  setting  free  the  boric  acid. 

The  borax  mineral  waters  have  also  been  found  very 
beneficial  in  clergymen's  sorethroat,  alleviating  the  hoarse- 
ness and  curing  the  chronic  or  sub-acute  inflammation  of 
the  mucous  membranes  and  strengthening  the  larynx  and 
vocal  chords. 

Borax  waters  may  be  drank  four  to  six  times  daily 
between  meals.  Gargles  may  be  used. 

Borax  forms  quite  an  article  of  commerce.  California 
produced  during  the  last  twenty  years  over  $5,000,000 
worth. 

6.     BROMINE  AND  BROMIDE  SPRINGS. 

The  bromides  of  sodium,  potassium,  etc.,  are  found  in 
considerable  quantities  in  several  of  the  mineral  springs 
on  the  coast. 

THERAPEUTICS. 

Bromine  mineral  waters  are  valuable  adjuncts  in  the 
treatment  of  rheumatism,  gout,  blood-glandular  diseases, 
goitre,  synovites,  etc.  In  obesity  they  hasten  retrograde 
tissue  metamorphosis  and  lessen  the  bodily  weight. 
Chronic  mercurial  and  saturnine  poisoning  are  greatly 
benefited  by  a  course  of  these  waters.  The  bromides  com- 
bine with  the  mercury  or  with  the  lead  forming  soluble 


THERAPEUTICS  29 

compounds,  which  are  readily  eliminated  from  the  system. 
In  many  cases  of  wakefulness  from  mental  worry  and 
fatigue,  unrest  of  the  peripheral  nerves,  over-brainwork, 
etc.,  the  bromine  waters  have  proved  of  great  benefit. 
Asthma  and  chronic  bronchitis  also  improve  under  the 
waters. 

The  bromine  waters  act  as  alteratives,  and  stimulants 
to  the  lymphatic  system,  promoting  absorption  and  the 
elimination  of  morbific  material ;  hence  they  are  of  special 
value  in  scrufulous  tumors  and  ulcerations,  syphilitic 
swellings  and  nodes,  and  chronic  cutaneous  diseases. 

7.    CALCAREOUS  OR  EARTHY  MINERAL  WATERS. 

The  solid  ingredients  of  these  waters  predominate 
with  calcium,  carbonate  and  sulphate,  producing  the 
a  temporary"  and  "  permanently"  hard  water. 

Therapeutically,  the  waters  are  not  much  used.  They 
may  prove  useful  in  rickets  and  softening  of  the  bones 
when  the  lime  salts  are  deficient. 

8.     CARBONATED  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

This  class  of  mineral  waters  is  rich  in  carbonates  and 
bicarbonates  of  many  of  the  mineral  compounds,  such  as 
soda,  lime,  potash,  magnesia,  etc.,  and  has  an  excess  of 
carbonic  acid  gas.  The  waters  are  all  acid  when  first 
drawn,  owing  to  the  excess  of  the  carbonic  acid  in  the 
water.  The  carbonated  waters  resemble  the  alkaline 
waters  in  this,  that  they  have  carbonates  and  bicarbonates 
of  the  alkaline  elements — alkalo  carbonated,  alkalo  chaly- 
beate and  alkalo  saline — with  the  addition  of  an  excess  of 
carbonic  acid  gas,  making  the  waters  alkalo  acidulous, 
alkalo-chalybeate  acidulous  and  alkalo-salino  acidulous. 
Most  cold  mineral  springs  contain  free  carbonic  anhy- 
dride; hence  become  carbonated  waters,  unless  some  other 
ingredients  predominate. 


30  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

THERAPEUTICS. 

The  carbonated  waters  are  used  much  the  same  as  the 
alkaline  (quo  vide),  as  we  have  simple  alkaline  waters ;  so 
have  we  also  simple  carbonated  waters,  such  as  seltzer, 
soda,  apollinaris,  etc.  Most  of  the  simple  carbonated  or 
soda  waters  are  manufactured  artificially  and  sold  on  an 
extensive  scale  as  "  soda"  and  "  seltzer." 

The  natural  carbonated-acidulous  mineral  waters  are 
much  to  be  preferred  on  account  of  the  several  ferrugi- 
nous and  alkaline  ingredients  they  contain. 

These  waters  are  very  grateful  to  the  stomach  of 
febrile  patients,  lessening  nausea  and  gastric  irritability, 
rendering  the  fluids  in  the  body  alkaline,  and  promoting 
a  more  copious  secretion  of  the  urinary  organs. 

The  carbonated  waters  are  pleasant  vehicles  in  which 
to  administer  medicines,  lemonades,  etc.,  etc. 

Frequently  these  waters  are  better  borne  by  the  stom- 
ach than  anything  else.  The  carbonated  waters  are  ant- 
acid, tonic  and  diuretic,  very  useful  in  dyspepsia,  to  be 
taken  before  or  after  the  meal,  according  to  the  form  of 
the  malady. 

In  biliary  calculi  the  carbonated  waters  have  been 
found  very  beneficial.  An  acid  which  dissolves  feldspathic 
and  micaceous  rock  must  also  have  some  action  on  urate 
of  lime  and  biliary  salts. 

Vesical  calculi  are  also  influenced  by  these  waters. 
As  in  catarrhal  affections  of  the  bladder,  chronic  cys- 
titis, etc. 

Carbonated  waters  are  also  extensively  used  in 
Europe  for  albumenurea  (Bright's  disease  of  the  kidneys). 
The  chalybeate  carbonated  waters  would  be  even  more 
beneficial  than  the  simple  alkalo-carbonated. 

In  the  sick-room  the  waters  may  be  taken  in  wine- 
glassful  doses  pro  re  nala. 


CHALYBEATE  MINERAL  WATERS  31 

9.    CHALYBEATE  OR  FERRUGINOUS  MINERAL  WATER. 

These  are  waters  impregnated  with  the  salts  of  iron 
as  well  as  with  the  other  mineral  constituents,  in  varying 
proportions.  The  (a)  simple-acidulous-chalybeate  waters 
are  the  carbonated  waters  with  iron.  The  (b)  salino-acidu- 
lous  chalybeate  are  the  alkalo-salino-carbonated  impreg- 
nated with  ferruginous  salts  as  well. 

THERAPEUTICS. 

Chalybeate  mineral  waters  are  of  great  benefit  in  the 
treatment  of  anaemia — a  condition  of  the  blood  in  which 
there  is  a  paucity  of  red  blood  corpuscles,  hsemato-globulin 
in  the  blood.  The  ferruginous  waters  produce  a  construc- 
tive metamorphosis  creating  more  red  blood  corpuscles, 
thereby  increasing  the  specific  gravity  of  the  blood  and 
of  the  bodily  weight,  reproducing  a  healthy  glow  and  the 
rosy  cheek  on  the  faded  and  bleached  out  face. 

It  appears  to  be  a  well-established  fact  that  one  of  the 
functions  of  the  red  blood  corpuscles,  besides  taking  up 
oxygen  and  eliminating  carbonic  anhydride  is  to  convert 
oxygen  into  ozone,  in  which  form  the  oxygen  becomes  so 
efficient  in  the  system.  After  a  course  of  iron  water  the 
bodily  temperature  rises,  the  cold  feet  and  chilly  nights 
are  changed  into  warmth  and  comfort.  The  elimination  of 
urea  increases. 

The  ferruginous  waters  are  recommended  in  debility 
consequent  upon  chronic  discharges,  anaemia,  chlorosis, 
fluor-albus,  scrofula,  rickets,  passive  hemorrhages,  dyspep- 
sia, when  depending  on  deficient  energy  of  the  digestive 
function,  neuralgia,  chronic  malarial  fevers,  all  of  which 
destroy  the  health  giving  properties  in  the  blood — the  red 
globules — as  well  as  the  functions  of  the  reproductive 
organs  ;  in  all  these  wasting  diseases  the  chalybeate  waters 
are  of  undoubted  value.  Pure  air,  pleasant  and  healthy 
surroundings  and  plain,  wholesome  food,  are  important 
adjuncts  in  the  restoration  of  the  vital  powers. 


32  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  iron  waters  are  best  taken  after  meals  after  a  lapse 
of  from  a  half  to  one  hour,  in  wineglassful  to  tumblerful 
doses.  The  stomach,  gastric  and  intestinal  juices  are  then 
in  the  best  condition  for  absorption.  Taken  for  passive 
hemorrhages,  the  hemorrhagic  diathesis,  ammenorrhcea, 
hysteria  and  the  many  pelvic  disorders  frequently  depend- 
ing on  anaemia,  and  in  the  paludal  cachexia,  leucocythemic 
exophthalmic  goitre,  etc.,  the  waters  may  be  taken  every 
three  hours  in  wineglassful  doses. 

The  ferruginous  waters,  more  or  less  charged  with 
the  salines,  are  recommended  in  the  treatment  of  hep- 
atic engorgement,  haemorrhoidal  affections,  chronic  diar- 
rhoea, strumous  diseases,  albuminurea  (Bright's  disease), 
etc.  To  reap  the  fullest  benefit  of  a  course  at  the  chaly- 
beate springs,  it  is  necessary  to  pursue  the  treatment  faith- 
fully, and  under  the  guidance  of  competent  medical  advice. 
Under  such  conditions  the  author  does  not  hesitate  to  say 
that  these  ferruginous  waters  are  invaluable  in  the  treat- 
ment of  the  many  diseases  above  named. 

10.     CHLORINATED  OR  MURIATED  MINERAL  WATERS. 

This  class  of  springs  contains  chlorides  of  sodium 
(common  salt),  potassium,  lime,  etc.,  and  conveniently 
may  be  divided  into :  a.  Simple  chlorinated,  b.  Chlo- 
rino-lithiated.  c.  Brines. 

The  (a)  simple  chlorinated  springs  are  such  as  we  find 
at  the  foot  of  the  Salt  Mountains. 

The  (b)  chlorino-lithiated  contain  in  addition  some 
salt  of  lithium,  and  the  (^)brines  are  the  stronger  chlorinated 
waters. 

THERAPEUTICS. 

The  chlorinated  waters  are  strongly  diuretic  and  ant- 
acid, useful  in  rheumatism,  gout,  scrofula  and  abdominal 
plethora.  Chronic  catarrh  of  the^  mucous  membranes  is 
also  much  benefited  by  these  springs.  As  many  of  these 
salt  springs  are  hot,  bathing  for  rheumatics  is  found  to  be 
a  beneficial  mode  of  treatment. 


IODINE  MINERAL   SPRINGS  33 

(II).    IODINE  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

The  existence  of  iodine,  bromine  and  arsenical  nat- 
ural mineral  waters  has  been  doubted  for  a  long  time,  but 
the  author  has  now  personal  knowledge  of  their  existence 
on  this  coast.  (See  analysis.) 

As  iodine,  bromine  and  chlorine  exist  in  the  sea-water 
and  submarine  vegetable  life,  a  fact  demonstratable  at  any 
time,  it  is  not  at  all  wonderful  that  a  country  for  ages  sub- 
merged in  the  briny  deep,  and  in  which  we  find  mountains 
of  salt,  should  also  have  iodides  and  bromides  from  the 
submarine  deposits.  Well-known  spas  on  the  continent 
contain  them,  and  so  do  many  of  our  springs  in  California. 

The  principal  salts  of  iodine  found  are:  a.  lodo-bro- 
mine.  b.  lodo-sodic.  c.  lodo-potassic.  d.  lodo-magnesic, 
etc. 

THERAPEUTICS 

The  utility  of  iodine  or  any  of  its  salts  is  most  con- 
spicuous in  the  treatment  of  constitutional  states,  such  as 
enlargements  of  the  lymphatic  glands,  glandular  swell- 
ings, enlargements  of  any  of  the  internal  organs,  spleen, 
from  chronic  malarial  poisoning,  goitre,  scrofulous  tumors, 
syphilitic  enlargements,  etc.  Iodine  salts  and  waters  are 
also  found  to  be  of  great  benefit  in  chronic  bronchitis, 
catarrhs,  asthma,  chronic  pleurisy,  rheumatism,  gout,  and 
chronic  Bright's  disease,  scrofulous  and  syphilitic  contam- 
inations producing  cutaneous  or  internal  tumefaction  or 
ulcerations  are  successfully  treated  by  this  class  of  waters. 
Aneurisms  have  also  been  benefited. 

Springs  containing  iodides  have  usually  salines  enough 
to  act  gently  on  the  gastro-intestinal  tract,  ferruginous 
salts  to  act  on  the  blood, chlorides  and  carbonates  to  act  as 
diuretics,  besides  the  iodides  to  act  specifically  on  the  con- 
stitutional state,  counteracting,  as  they  do,  many  patho- 
logical (abnormal)  conditions,  strumous  or  glandular 
enlargements,  and  producing  disintegration  of  the  mor- 
bific proliferation,  by  causing  its  absorption,  removal  and 
elimination. 


34  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  iodine  mineral  waters  are  contra-indicated  in 
stomachic  irritation  and  acute  inflammation.  The  waters 
may  usually  be  taken  freely  one  or  two  hours  after  meals. 

(12)  MAGNESIAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS  (BITTER  WATERS) 
These  springs  contain  Epsom  salts  (sulphate  of  mag- 
nesia) in  varying  proportions,  and  may  be  divided  into : 
a.  Laxative  mineral  waters,  b.  Purgative  mineral  waters. 
£.  Saline  mineral  waters,  d.  Salino-alkaline  waters,  e.  Salino- 
sulphureted  waters. 

The  (a]  laxative  waters  contain  less  and  the  (b}  pur- 
gative more  sulphates  of  magnesia  and  sodium.  The  (c) 
salines  are  more  or  less  aperient  according  to  the  dose,  and 
the  (d]  salino-alkaline  contain  alkaline  chlorides  and  car- 
bonates, while  the  (e)  salino-sulphureted  have  also  sulphur 
or  sulphureted  hydrogen  besides  the  magnesia  salts. 

THERAPEUTICS 

As  a  rule  these  magnesian  waters  are  carbonated  and 
pleasantly  laxative  and  purgative  according  to  the  dose. 
They  are  well  received  by  the  stomach.  The  action  is  due 
to  an  increased  intestinal  secretion  superinduced  by  the 
active  endosmotic  and  exosinotic  action  of  the  magnesian 
and  saline  salts,  hence  the  easy  watery  evacuations  pro- 
duced. This  exosmotic  or  outward  flow  takes  place  chiefly 
from  the  blood-vessels  and  is  not  so  much  from  the  gland- 
ular appendages  of  the  intestinal  mucous  membrane. 
The  magnesian  laxative,  purgative  and  salines  are  of 
especial  efficacy  in  acute  inflammatory  diseases.  They 
are  important  remedies  in  the  treatment  of  renal  and  car- 
diac anasarca  (dropsy),  and  in  acites  from  obstruction  of 
the  portal  circulation. 

There  is  probably  not  a  better  treatment  for  cachexia 
from  saturnine  poisoning  or  painters'  palsy,  etc.,  than 
these  magnesian  waters.  Bitter-salz  is  also  an  important 
remedy  in  mercurial  and  copper  poisoning,  forming  inert 


M  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

and  insoluble  sulphates  of  mercury,  lead  or  copper,  and  as 
such  is  eliminated  from  the  economy. 

For  dysenteries,  sick  headaches,  flatulence,  colic,  and 
acidity,  magnesia  waters  are  of  great  value.  The  engorge- 
ment of  the  liver,  superinduced  by  congestion  of  the  pelvic 
viscera,  sub-involution,  chronic  metritis,  etc.,  and  in 
haemorrhoidal  difficulties  these  waters  have  proved  highly 
beneficial.  The  best  time  to  take  aperient  or  laxative 
waters  is  about  half  an  hour  to  an  hour  before  breakfast 
a  gobletful  or  two  according  to  circumstances.  For 
chronic  constipation  nothing  is  better.  For  obesity  the 
waters  may  be  taken  several  times  during  the  day  in  large 
doses  with  marked  loss  of  weight  in  a  week  or  two. 

The  pendulous  abdomen  of  middle  life  may  be  largely 
removed  by  a  course  of  the  magnesian  waters.  For 
chronic  eczema  and  other  skin  diseases  the  salines  are 
serviceable. 

The  saline-sulphureted  waters  will  be  noted  under  the 
head  of  "  sulphureted  waters." 

13.    SILICEOUS  MINERAL  WATERS 

These  waters  contain  alkaline  silicates  and  salines. 
They  are  not  used  in  medicine. 

The  springs  are  famous  for  their  petrifying  qualities. 
Many  are  so  strong  in  silicates  that  a  piece  of  bark  or  wood 
may  be  petrified  in  a  few  days.  The  wood  is  not  "turned, 
to  stone,"  but  each  atom  and  molecule  of  the  woody  fibre 
is  dissolved  by  the  silicates,  and  silicon  oxide  molecules 
and  atoms  occupy  the  identical  spots,  reproducing  the  fine 
lines  and  traces  so  admirably  that  the  kind  of  wood  can 
easily  be  determined  by  the  grain  of  the  petrification. 

14.    SULPHURETED  (SULPHUROUS)  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

These  waters  are  usually  surcharged  with  sulphureted 
hydrogen,  characterized  by  the  ancient-egg  smell  familiar 
to  all  who  have  visited  sulphurous  regions.  The  springs 


SULPHURETED  MINERAL  SPRINGS  W 

are  usually  hot  or  warm,  and  contain  sulphates  of  many 
elements,  sulphides  and  frequently  sulphuric  acid. 

The  a.  sulphides  are  rare,  the  b.  sulphates  and  c.  salino- 
sulphur  are  quite  common,  while  the  sulphureted  hydrogen 
is  more  frequent  in  sulphurous  waters.  There  are  also 
cold  or  white  sulphur  springs,  which  do  not  have  much  sul- 
phureted hydrogen,  but  are  frequently  mixed  with  carbon- 
ates and  carbonic  acid  gas. 

THERAPEUTICS 

The  great  reputation  which  sulphureted  waters  have 
acquired  is  the  best  proof  of  their  efilcacy  as  adjuncts  to 
other  treatment.  Especially  is  this  the  case  in  rheuma- 
tism, gout  and  skin  diseases.  The  waters  being  usually 
saline  as  well  as  sulphurous  are  valued  in  congestion  of 
the  liver,  abdominal  plethora,  chronic  malarial  fever  with 
enlarged  spleen,  etc.,  engorgements  of  the  pelvic  viscera, 
metritis  and  haemorrhoidal  diseases.  Uterine  tumors  are 
said  to  have  been  improved  by  using  these  waters. 

Syphilitic  and  strumous  diseases  are  markedly  bene- 
fited by  the  sulphur  waters.  Bright's  disease  also  has 
been  improved  while  using  the  mineral  waters.  Tubercu- 
losis during  its  incipiency  is  benefited  by  the  inhalation  of 
the  sulphureted  hydrogen  and  by  drinking  a  moderate 
amount  of  the  water.  Acute  and  chronic  rheumatism 
and  gouty  arthritis,  synovitis,  white  swelling,  chronic  joint 
injuries,  and  the  many  chronic  cutaneous  diseases,  are  cer- 
tainly immeasurably  benefited  by  a  course  at  these  springs, 
especially  by  the  hot  sulphurous  water  and  mud  bathing. 
(See  baths.)  The  sulphureted  waters  are  taken  internally 
in  six  to  eight  ounce  doses  several  times  daily,  according 
to  the  disease.  It  is  best  to  take  the  water  before  break- 
fast and  between  meals.  For  chronic  laryngeal,  pharyn- 
geal  and  nasal  catarrhs  the  waters  are  used  as  a  douche 
with  much  benefit.  Likewise  in  the  chronic  uterine 
catarrhs  and  disorders  the  hot  sulphurous  mineral  water 


38  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

douche,  using  several  gallons  two  or  three    times    daily, 
has  proved  very  successful  in  the  author's  experience. 

THERMAL  SPRINGS 

Most  thermal  mineral  waters  are  sulphurous,  varying 
in  temperature  from  85°  F.  to  214°  F.  Thermal  waters  also 
contain  salines,  chlorides,  carbonates,  etc.,  etc.  Occasion- 
ally thermal  springs  are  not  sulphurous,  but  calcic  or 
alkaline. 

THERAPEUTICS 

The  thermal  waters  are  extensively  used  for  bathing 
purposes,  especially  those  that  are  sulphureted.  For  chronic 
cutaneous  diseases,  and  cases  requiring  the  absorption  of 
chronic  exudations  in  swellings  of  the  joints,  old  gunshot 
wounds,  chronic  gout  and  articular  affections,  etc.,  etc.,  the 
treatment  is  very  popular,  and  certainly  aids  materially 
judicious  internal  medication  in  alleviating  and  curing  these 
obstinate  and  troublesome  diseases. 

All  over  the  State  the  thermal  and  mineral  springs,  of 
which  there  are  about  three  hundred,  are  being  rapidly 
developed.  Extensive  improvements  are  being  pushed ;  ele- 
gant and  commodious  hotels  and  cottages  are  being  built, 
with  all  the  modern  conveniences  and  luxuries ;  gardens 
and  parks,  with  shady  walks  and  commanding  outlooks,  are 
growing ;  and  California,  with  her  excellent  climatic  advan- 
tages, may  confidently  be  expected  to  rank  first  in  the 
Union,  if  not  in  the  world,  as  a  health  resort  and  mineral 
water  sanitarium. 

THE  BATH 

Bathing  dates  back  to  the  earliest  existence  of  the 
human  race.  It  was  practiced  for  the  treatment  of  diseases 
as  well  as  for  the  preservation  of  health,  and  for  luxurious 
enjoyment.  The  most  ancient  historical  accounts,  and  the 
primeval  mythologies  speak  of  the  bath  as  being  of  divine 
origin. 


THE  BATH  39 

The  Egyptians  practiced  bathing  as  a  religious  rite ; 
and  throughout  antiquity  purification  of  the  body  was  sup- 
posed to  be  conducive  to  moral  purity.  Man  was  taught  to 

present  himself  pure  in 
body  and  in  soul  when  he 
engaged  in  the  service  of 
his  God. 

Thus  we  find  that  Moses 
made  the  bath  a  religious 
duty,  partly,  no  doubt  to 
prevent  the  many  cuta- 
neous diseases  so  prevalent 
among  his  people,  from 


spreading.  The  Mosaic 
law  prescribes  in  special 
cases  the  use  of  running 
water,  which  has  probably 
given  rise  to  the  deleter- 
ious cellar  bathing,  at 
one  time  extensively 
practiced  by  the  Jews. 

In  the  cities  of  the 
East,  particularly  Pales- 
tine, the  wealthier  people  indulge  in  costly  and  extravagant 
bathing  facilities  and  luxurious  baths.  Bathing  conven- 
iences were  established  in  their  houses  and  in  their  gardens, 


40  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

where  considerable  time  was  spent  each  day  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  the  warm  bath.  The  same  arrangements  still 
prevail  in  most  of  the  civilized  parts  of  the  East. 

Homer  frequently  speaks  about  bathing  among  the 
early  Greeks.  It  was  indispensable  in  the  religious  prepa- 
rations for  the  sacrifice,  for  the  reception  of  oracles,  and  for 
the  holy  sacrament  of  marriage. 

Most  ancient  civilized  nations  observed  the  practice  of 
bathing  as  a  religious  rite.  Public  and  private  bathing 
establishments  existed  in  the  larger  cities  throughout 
Greece,  some  being  exclusively  for  men,  some  others  for 
women,  and  others  again  were  for  men  and  women  promis- 
cuously. 

Rome,  at  the  zenith  of  her  power,  possessed  some  of 
the  finest  edifices  for  bathing  that  the  world  has  ever  seen. 
The  accommodations  were  perfect,  and  are  scarcely  equaled 
by  those  of  to-day.  The  baths  were  taken  warm  or  hot. 
After  one  of  these  luxurious  baths  the  Romans  had  their 
bodies  anointed  with  perfumed  oils ;  the  bathers  then 
indulged  in  gentle  exercise,  such  as  games,  etc.,  and  lastly 
the  body  was  washed,  rubbed,  dried  and  perfumed  with 
costly  essence.  The  ancient  Germans  used  medicated  baths, 
but  to  a  less  extent  than  the  Romans.  In  England  bathing 
was  first  instituted  by  the  Romans. 

When  Roman  luxury  was  driven  out  by  German  thrift, 
those  splendid  bathing  edifices,  the  finest  the  world  has 
ever  seen,  fell  into  disuse  and  ruin,  and  were  it  not  for 
Christianity,  by  its  institution  of  baptism  preserving  the 
religious  signification  of  the  bath,  the  dark  ages  would  pos- 
sibly have  wiped  out  its  existence  in  the  West  for  some 
considerable  time. 

The  Arabians  and  Mohammedans  adopted  bathing 
early.  Islam  enjoined  on  the  faithful  corporal  purity  and 
prescribed  daily  ablutions.  The  rich  erected  costly  baths, 
and  in  every  city  in  which  there  was  a  mosque  the  public 
bath  was  also  instituted. 


THE  BATH  41 

Imitations  of  those  costly  oriental  bathing  establish- 
ments are  found  to-day  in  the  structures  in  Constantinople 
and  other  European  cities.  The  bathing  process  is  described 
as  follows — not  a  bad  one,  by  the  way,  for  many  diseases  of 
the  present  day  : 

The  bather  undresses  in  a  warm,  comfortable  room, 
wraps  a  blanket  around  himself,  puts  on  wooden  slippers  to 
protect  his  feet  from  the  hot  floor,  and  then  enters  the  bath- 
room proper.  Here  are  plunges  of  hot  and  cold  water, 
douches  of  hot  and  cold  water  and  hot  steam.  After  spending  a 
few  minutes  in  the  steaming-room  the  bather  soon  breaks 
into  a  general  perspiration.  This  lasts  from  five  to  fifteen 
minutes.  The  next  step  is  a  plunge  into  the  cold  water  or 
the  use  of  the  cold  douche ;  immediately  after  which  the 
body  is  rubbed  with  woolen  cloths  and  anointed  with  a  salve 
which  softens  and  whitens  the  skin.  This  is  generally 
accompanied  by  "  kneading"  the  body.  The  bath  attendant 
stretches  the  bather  on  a  table,  pours  warm  water  and  salve 
over  him  and  begins  to  press,  squeeze  and  twist  his  whole 
body  with  wonderful  dexterity.  Every  limb  is  straightened 
and  stretched.  The  attendant  kneels  upon  the  bather,  seizes 
him  by  the  shoulders  and  makes  his  back  crack  till  the 
vertebrae  quivers.  The  bather  is  next  treated  to  soft  blows 
all  over  the  fleshy  parts  of  the  body.  After  this  he  is 
rubbed  with  hair  cloths.  The  hard  and  calloused  skin  on 
the  feet  is  next  rubbed  with  pumice-stone.  The  whole 
body  is  next  rubbed  with  soft  soap  and  the  bather  plunges 
into  the  hot  water.  Here  he  remains  a  few  minutes  and  is 
taken  out  and  thoroughly  rubbed  dry.  The  body  is  now 
anointed  with  perfumes,  the  hair  and  beard  are  trimmed 
and  the  bath  proper  is  completed  for  one  day.  The  bath 
lasts  about  two  hours  and  makes  one  feel  as  if  he  were 
born  anew.  An  inexpressibly  delightful  sensation  of 
comfort  pervades  the  entire  body,  and  as  the  bather 
stretches  himself  in  one  of  the  cooler  rooms  the  sense  of 
luxurious  contentment  soon  wafts  him  off  into  a  sweet  and 
refreshing  sleep.  At  the  end  of  an  hour  or  two  he  is 


42  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

awakened  and  partakes  of  coffee,  sherbet  or  lemonade,  and 
the  bath  is  completed. 

The  healing  of  the  sick  by  means  of  bathing  in  mineral 
and  thermal  springs  became  a  recognized  plan  of  treatment 
among  the  earliest  fathers  of  medicine.  The  god  of  medi- 
cine, ^sculapius,  was  invoked  and  temples  were  erected  to 
his  honor. 

Over  the  thermal  baths  of  Antoninus  was  engraved  on 
a  large  marble  slab  a  Latin  sentence  imparting  instruction 
and  warning  to  the  bathers  and  invalids  that,  if  they 
wished  to  be  relieved  and  cured  of  their  diseases,  they 
must  first  leave  all  cares  behind  them,  otherwise  the 
waters  would  be  inoperative. 

During  the  Crusades  the  Europeans  first  felt  the  great 
necessity  for  frequent  ablutions  in  medicated  baths.  The 
wanderers  brought  home  leprosy  and  other  skin  diseases, 
which  spread  rapidly  by  contact;  hence  bathing  became 
universal,  and  the  mineral  springs  were  sought  out  and 
used  extensively. 

In  Russia  the  hot  steam  and  medicated  and  mineral 
baths  are  much  used.  The  bathing  facilities  are  not  so  exten- 
sive as  they  are  farther  south.  Many  of  the  poorer  bathing 
establishments  consist  of  a  small  apartment  built  of  wood, 
with  benches  all  around  a  central  pit.  In  this  pit  water  is 
thrown  on  red  hot  pebbles.  Immediately  dense  hot  fumes 
are  produced,  which  envelope  the  bather,  who  lies  undressed 
on  one  of  the  benches.  The  steam  often  rises  to  a  tempera- 
ture of  112°  F.  After  sweating  for  some  time  cold  water  is 
dashed  over  the  bather,  who  is  then  rubbed  and  anointed 
and  dressed. 

Frequently  a  bather  will  run  from  the  heated  steam 
chamber  out  into  the  snowbanks,  in  which  he  rolls  for  some 
minutes  before  he  is  rubbed  and  dressed. 

Our  American  aborigines  used  the  hot  sulphur  springs 
faithfully  for  nearly  all  their  ills.  They  have  been  known 
to  travel  hundreds  of  miles  to  reach  a  special  thermal 
spring.  When,  however,  no  mineral  spring  is  within  reach 


43 

they  use  an  appliance  very  similar  to  that  of  the  Russians. 
It  consists  of  a  hole  in  the  ground,  or  a  hut  whose  floor  is 
covered  with  stones.  These  are  made  hot  by  burning  logs 
of  wood  over  them.  When  sufficiently  heated  water  is 
thrown  upon  the  fire  and  heated  stones,  and  the  patient  is 
shut  up  in  the  hut  or  covered  in  the  hole  for  a  specific  time, 
lasting  from  a  few  minutes  to  half  an  hour,  and  in  some 
instances  as  long  as  three  hours.  This  is  the  "sweat 
bath  "  so  much  in  vogue  by  many  tribes  in  California. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  BATHS. 

The  bath  may  be  classified  according  to  the  medium  in 
which  a  part  or  the  whole  body  is  immersed  or  surrounded, 
and  according  to  the  temperature,  etc.,  employed.  Thus 
we  have  the  hand  and  foot  bath,  the  eye  bath,  the  sitz  bath 
and  the  half  or  the  whole  bath.  We  may  take  a  sea 
bath,  a  river  bath,  a  slipper  bath,  a  plunge,  shower,  drip- 
ping or  douche  bath.  The  temperature  may  be  cold,  tepid, 
warm  or  hot.  The  medium  may  be  pure  water,  mineral 


44  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

water,  saline,  sea  or  sulphurous  water,  or  composed  of  sand, 
earth,  mud  or  moor,  or  of  animal  excretions.  (This  latter 
is  used  to  a  considerable  extent  in  California,  and  some- 
times is  mixed  with  mineral  waters  for  bathing  purposes.) 
In  Mexico,  Central  America  and  among  the  Indians  of  Cali- 
fornia this  method  of  applying  animal  egesta  in  the  form 
of  poultices  to  sores  and  inflamed  limbs,  etc.,  is  much  in 
vogue. 

Then  we  have  vapor  baths,  cold,  warm  or  hot.  These 
may  be  simple  or  medicated,  natural  or  artificial.  Com- 
pressed air  baths  have  also  been  instituted.  The  animal 
and  vegetable  baths  are  not  used  to  any  extent  at  present. 
The  vegetable  medicated  baths,  in  which  the  body  is  soaked, 
may  be  composed  of  wine,  vinegar,  solutions  of  essential 
oils,  infusions  of  thyme,  rosemary,  lavender,  wormwood, 
willow,  oak  or  Peruvian  bark,  etc.,  etc. 

Animal  medicated  baths  are  made  up  of  milk,  blood, 
bouillon,  oils  or  fat. 

Then  there  is  the  medicated  vapor  bath,  in  which  aro- 
matics,  incense,  myrrh,  benzoin,  amber,  sulphur,  calomel, 
etc.,  may  be  used  for  a  part  or  the  whole  of  the  body. 
These  baths  are  usually  administered  in  vapor  boxes,  in 
which  the  body  is  incased  and  the  head  is  free. 

Suitable  rooms  are  also  arranged  for  vapor  baths,  where 
the  patient  walks  about  naked  for  a  specific  time  each  day. 
Compressed  air  chambers  and  medicated  heated  air  cham- 
bers for  pulmonary  diseases  have  also  been  introduced  with 
some  success. 

The  animal  bath,  much  used  by  the  ancients  and 
highly  extolled  by  them  for  many  cutaneous  and  joint 
diseases,  consisted  in  wrapping  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the 
patient's  body  in  the  warm  skin  of  a  recently  killed  animal. 
In  the  case  of  lameness  the  patient's  limb  would  be  incased 
in  freshly  drawn  blood.  Frequently  the  smaller  animals 
were  killed,  split  open  and  applied  directly  to  the  affected 
part.  In  some  instances  a  patient's  limb  would  be  intro- 
duced into  the  breast  or  abdomen  of  one  of  the  larger 


THE  BATh  45 

animals  while  it  was  yet  alive.     This    practice  is  now  all 
but  obsolete. 

The  vegetable  and  animal  medicated  baths,  in  which 
the  patient's  body  is  surrounded  by  wine,  milk  or  both, 
etc.,  for  some  considerable  time,  can  be  safely  recommended 
in  many  cases  of  inanition,  or  where  the  stomach  or  diges- 
tive apparatus  is  out  of  order  and  starvation  is  imminent. 
The  skin  will  absorb  enough  to  keep  the  patient  alive  for  a 
considerable  time. 

THE  TEMPERATURE  IN  BATHING 

The  cold  bath-  has  a  temperature  of  40°  to  60°  F.;  the 
tepid  bath  is  from  60°  to  95°  P.,  and  the  warm  bath  from 
95°  to  100°,  and  the  hot  bath  from  106°  to  110°  to  140°  F. 

Bathing  is  recognized  to-day  as  a  very  important  agent 
in  the  preservation  and  restoration  of  health.  Besides  pro- 
moting the  healthy  and  regular  exudation  and  secretion  of 
the  sudoriferous  and  cutaneous  glands,  bathing  assists  very 
materially  in  absorbing  and  removing  pathological  products, 
particularly  in  the  skin  or  in  and  around  the  joints. 

The  virtues  of  water  bathing,  especially  those  of  the 
natural  mineral  waters,  have  long  been  established  and  are 
daily  receiving  a  more  extended  application. 

Since  the  modern  developments  of  Balneotherapeutics 
a  new  school  or  class  of  people  have  styled  themselves 
"  hydropaths,"  "water-curers,"  etc.,  and,  with  the  exaggera- 
tion which  is  incident  to  everything  new,  the  promoters 
have  promised  a  panacea  for  "all  the  ills  to  which  the  flesh 
is  heir,"  which,  of  course,  is  as  absurd  as  it  is  ill-founded. 
Now  that  these  quackish  pretensions  are  all  but  universally 
ignored  or  buried  in  oblivion,  it  is  generally  admitted  by 
scientific  and  medical  experimenters  that  mineral  waters 
are  capable  of  a  large  range  of  effects.  Taken  internally 
the  action,  of  course,  depends  upon  the  mineral  ingredients. 
Used  externally  in  the  bath  the  action  depends  upon  the 
temperature  at  which  it  is  employed,  as  well  as  upon  its 
chemical  composition,  the  duration  of  bathing,  the  reaction 
which  follows,  etc. 


46  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

THE  SKIN 

An  average-sized  individual  has  from  200  to  240  square 
inches  of  cutaneous  surface — sixteen  to  twenty  square  feet 
— containing  from  2,300,000  to  7,000,000  pores  or  orifices, 
through  which  the  normal  healthy  secretion  and  excretion 
of  the  sudoriferous  ducts,  sudoriferous  and  cutaneous  glands, 
pass.  The  skin  also  exhales  gases  besides  the  solids  and 
liquids.  If  these  7,000,000  little  outlets,  each  one  of  which 
measures  one  millimeter  or  more  in  length  (about  half  a 
line  or  one-twenty-fifth  of  an  inch),  were  joined  together 
in  as  straight  line  or  tube  we  should  have  a  canal  or  pipe 
over  twenty-eight  miles  long ! 

Many  experimenters  have  carefully  weighed  the  trans- 
piration passing  through  the  skin.  The  most  notable 
experimenter — Sanctorious — carried  on  for  thirty  years  a 
most  careful  analysis.  He  daily  weighed  all  his  food  and 
drink  and  the  natural  excretions  from  his  person.  By  care- 
ful computation  extending  over  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
century  he  determined  that  more  than  one-half  of  all  foods 
and  drinks  were  eliminated  by  means  of  the  skin  and  pul- 
monary exhalations.  The  skin  carries  on  one-fortieth  to 
one-fiftieth  of  the  entire  respiratory  act;  that  is  to  say, 
through  the  cutaneous  surface  we  exhale  carbonic  acid  gas 
and  inhale  oxygen. 

The  skin  throws  off  many  poisonous  substances  from 
the  body,  such  as  urea,  uric  acid,  lactic  acid,  biliary  acids, 
poisons  from  malaria,  cutaneous  diseases,  and  blood  diseases 
and  water,  fatty  matters  and  epidermic  debris.  The  activity  of 
this  eliminative  process  is  hastened  and  kept  in  perfect 
order  by  the  use  of  mineral  baths,  thus  ridding  the  system 
of  these  morbific  agencies.  This  supplementary  action  of 
the  organs  of  the  skin  may  be  seen  in  the  "yellow  jaun- 
dice." Here  the  normal  secretion  of  the  biliary  pigments 
and  the  natural  flow  of  bile  are  interfered  with  through  dis- 
ease. Almost  immediately  the  skin  attempts  to  throw  off 
the  bile  and  pigments.  The  perspiration  will  be  found  to  be 
tinged  yellowish,  and  react  to  bile  acids. 


THE  SKIN  47 

In  many  diseases  the  skin  is  made  to  act  as  an  adjunct 
to  the  organ  or  organs  affected.  Thus,  in  kidney  disease, 
the  skin  and  lungs  are  made  to  eliminate  the  effete  materials 
which  should  pass  through  the  diseased  organ.  In  lung 
troubles,  the  skin  and  kidneys  work  off  what  the  lungs 
normally  do,  and  so  on.  Indeed  the  skin  can  be  made  to  do 
more.  We  can  keep  a  person  alive  for  a  considerable  time 
by  frequent  bathing  in  milk,  broths  and  soups,  etc.,  the 
whole  nourishment  passing  through  the  cutaneous  open- 
ings. Medicaments  may  be  applied  to  the  skin  and  be 
completely  absorbed.  The  skin  can  even  be  made  to  inhale 
oxygen  and  exhale  the  poisonous  waste  product,  carbonic 
acid  gas,  from  the  system.  Hence  we  see  that  the  function 
of  the  skin  is  far  more  important  than  we  imagined,  in  the 
preservation  and  maintenance  of  health  and  in  restoring  the 
body  in  disease.  As  a  rule  too  little  attention  is  given  to 
the  subject  of  bathing  and  cutaneous  medication  in  America. 
We  have  no  time,  "  business,  energy  and  push"  absorbs  us 
wholly. 

From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  seen  that  should  these 
3,000,000  to  7,000,000  little  pores  be  stopped  up  by  decayed 
scales  from  the  skin — epidermis,  by  oil,  grease,  or  any  waste 
product  from  the  body,  or  by  dust  or  dirt  from  without  the 
body  all  or  a  part  of  this  normal  exudation  or  transpiration 
of  solids,  liquids  and  gases  must  of  necessity  be  repressed 
and  retained  in  the  system  to  the  detriment  of  health 
and  strength.  If  half  of  all  our  ingesta  were  naturally 
eliminated  from  the  cutaneous  surface  and  lungs,  the 
suppression  of  any  of  the  outlets  must  throw  an  extra 
amount  of  labor  on  the  remaining  pores,  or  the  effete 
materials  must  find  their  way  out  of  the  body  by  some 
other  channel  or  produce  immediately  serious  results. 
Fortunately  the  economy  is  so  admirably  constructed  that 
if  one  organ  gets  out  of  order  another  steps  in  and  takes 
its  place  -  at  least  for  a  time.  But  this  doing  double  duty, 
working  without  sleep  or  rest  cannot  be  endured  for  any 
length  of  time.  In  this  way,  from  any  partial  suppression 


48  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

of  cutaneous  exhalation  and  excretion  the  lungs,  and  more 
especially  the  kidneys,  are  obliged  to  dispose  of  any  work 
the  skin  is  incapacitated  from  doing,  thereby  throwing  an 
extra  amount  of  strain  on  these  organs,  which  it  is  impossi- 
ble for  them  to  endure  long  without  showing  signs  of  over- 
work. This  frequently  ends  in  kidney  (Bright's)  disease, 
and  the  long  train  of  symptoms  with  which  only  too  many 
have  had  personal  experience.  It  is  a  sine  qua  non,  that  if 
the  skin  does  not  act,  the  organs  of  egestion  must  dispose 
of  the  morbific  material,  and  most  of  the  work,  as  before 
remarked,  falls  to  the  kidneys,  producing  irritation,  inflam- 
mation and  the  many  diseases  which  follow. 

The  author  does  not  doubt  that  many  cases  of  B  right's 
disease  in  California  can  be  traced  to  an  impaired  function 
of  the  skin,  because  the  hygroscopic  state  of  the  atmos- 
phere prevents  the  rapid  evaporation  of  perspired  fluids  and 
interferes  with  a  perfect  function  of  the  cutaneous  surface. 
(This  at  least  is  the  case  on  the  sea-coast.)  Hence  we  see 
the  necessity  of  keeping  the  skin  in  prime  condition.  Any 
impervious  coating  applied  to  the  entire  cutaneous  surface 
of  a  person  would  produce  death  in  a  short  time,  as  we 
know  from  the  instance  of  the  child  who  was  once  gilded  to 
take  a  part  in  a  great  Roman  festival. 

NATURAL  MINERAL  WATER  BATHS. 

The  external  application  of  several  of  our  mineral 
waters  is  more  efficacious  in  the  treatment  of  many  diseases 
than  the  internal  administration.  This  is  particularly 
noticeable  in  the  rheumatic,  gouty,  strumous  joint  affections 
and  in  several  varieties  of  skin  diseases. 

The  most  beneficial  bath  in  the  world  may,  however, 
do  great  harm  if  injudiciously  used.  Indeed,  fatal  effects 
have  been  repeatedly  observed.  It  is,  therefore,  urged  that 
a  careful  diagnosis  be  made  of  the  case  and  that  medical 
surveillance  be  kept  up  constantly  during  a  course  of  bath- 
ing, and  that  self-treatment  and  indiscriminate  bathing  be 


NATURAL  MINERAL    WATER  BATHS 


49 


discountenanced.  Not  only  will  the  spring  waters  do  more 
good  if  intelligently  nsed,  but  the  many  fatal  results  occur- 
ring every  year  will  be  prevented. 

To  follow  medical  advice  in  the  matter  of  bathing  and 
using  mineral  waters  becomes  all  the  more  necessary  and 
important,  when  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  each  thermal  and 
mineral  spring  differs  materially  in  composition  and  tem- 
perature from  any  that  may  have  been  used  before.  Hence 
it  follows  that  when  one  water  may  be  used  in  more  than 
one  way,  to  derive  any  benefit,  or  the  greatest  benefit,  from 

it,  it  must  be  applied 
discriminately.  Place 
yourself,  therefore,  un- 
der the  management  of 
the  competent  keepers 
of  the  baths  and  the  at- 
tendant physician,  and 
do  not  use  your  own 


CAP  OF  LIBERTY 


judgment  about  a  mat- 
ter which  you  but  im- 
perfectly understand. 

With  these  precau- 
tions there  can  be  no 
doubt  about  the  bene- 
ficial results  accruing 
from  a  systematic 
course  of  mineral  water 
or  mud  bathing,  instituted  as  an  auxiliary  measure,  in  the 
treatment  of  these  chronic  diseases.  The  beneficial  results 
obtainable  by  the  warm  (95°  to  100°  F.)  and  hot  (100°  to 
140°  F.)  mineral  water  and  mud  bathing  are  perfectly  log- 
ical and  susceptible  of  actual  demonstration. 

The  sensations  experienced  on  entering  a  warm  min- 
eral bath  are  exceedingly  pleasant.  A  feeling  of  comfort 
and  enjoyment  steals  over  one  immediately  following 
immersion.  This  continues  during  the  bath,  imparting  to 


50  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

the  system  generally  a  genial  sensation  productive  of  luxu- 
rious contentment.  If  in  pain  the  patient  is  much  relieved, 
and  if  moderately  well  he  feels  at  ease  with  the  world  and 
only  wishes  this  paradise  of  enjoyment  and  physical  well- 
doing could  endure  forever. 

The  warmth  with  which  the  body  is  surrounded  is 
communicated  to  its  surface  and  rapidly  permeates  the 
entire  system,  internal  as  well  as  external,  until  it  reaches 
the  central  nervous  system,  from  which  reaction  supervenes. 

The  first  noticeable  phenomena  after  the  pleasurable 
sensations  are  a  slight  redness,  and  considerable  swelling 
and  expansion  of  the  integument.  These  effects  are  pro- 
duced by  the  dilatation  of  the  smaller  blood-vessels  under 
the  relaxant  influence  of  the  heat.  As  the  bath  continues 
this  relaxant  action  is  not  confined  to  the  skin  alone,  but  is 
also  felt  in  the  structures  which  lie  beneath  it,  as  well  as 
in  the  organs  within  the  body.  The  fascia,  muscles,  ten- 
dons, and  particularly  the  products  of  inflammation  and  tume- 
faction in  and  around  the  joints,  seem  to  soften  and  exhibit 
less  tension.  This  influence  of  softening  and  expansion  of 
the  cutaneous  surface  observed  after  immersion  in  the  warm 
bath  is  not  an  apparent  but  a  real  swelling  and  distension, 
as  maybe  demonstrated  by  the  wearing  apparel,  such  as  the 
finger  rings,  etc  ,  becoming  too  small.  Now  this  increased 
circumference  of  a  foot,  hand  or  finger,  and  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  cutaneous  surface  generally,  is  not  altogether 
due  to  the  dilation  of  the  blood-vessels  and  relaxant  action 
of  the  warmth  and  moisture,  but  to  the  fact  that  part  of  the 
mineral  waters,  gases  and  mineral  ingredients  have  actually 
been  absorbed  into  the  integumentary  system  and  circula- 
tion throughout  the  body,  through  the  millions  of  little 
pores  and  absorbent  orifices,  and  even  through  the  skin  by 
the  well-known  law  of  osmosis.  This  absorption  is  further 
found  to  be  in  direct  ratio  to  the  specific  gravity  of  the 
bathing  medium.  The  blood  has  a  specific  gravity  of  1,050 
to  1,070,  pure  water  being  1,000.  An  ordinary  warm,  fresh 
water  bath  has  a  specific  gravity  of  1,005  *°  I>OI°-  Applying 


NATURAL  MINERAL  WATER  BATHS  51 

the  law  of  endosmosis  and  exosmosis,  the  bath  abstracts 
vitality  instead  of  imparting  vigor.  This  we  know  is 
actually  a  fact.  A  hot  bath  always  leaves  one  weaker. 
Now  the  mineral  saline  and  snlphureted,  and  the  mud 
waters  used  for  bathing  at  many  of  our  spring  resorts,  have 
specific  gravities  of  from  1,100  to  1,250,  therefore  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  greater  specific  gravity  medium  may  pass 
through  the  animal  membrane — the  skin — into  the  blood, 
which  has  a  less  specific  gravity.  This  actually  occurs. 
The  mineral  constituents — crystalline — readily  penetrate 
the  integument  and  enter  the  circulation,  as  may  be  demon- 
strated by  a  chemical  examination  of  the  blood  and  urine 
before  and  after  bathing.  Not  only  have  the  salts  of  min- 
erals—  sodium,  potassium,  iodine,  sulphur,  etc. —  been 
tested  and  verified,  but  the  gases  in  the  bath  themselves 
have  been  observed  in  minute  traces  in  the  blood. 

It  was  not  until  recently  that  this  question  of  the  power 
of  the  skin  to  absorb  water,  mineral  ingredients  and  gases 
assumed  anything  like  definite  proportions,  as  authorities 
and  experimenters  were  at  variance.  The  mooted  point 
may,  however,  be  regarded  as  satisfactorily  settled  now  by 
the  many  carefully  conducted  observations  of  Maden  and 
Collard  de  Martigne,  confirmed  by  the  excellent  experi- 
ments of  Barthold,  Williams  and  Bdwards,  who  unhesi- 
tatingly affirm  that  salines  and  mineral  ingredients  are 
absorbed  into  the  system  and  may  as  such  exert  their 
specific  influence  and  be  tested  chemically  in  the  blood  and 
secretions. 

THE  EFFECTS  OF  MINERAL-WATER    BATHING    ON    THE 
CIRCULATION  AND  RESPIRATION 

The  temperature  of  the  bath  determines  the  relative 
force  and  frequency  of  the  heart's  action. 

Both  pulsation  and  respiration  are  increased  in  fre- 
quency on  first  entering  the  bath.  If  the  heat  be  moderate, 
however,  say  from  95°  to  100°  F.,  the  normal  pulsation  is 


52  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

restored  as  soon  as  the  body  and  the  organs  are  thoroughly 
warmed.  After  that  the  only  observable  phenomenon  is  a 
greater  fullness  of  the  pulse,  due  in  part  to  the  absorption 
of  the  bathing  fluid  into  the  circulation  and  a  relaxation  of 
the  arterial  tension. 

With  every  additional  degree  of  heat  beyond  98.5  °  F. 
(blood  heat)  to  which  the  bath  is  raised,  the  rapidity  of  the 
pulse  part  passu  is  increased.  The  bodily  temperature  also 
rises.  This  cardiac  exhilaration  often  continues  for  a  consid- 
erable time  after  the  bath.  It  may  run  so  high  at  the  time 
of  bathing  as  to  be  extremely  dangerous  where  there  is  any 
heart  disease  at  all,  and  may  require  prompt  attention. 

The  pulmonary  and  the  cutaneous  transpiration  are 
also  increased  by  the  warm  and  the  hot  bath,  rapid  disinte- 
gration of  tissue  ensues.  The  same  is  accomplished  by 
prolonged  bathing  at  a  temperature  of  105°  F.  The  waste 
products  of  the  body  or  of  disease  escape  through  the  skin 
and  pulmonary  mucous  membrane.  Prolonged  bathing  of 
a  high  temperature  in  a  water  of  low  specific  gravity  can 
be  advantageously  and  safely  employed  among  the  obese. 

With  the  general  dilation  of  the  capillaries  and  the 
concomitant  relaxation  of  the  integumentary,  nervous,  mus- 
cular and  articular  systems,  and  with  the  osmotic  absorption 
of  some  of  the  salts  and  bafhing  fluids  into  the  general 
circulation,  there  certainly  seems  to  be  a  greater  volume  to 
the  pulsations  after  a  generous  bath ;  capillaries,  small  veins 
and  arteries,  and  the  absorbents  apparently  sluggish  in  the 
performance  of  their  duties  from  the  tumefaction  or 
inflamed  condition  of  the  surrounding  tissues  about  a  joint, 
take  up  renewed  activity  under  the  relaxant  influence  of 
the  warm  bath,  and  this  is  probably  one  of  the  explanations 
of  the  modus  operandi  by  which  a  swollen  joint  or  an 
arthritic  affection  improves  so  considerably  under  the  use 
of  thermal  baths.  The  blood-vessels  and  absorbents  dilate, 
their  capacity  thereby  allowing  freer  movement  of  the  cir- 
culation. The  inflammatory  products,  usually  partially 
organized  tissue,  also  seem  to  soften  and  become  absorbed. 


EFFECTS  OF  MINERAL  WATER  BATHING          53 

Certain  it  is  that  these  warm  baths  relieve  the  engorged 
condition  of  blood-vessels  and  inflamed  tumefied  joints, 
equalizing  the  circulation,  as  it  were,  and  causing  the 
swelling  and  stiffness  to  disappear  gradually,  especially 
when  these  means  are  combined  with  proper  internal  treat- 
ment. This  can  readily  be  demonstrated. 

The  nervous  system  is  also  benefited.  We  are  all 
familiar  with  the  soothing  result  of  the  delightful  warm 
bath.  The  hot  bath  (110°  F.)  is  stimulating  and  exciting 
to  the  nervous  system,  but  a  bath  at  98°  to  100°  F.  pro- 
duces a  sedative  effect,  allays  irritability  and  alleviates  the 
pain  in  over-sensitive  nerves.  This  is  exemplified  by  the 
soothing  effect  of  a  poultice  in  local  pains  or  the  immersion 
of  a  hand  or  a  foot  in  warm  water  when  it  is  painful  or 
inflamed.  After  a  tedious  railroad  journey  or  a  prolonged 
mental  strain  nothing  so  allays  the  nervous  irritability  and 
calms  the  over-sensitive  nerves  as  a  warm  bath.  This 
sedative  action  is  probably  due  to  the  general  equalization 
of  the  arterial  circulation  removing  local  congestions  or 
internal  inflammations.  Try  a  warm  mineral  bath  after  a 
tiresome  journey  and  see  how  it  refreshes  you. 

How  TO  BATHE. 

The  palliative  or  curative  effects  of  mineral-water  bath- 
ing depend  largely  upon  the  composition  of  the  water,  the 
temperature  of  the  bath,  duration  of  bathing,  and  the  dis- 
eases for  which  the  treatment  is  taken. 

Mineral  baths  are  tonic,  sedative,  diaphoratic,  deriva- 
tive and  alterative,  according  to  their  composition  and  mode 
of  administration. 

RULES  FOR  BATHING. 

Time  of  day. — It  is  almost  impossible  to  lay  down  a 
hard  and  fast  rule  of  universal  application  relative  to  the 
hour  of  bathing  for  invalids,  as  there  may  be  many  sub- 
jective and  objective  circumstances  which  demand  consid- 
siderable  latitude. 

The  best  time  for  the  usual  warm  95°  to  ioo°F.  mineral 


54  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

spring  bath  is  about  two  or  three  hours  after  breakfast 
and  one  or  two  hours  before  luncheon,  about  10  or  n 
A.  M.  for  those  who  dine  early,  and  about  the  same  number 
of  hours  after  luncheon  for  those  who  dine  late.  In  any 
event  the  preceding  meal  must  be  digested  prior  to  the  bath 
and  the  system  must  be  beginning  to  feel  the  effects  of  the 
conversion  of  the  food-fuel  into  force  and  vital  energy.  The 
system  is  then  placed  in  the  most  advantageous  condition 
for  deriving  benefit  from  the  bath,  which  is  then  both  agree- 
able and  safe. 

Caution. — Never  take  a  warm,  hot  or  cold  bath  immedi- 
ately preceding  nor  directly  succeeding  a  meal.  The  rea- 
son is  obvious.  During  the  process  of  digestion  a  relatively 
larger  proportion  of  blood  is  invited  to  the  digestive  organs 
to  assist  in  the  chymification  and  chylification  and  absorp- 
tion of  the  blood  in  order  that  the  process  may  be  more 
efficiently  performed.  Any  unusual  stimulation,  such 
as  would  be  superinduced  by  the  application  of  warm  or  hot 
water  to  the  entire  cutaneous  surface  of  the  body,  would  be 
sure  to  abstract  a  large  quantity  of  blood  from  the  organs 
of  digestion  to  the  integumentary  capillaries,  and,  in  the 
case  of  bathing  after  meals,  produce  sudden  interruption  of 
the  digestive  process,  checking  the  proper  secretion  of  the 
digestive  fluids,  retarding  assimilation  and  not  infrequently 
producing  congestive  headaches,  pre-cordial  oppression, 
fainting  and  possibly  cramps  in  the  stomach  and  intestines 
from  the  undigested  food.  In  the  case  of  bathing  just 
before  dinner  the  same  results  are  induced,  with  the  excep- 
tion that  the  internal  anaemia  and  the  cutaneous  engorge- 
ment are  produced  before  food  is  taken,  instead  of  afterward, 
which  militates  against  digestion  fully  as  much,  for  besides 
not  having  much  appetite  immediately  after  the  bath  the 
food  that  is  introduced  into  the  stomach  finds  no  juices  to 
digest  it  and  remains  for  hours  in  an  undigested  condition, 
thus  laying  the  foundation  for  dyspepsia  and  all  the  evil 
effects  of  retained,  undigestive  food. 

Bathing  before  breakfast,  especially  in  cold  (40°  to 


RULES  FOR  BATHING  55 

60°  F.)  water,  is  not  recommended  for  invalids.  Early 
morning  ablutions  can  only  be  advantageously  employed 
by  one  who  is  robust  and  vigorous  in  constitution,  who  has 
reactive  power  enough  to  render  the  bath  beneficial  or  at 
least  not  injurious. 

The  author  knew  of  a  case — a  gentleman  of  fine 
physique,  who  used  to  go  down  to  the  San  Francisco  bay 
every  morning  about  six  o'clock,  winter  and  summer,  and 
take  a  cold  plunge  and  a  swim.  It  did  him  good,  or  at 
least  it  did  him  no  harm,  for  he  was  well  and  full  of  vitality. 
One  day  a  sickly  friend  of  his  remarked  how  well  he  looked. 
"  Yes,"  said  the  bather,  "  that  is  the  result  of  my  plunge  in 
the  bay  every  morning  before  breakfast.  Why  don't  you 
come  down  to-morrow  morning  and  try  it?"  "I  believe  I 
will,"  was  the  reply.  The  next  day,  a  bright  January 
morning,  the  two  friends  plunged  into  the  bay.  Alas !  it 
was  his  last  plunge,  poor  fellow,  for  the  sickly  friend  did 
not  have  vitality  enough  to  establish  a  reaction,  although 
he  walked  home,  a  distance  of  about  one  mile.  In  the  after- 
noon he  was  taken  with  a  congestive  chill,  and  in  three 
days  he  died. 

In  perfect  health  it  is  considered  highly  beneficial  to 
take  a  cold  plunge,  a  slipper  or  a  sponge  bath  before  the 
morning  meal,  inducing  complete  and  thorough  reaction  by 
rubbing,  exercise,  etc.  It  certainly  seems  to  prevent  a  sus- 
ceptible patient  from  taking  cold  as  readily  as  without 
them,  but  one  ought  to  be  guarded  about  establishing  the 
reaction. 

Occasionally  circumstances  might  render  it  expedient, 
or  the  personal  habits  and  conveniences  of  the  patient 
might  require  a  warm  mineral  bath  at  night.  Let  it  always 
be  taken  sufficiently  long  after  dinner  to  insure  more  or  less 
complete  digestion.  After  the  bath  take  care  of  the  night 
air,  for  it  is  never  as  pleasant  nor  as  safe  for  bathing  as  the 
morning  atmosphere  between  the  hours  of  ten  and  twelve 
o'clock. 

The  hot  salino  or  alkalino-sulphureted  waters,  which  are 


56  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

principally  used  for  bathing,  open  the  pores  of  the  skin, 
dissolve  and  cut  away  the  oils  and  debris  from  the  little  out- 
lets and  induce  more  or  less  perspiration  ;  hence,  while  the 
liability  to  catching  cold  is  not  nearly  so  great  as  when 
using  plain  water,  it  is  nevertheless  wise  to  guard  against 
such  a  possibility. 

TEMPERATURE   OF   BATHING 

The    cold   bath  is  from  40°  to    60°  F. 

The  tepid  bath  is  from  60°  to    95°  F. 

The  warm  bath  is  from  95°  to  100°  F, 

And  the  hot  bath  ranges  from  100°  to  110°,  120°  and 
140°  F. 

Steam  baths  range  in  temperature  from  96°  to  140°  F. 
The  temperature  of  every  mineral  bath  should  be  ascer- 
tained by  a  thermometer  in  the  bathtub  all  the  time. 

The  remarks  on  temperature  will  apply  principally  to 
warm  and  hot  mineral  water  bathing,  as  cold  or  tepid  baths 
are  seldom  used  by,  or  recommended  to,  invalids  seeking 
relief  at  mineral  springs. 

Individual  idiosyncracies  require  consideration  in  the 
matter  of  warm  bathing.  A  temperature  soothing  and 
onic  to  one  person  might  prove  too  exciting  and  too  stimu- 
lating for  another  having  a  highly  sensitive  and  nervous 
organization. 

As  a  general  rule,  a  bath  at  96°  to  98°  F.  is  found  to 
produce  an  agreeable,  soothing  and  tonic  effect.  It  is  the 
temperature  most  generally  recommended  for  entering  the 
water.  Should  it  be  desired  to  produce  severe  diaphoresis  or 
a  strong  tonic  effect  the  bath  may  be  entered  at  100°  F.  to 
105°  or  iio°F.,  but  the  conditions  requiring  such  a  bath  are 
not  often  met  with.  Enter  the  bath  at  blood  heat  98.5^.,  and 
then  gradually  increase  it  to  any  desired  temperature  for  the 
specific  purpose  of  the  bath.  This  will  be  found  the  most 
agreeable,  as  well  as  the  safest  and  best  plan.  It  will  add 
much  to  the  comfort  of  the  patient  and  not  a  little  to  the 


TEMPERATURE  OF  BATHING  57 

efficacy  of  the  treatment  if  the  dressing-rooms  be  suffi- 
ciently warmed  to  be  agreeable,  say  from  75°  F.  to  80°  F. 
This  is  qnite  important  in  the  after-treatment  (quod  vide}, 
and  decidedly  pleasant  before  the  bath. 

Whatever  degree  of  temperature  is  desired  it  should 
be  reached  gradually,  if  above  100°  F.,  and  then  steadily 
maintained  throughout  the  duration  of  the  bath,  having  a 
thermometer  in  each  bathtub  or  plunge. 

Caution:  Persons  of  weak  constitutions  and  invalids 
reduced  by  disease,  as  well  as  delicate  and  convalescent 
patients,  should  on  no  account  venture  into  the  warm  or 
hot  mineral  bath  without  medical  advice. 

Hot  baths  should  never  be  used  by  patients  suffering 
with  organic  disease  of  the  heart,  nor  by  those  who  are 
subject  to  hemorrhages  of  the  lungs.  A  plethoric  condi- 
tion of  the  body,  with  a  tendency  to  cerebral  congestion, 
indicated  by  vertigo,  or  swimming  in  the  head,  also  contra- 
indicates  hot  bathing.  Consumptives,  especially  the  more 
advanced  cases,  do  not  receive  much  benefit  from  mineral 
waters,  and  the  baths  may,  and  often  do,  hasten  the 
unhappy  end  if  persistently  used. 

DURATION   OF   THE   BATH 

The  time  during  which  complete  immersion  is  observed 
requires  considerable  attention.  The  mineral  bath  is  a 
potent  agent  for  good  or  for  evil,  and  not  by  any  means 
devoid  of  danger,  if  the  temperature  and  the  duration  are 
not  carefully  watched  and  considered.  The  bather  must 
be  governed  by  the  requirements  and  peculiarities  of  his 
individual  case.  For  this  purpose  medical  advice  should 
be  sought  from  time  to  time. 

As  a  rule,  the  bath  at  a  temperature  of  98°  to  100°  F. 
for  ten  minutes  acts  as  a  stimulant  and  a  tonic  to  the  gen- 
eral system,  and  especially  to  the  cutaneous  surface. 

Immersion  from  15  to  30  minutes  in  the  same  temper- 
ature (98°  to  100°  F.)  produces  a  decidedly  relaxant  effect, 


58  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

opening  the  twenty-eight  miles  of  tubing  and  the  7,000,000 
pores  of  the  skin,  dilating  the  capillaries,  softening  the  mus- 
cles and  tendons  and  inflammatory  products  surrounding  a 
swollen  joint,  assisting  in  the  excretion  of  the  effete  mate- 
rials, and  allowing  the  absorption  of  many  of  the  saline  and 
mineral  ingredients  found  in  the  mineral  waters.  This  is 
the  bath  for  joint  affections — keeping  the  temperature  at 
the  desired  point  by  allowing  more  hot  water  to  flow  in  when 
necessary. 

The  patient  must  be  watched.  If  faintness  or  giddi- 
ness, or  praecordial  or  pulmonary  oppression  occurs,  the 
bath  must  be  instantly  discontinued  and  reaction  brought 
on  as  rapidly  as  possible.  (See  treatment  after  bathing). 
Should  it  be  deemed  advisable  or  necessary  to  continue 
the  bath  for  a  longer  period  in  order  to  produce  more  pro- 
nounced effects,  then  greater  care  must  also  be  exercised ; 
when  a  prolonged  bath  is  used,  such  as  may  be  beneficial 
in  many  cases  of  cutaneous  diseases  and  in  scrofulous  and 
syphilitic  contaminations,  then  the  temperature  ought  not 
to  be  above  100°  F.  BloodheatgS^0  F.  will  always  be  agree- 
able and  just  as  beneficial.  In  prolonged  bathing  always 
watch  the  heart's  action. 

One  cause  of  faintness  and  praecordial  oppression  and 
labored  breathing  is  the  amount  of  water  on  top  of  the 
chest.  It  is  not  necessary  to  fill  the  bathtub  so  as  to  have 
six  or  twelve  inches  of  water  on  your  body.  One  or  two 
inches  above  you  is  all  that  is  necessary,  and  the  weight  is 
much  less. 

The  lower  the  temperature  the  longer  must  be  the 
immersion  to  produce  the  same  results,  and  vice  versa. 

For  a  soothing  and  tonic  effect,  a  bath  lasting  from 
five  to  fifteen  minutes  at  a  temperature  of  about  100°  F. 
will  prove  most  beneficial.  For  complete  relaxation  and  pro- 
fuse perspiration,  this  may  be  extended  to  thirty  minutes. 

In  the  case  of  a  decided  tonic  and  stimulant  action,  the 
hot  bath  may  be  used  at  a  temperature  of  io6°-io°F.,  for 
a  period  of  two  to  five  minutes. 


TREATMENT  AFTER  THE  BATH  59 

For  the  slow  and  continuous  effect  (used  principally 
for  skin  diseases),  a  bath  of  g^>Q-gg°  F.  for  one,  two  or 
three  hours,  will  be  most  serviceable,. 

TREATMENT  AFTER  THE  BATH 

It  is  important  to  establish  complete  reaction  after 
bathing,  be  the  temperature  cold,  warm  or  hot.  The 
dressing-rooms  and  sweating-rooms  should  be  comfortably 
warmed.  Much  additional  comfort  and  benefit  will  accrue 
from  having  towels  thoroughly  warmed  before  using  them 
for  drying  the  patient.  These  are  small  matters,  but  of 
considerable  importance  in  preventing  bathers  from 
becoming  suddenly  chilled  by  coming  in  contact  with  cold 
air  and  cold  towels. 

Immediately  after  leaving  the  bath  the  cutaneous 
surface  should  be  briskly  rubbed  and  thoroughly  dried 
with  rough  Turkish  towels.  Should  reaction  be  feeble  the 
flesh-rubber,  or  flesh-brush,  or  flesh-strap  may  be  advan- 
tageously used  to  stimulate  the  integumentary  circula- 
tion. 

In  cases  of  retarded  reaction,  recourse  may  also  be  had 
to  hot  beef-tea  or  soup  containing  cayenne  pepper,  hot 
coffee,  etc.  In  extreme  cases  Hoffman's  anodyne  (Spiritus 
Aetheris  Compositus  U.  S.  P.)  fifteen  to  thirty  drops  in  a 
hot  whisky  or  brandy  punch  may  be  of  great  value.  Let 
the  bather  observe  the  recumbent  position,  keeping  him 
warm  and  continuing  the  rubbing  process,  and  if  the  bath 
has  not  been  indiscreetly  used,  reaction  will  soon  follow. 

In  many  cases  it  may  be  desirable  to  promote  profuse 
perspiration.  Such  patients  are  briskly  rubbed  and  dried, 
and  then  wrapped  in  warmed  woolen  blankets  and  placed  in 
a  comfortable  cot  or  couch  in  a  warm  room  for  an  hour  or 
two.  After  which  the  body  is  again  thoroughly  rubbed 
and  dried  and  the  patient  is  then  dressed.  It  is  also 
recommended  in  certain  cases  to  use  the  cold  douche  after 
a  hot  bath.  Weakly  patients,  or  those  suffering  with  acute 
inflammation  in  the  joints  or  in  the  skin  should  not  resort 


60  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

to  its  use  unless  advised  by  the  attendant  physician,  as  the 
shock  may  be  too  great. 

After  a  warm  or  hot  bath  great  care  must  be  exercised 
to  prevent  the  possibility  of  taking  cold.  Take  a  gentle 
walk  or  exercise  slowly  in  the  open  air,  providing  the  sea- 
son permits.  If  this  can  not  be  done,  then  quietly  remain 
in  your  own  apartments  for  an  hour  or  two  after  each  bath. 

It  has  been  observed  that  in  mineral  water  and  saline 
water  bathing  much  more  tonic  and  stimulating  effects  are 
produced  if  reaction  be  thoroughly  established  than  after 
bathing  in  ordinary  water.  Mineral  baths  are  much  more 
strengthening  and  more  derivative  to  the  surface  and  the 
entire  system  and  can  be  taken  consecutively  for  a  much 
longer  period  than  with  the  use  of  ordinary  water.  The  lia- 
bility to  take  cold  is  also  much  less.  It  is  an  excellent  plan 
to  gently  rub  a  stiff  or  sore  joint  with  some  stimulating 
and  anodyne  lotion  after  each  hot  bath.  This  seems  to 
assist  in  the  absorption  of  the  inflammatory  proliferation 
around  the  joint. 

FREQUENCY  OF  BATHING. 

The  frequency  of  bathing  must  necessarily  depend 
upon  the  disease  for  which  the  patient  is  being  treated,  the 
condition  of  the  individual's  strength,  the  duration  of  each 
bath,  the  reaction  that  follows  and  the  temperature 
employed. 

At  first  the  most  benefit  will  probably  accrue  from  the 
use  of  one  or  two  baths  per  week.  Then  take  a  bath  every 
other  day,  and,  if  necessary,  one  every  day.  It  is  a  matter 
of  great  importance,  and  as  each  case  is  an  individual  one 
the  best  advice  can  only  be  given  by  your  physician. 

CAUTION. — Do  not  commence  a  course  of  treatment  at 
the  springs  by  bathing  once  or  twice  daily.  The  American 
fashion,  as  noted  elsewhere,  of  hastening  and  rushing 
through  everything  may  do  well  enough  for  business,  but 
where  the  life  of  an  individual  or  the  treatment  of  an 
obstinate  disease  is  at  issue  this  plan  is  not  only  delete- 
rious, but  may  prove  fatal  to  the  life  of  the  patient. 


BRIDAL  VAIL  FALLS 

' '  Upreared  within  the  azure  sky, 
L,ike  temples  leaf-crowned,  vast  and  high 

They  firmly  stand  ; 

No  breeze  can  sway  their  massive  strength, 
Or  shake  their  mighty  breadth  and  length, 

By  tempests  fanned  ; 
Their  first  of  life  what  man  shall  know, 
That  sprung  two  thousand  years  ago  ? 

"Two  thousand  years  !  two  thousand  years  ! 
Of  human  sufferings,  joys  and  tears, 

In  ceaseless  chase  ; 

When  these  great  structures  had  their  birth 
Our  Saviour  had  not  walked  the  earth 

To  save  our  race  ; 

Yet  then,  amid  their  boughs  on  high, 
Time's  diapasons  swept  them  by." 


62  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

MINOR  ABLUTIONS. 

Occasionally,  in  the  treatment  of  young  children,  del- 
icate women  and  persons  of  feeble  constitutions,  it  may  be 
deemed  unadvisable  to  immerse  the  whole  body  in  any 
kind  of  water.  For  such  as  these  we  can  recommend  the 
partial  bath. 

The  writer  has  repeatedly  treated  subacute  and  chronic 
rheumatic  affections  with  marked  benefit  by  the  partial 
bath,  immersing  only  the  affected  member,  hand  or  foot, 
in  the  hot  water  or  mud  bath.  At  the  springs  the  hands, 
elbows,  knees  and  hips  maybe  similarly  treated,  with  good 
results. 

In  most  partial  ablutions  the  duration  of  the  time  may 
be  longer,  the  water  hotter,  and  the  bath  taken  more  fre- 
quently if  thought  advisable. 

HOT   SITZ   BATH 

The  sitz  bath  is  of  great  value  in  many  pelvic  disor- 
ders peculiar  to  females.  The  sitz  bath  may  also  prove 
serviceable  in  rheumatic  and  joint  troubles  in  the  hips  and 
gluteal  region  when  a  general  bath  cannot  be  taken. 

THE   DOUCHE 

This  is  a  powerful  agent  and  must  be  used  with  due 
consideration.  It  consists  of  a  jet  of  water,  usually  cold, 
which  is  discharged  with  considerable  force  against  the 
body  for  a  few  seconds  to  a  few  minutes'  duration.  If  the 
patient  be  strong  enough  to  stand  it,  the  cold  douche  taken 
after  a  hot  bath  produces  a  marked  stimulating  effect,  pro- 
viding complete  reaction  is  brought  about. 

A  capital  use  can  be  made  of  the  douche  by  employing 
hot  mineral  water  and  allowing  it  to  strike  a  swollen  joint 
such  as  the  knee.  Considerable  force  may  be  employed 
and  the  douche  applied  one  or  more  times  daily. 

The  douche,  be  it  hot  or  cold,  ought  never  to  strike 
the  head  or  the  abdomen. 


THE  UTERINE  DOUCHE 


63 


THE   SENTINEL 

THE  UTERINE  DOUCHE 

Several  of  the  mineral  waters  used  very  hot  ( 1 101 20°  F.) 
by  means  of  the  douche  have  been  found  efficacious  in  the 
treatment  of  female  disorders  and  uterine  troubles,  such  as 
leucorrhoea,  congestion, inflammation,  menstrual  irregulari- 
ties, etc.,  etc.  For  this  purpose  the  patient  observes  a  horizon- 
tal position  and  allows  a  gentle  stream  of  hot  mineral  water 
to  be  directed  into  the  vaginal  cavity.  The  uterine  douche 
may  be  applied  twice  daily  for  from  five  to  ten  minutes  in 
duration,  using  several  gallons  of  the  hot  sulphurous  or 


64  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

mineral  water  at  each  operation.  This  has  proved  a  most 
valuable  and  admirable  plan  in  these  chronic  disorders, 
and  is  well  worth  trying. 

THE   SPINAL   BATH 

This  consists  in  having  a  jet  of  cold,  warm  or  hot  water 
gently  strike  up  and  down  the  spinal  column — a  douche,  in 
other  words,  applied  to  the  spine.  A  pail  or  pitcher  may 
be  used  for  pouring  the  water  on  the  spine  instead  of  the 
pipe,  although  the  latter,  being  continuous,  is  much  more 
efficacious. 

The  spinal  bath  is  recommended  in  the  nervous  disor- 
ders of  females,  especially  that  form  of  nervo-hysterical 
troubles  frequently  observed  in  the  young  ladies  who  are 
fond  of  late  evening  parties,  theatres,  balls,  etc.,  and  who 
spend  most  of  the  following  day  in  bed  or  in  the  house 
reading  exciting  novels. 

The  bath  can  be  advantageously  used  from  three  to  five 
minutes  every  morning,  according  to  the  conditions  of  the 
patient.  It  should  be  followed  by  brisk  rubbing  and  exer- 
cise in  the  open  air. 

The  shallow  or  slipper  bath,  dripping  bath,  sheet  bath, 
or  wet  pack,  etc.,  etc.,  are  not  used  at  mineral  springs,  and 
will  not  be  dilated  upon  in  this  place. 

THE   MUD   OR   MOOR   BATH 

These  mud  baths  have  been  in  use  on  this  coast 
for  many  years.  The  aborigines  used  them  long  before 
the  pale-faced  stranger  arrived.  Wonderful  and  miraculous 
cures  are  handed  down  in  the  traditions  of  the  red  men. 
Crude  huts  were  erected  over  these  inud  springs,  and  many 
an  Indian  has  traveled  hundreds  of  miles  to  bathe  in  a  cer- 
tain spring. 

These  ancient  Indian  moor  baths  have  been  exten- 
sively utilized  at  several  of  the  mineral  springs  in  California. 
Modern  bathing  facilities  have  been  constructed,  and  mud 


THE  MUD  OR  MOOR  BATH  Go 

bathing  has  been  reduced  to  a  practical  and  scientific  basis. 
x\  mud  bath  can  be  borne  at  a  much  higher  tempera- 
ture than  one  of  water,  on  account  of  its  low  conducting 
power  of  heat.  This  aids  in  the  absorption  of  the  saline 
and  mineral  constituents  and  volatile  gases  and  acids.  The 
baths  are  stimulating  to  the  skin,  promoting  secretion  and 
excretion,  and  are  much  extolled  in  the  treatment  of  obsti- 
nate joint  affections  of  rheumatic,  gouty,  syphilitic  or 
strumous  origin.  In  chronic  hypertrophy  of  the  liver  and 
the  spleen,  inflammation  of  the  pelvic  organs,  kidney  and 
bladder  troubles,  and  in  old,  indolent  skin  diseases  the 
writer  has  witnessed  decided  improvements.  The  tempera- 
ture may  be  taken  from  100°  to  120°  F.,  with  the  same  pre- 
cautions and  observations  noted  under  the  head  of  water 
bathing.  For  a  partial  bath  for  hand,  foot  or  knee  the  mud 
promises  every  advantage.  For  chronic  rheumatism  there 
is  no  better  treatment  instituted  anywhere  than  these  hot 
sulphurous  and  saline  mud  baths,  together  with  the  proper 
internal  treatment. 


VAPOR   AND   GAS   BATHS 

In  many  localities  on  this  coast  hot  vapors  and  gases 
arise  from  the  earth  in  conjunction  with  the  mineral  springs. 
The  fumes  are  principally  sulphurous,  with  a  certain  amount 
of  steam  from  the  water. 

Suitable  apartments  are  arranged  for  bathing  purposes. 
The  rooms  are  so  arranged  that  the  heated  steam  and  sul- 
phurous fumes  can  be  regulated  to  any  desired  tempera- 
ture. A  hot  and  a  cold  plunge  bath  also  adjoin  it.  The 
temperature  of  the  vapor  may  range  from  100°  F.  to  140°  F., 
and  the  duration  of  a  bath  from  a  few  seconds  to  several 
minutes.  Care  should  be  taken  that  no  sulphurous  (SO2) 
or  sulphuric  (SO3)  anhydride  is  present  in  the  inhaled 
vapors,  as  these  gases  are  poisonous.  It  is  also  necessary 
to  watch  the  heart's  action  and  the  respiratory  process  lest 
the  gases  be  too  oppressive  and  produce  serious  results. 


66  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

After  a  sweating  vapor  bath  the  plunge  may  be  prescribed, 
after  which  the  usual  rubbing  to  establish  reaction  should 
be  resorted  to.  If  prolonged  diaphoresis  be  desirable,  wrap 
up  the  patient  in  a  warm  blanket  and  place  him  in  the 
sweating-room  for  one  or  two  hours. 

These  natural  vapor  baths  are  very  useful  in  catarrhal 
affections  of  the  nose,  pharynx,  larynx  and  bronchial  tubes. 
Chronic  bronchitis  and  incipient  phthisis  improve  by  inhal- 
ing dry  sulphurous  vapors  and  mineral  water  steam.  For 
inaction  of  the  integument  in  chronic  skin  diseases  the 
vapors  have  also  proven  beneficial. 

Partial  vapor  baths  may  also  be  taken ;  and  a  limb, 
hand  or  foot  can  be  encased  in  the  hot  steam. 

The  mineral  water  and  mud  baths,  and,  indeed,  the 
mineral  springs  themselves,  are  not  held  out  as  "  cure-alls." 
The  author  merely  desires  to  call  attention  to  their  utility 
and  the  proper  method  of  their  application.  Thousands  — 
yes,  millions — are  using  mineral  waters  and  bathing  in 
mineral  springs  yearly  with  more  or  less  benefit.  Used 
intelligently,  carefully  and  persistently  as  auxiliaries  to 
the  recognized  internal  treatment,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  natural  mineral  \vaters  do  assist  in  the  alleviation  of 
human  suffering  and  in  the  cure  of  many  of  the  obstinately 
chronic  diseases  which  unfortunately  attack  our  fellow- 
men. 

NOTE. — In  making  analyses  of  mineral  waters  and  presenting  them  to  the 
profession  and  public  generally,  it  has  been  deemed  expedient  to  employ  the 
universal  method  of  computing  the  mineral  ingredients  by  the  grains  to  the  gallon. 
The  more  exact  and  scientific  system  of  using  grammes  to  the  litre  or  parts  per 
hundred  or  thousand,  although  superior,  is  not  as  universally  adopted,  and  hence 
more  imperfectly  understood.  Most  of  the  analytical  tables  of  foreign  and 
domestic  springs  have,  therefore,  been  reduced  to  conform  to  the  analyses  made 
by  the  author  according  to  the  old  system  of  grains  in  each  gallon  of  water.  It 
will  also  be  observed  that  all  the  salts  of  the  same  element  are  placed  together, 
invariably  beginning  with  those  of  sodium  and  following  with  those  of  potassium , 
magnesium,  calcium,  etc.  The  object  in  view  has  been  to  facilitate  ready  refer- 
ence, which  is  accomplished  by  this  arrangement,  and,  as  sodium  chloride  is 
nearly  always  present  in  mineral  springs  on  this  coast,  it  has  been  thought  proper 
to  begin  each  analytical  table  with  the  most  universal  mineral  ingredient. 

—  The  Author, 


VAPOR  AND  GAS  BATHS 


67 


OCEAN  SCULPTURE  NEAR  SANTA  MONICA 


' '  Imprimis,  my  darling,  they  drink 

The  waters  so  sparkling  and  clear  ; 
Though  the  flavor  is  none  of  the  best, 

And  the  odor  exceedingly  queer  ; 
But  the  fluid  is  mingled,  you  know, 

With  wholesome  medicinal  things, 
So  they  drink,  and  they  drink,  and  they  drink, 

And  that's  what  they  do  at  the  springs. 


' '  In  short — as  it  goes  in  the  world — 

They  eat,  and  they  drink,  and  they  sleep  ; 
They  talk,  and  thej-  walk,  and  they  woo  ; 

They  sigh,  and  they  laugh,  and  they  weep  ; 
They  read,  and  they  ride,  and  they  dance, 

(With  other  unspeakable  things); 
They  pray,  and  they  play,  and  they  pay, 

And  that's  what  they  do  at  the  springs." 


MINERAL  AND  THERMAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

I.     ADAMS  SPRINGS 

These  picturesque  springs  are  in  Lake  county,  two  miles 
from  Cobb's  Valley,  eight  miles  south  of  Clear  Lake,  and  five 
miles  from  Glenbrook.  They  may  be  reached  by  the  train 
which  goes  by  way  of  Oakland  Pier,  Vallejo  and  Calistoga. 
From  the  last  point  a  stage  is  taken  which  carries  one  along 
a  pleasant  mountain  road  hedged  in  on  either  side  by  man- 
zanita  copses,  scrub  oaks,  and  towards  the  summit  fragrant 
redwood  trees. 

The  resort  itself  lies  among  rolling  hills  which  are 
thickly  shrouded  in  verdant  loveliness  a  greater  part  of  the 
year.  Beyond  these  hills  lie  the  larger  mountains  of  the 
Coast  Range,  banked  to  the  summits  with  their  heavy 
growths  of  redwood  and  pine.  Fogs  are  rare  in  Lake 
county,  and  the  air  is  uniformly  dry,  pure  and  balmy  ; 
more  like  Nice  in  the  south  of  France  than  one  would  sup- 
pose from  the  difference  in  latitude. 

The  springs  lie  at  an  elevation  of  3,300  feet  above  the 
sea  level.  Commodious  quarters  have  been  prepared  for 
guests,  and  every  effort  is  made  to  make  every  one  feel  at 
home.  Hunting  and  fishing  are  excellent.  Deer  is  rather 
scarce,  but  quail  and  rabbit  are  plenty ;  and  the  Clear  Lake 
fish  bite  rapidly. 

ADAMS  SPRINGS 
MAIN  SPRING— ALKALO-CARBONATED  WATER 

DR.   WINSLOW  ANDERSON,   Analyst,  1888 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 4. (54  Calcium  Carbonate 27.95 

Sodium  Carbonate 50.70  Calcium  Sulphate 1.36 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 8.07  Ferrous  Carbonate 55 

Potassium  Salts traces  Silica 7.42 

Magnesium  Carbonate 97.90  Alumina traces 

Magnesium  Sulphate traces  Organic  Matter 2.60 

Total  Solids,  201.19 
Gases  Cubic  inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  265.76 

(68) 


MINERAL  AND   THERMAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA  69 

The  water  is  cool  and  sparkling,  and  belongs  to  the 
alkaline-carbonated  class.  It  is  highly  recruitive  to  per- 
sons suffering  from  chronic  dyspepsia  and  portal  conges- 
tion. It  is  also  used  for  rheumatism.  In  cases  of  chronic 
Bright's  disease  it  is  reported  to  have  especial  efficacy. 
Chronic  nietritis  has  also  been  benefited.  Facilities  for 
hot  and  cold  bathing  have  been  provided,  and  the  springs 
have  acquired  a  high  reputation,  and  are  much  frequented 
by  visitors  and  invalids. 

ADAMS  SPRINGS 

MAIN   SPRING— ALKALO-CARBONATED   WATER 
PROF.  PRICE  AND  MR.  HEWSTON 

U.  S.  gal  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                               Grains  Mineral  Ingredients         Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 4.112  Calcium  Sulphate.... 

Sodium  Carbonate 57.036  Ferrous  Carbonate...     .517 

Sodium  Bicarbonate Silica 7.218 

Potassium  Salts trace  Alumina.... 

Magnesium  Carbonate 99.022  Organic  Matter 2.811 

Magnesium  Sulphate Nitric  Acid trace 

Calcium  Carbonate 28.714 

Total  Solids,  199.430 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonated  Acid  Gas,  304. 


2.     ./ETNA  SPRINGS 

Springs  are  located  at  the  upper  end  of  Pope 
Valley,  at  an  altitude  of  1,000  feet,  in  Napa  County,  sixteen 
miles  northeast  from  the  town  of  St.  Helena.  They  are  of 
easy  access  by  rail  via  Napa  to  St.  Helena  and  then  by 
stage  or  carriage  over  a  well-graded  road.  The  drive  is 
pleasant  and  full  of  interest ;  winding  around  and  over  Mt. 
Howell,  along  the  canon  with  its  picturesque  tangle  of 
shrubbery,  over  brooks  and  mountain  streams  until  the 
springs  are  reached.  They  are  pleasantly  situated  in  the 
midst  of  wild  mountain  surroundings.  The  atmosphere 
is  delightfully  dry  and  bracing,  making  one  feel  as  though 
our  primitive  forefathers  manifested  their  common  sense 
when  they  scorned  shelter  of  confining  dwellings  and  lived 


70  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

out  in  the  open  air.  The  humidity  is  very  low,  con- 
sequently the  heat  of  the  middle  of  the  day  is  not  felt. 
The  exhilarating,  balmy  breezes  of  the  afternoon  give  way 
to  pleasantly  cool  evenings  and  perfect  nights,  insuring 
refreshing  rest  and  sleep.  In  climate  and  natural  surround- 
ings ^Etna  springs  are  admirably  located  for  a  health  as 
well  as  for  a  pleasure  resort.  There  are  ample  accommoda- 
tions for  guests  at  the  hotel  and  several  handsome  cottages 
for  private  use.  The  grounds  are  particularly  well  adapted 
for  camping  parties.  The  mountains  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  resort  are  well  stocked  with  wild  game  and  the  streams 
afford  good  fishing. 

The  temperature  of  the  two  principal  mineral  springs 
used  for  drinking  purposes  is  about  98°  F.  The  waters  are 
sparkling,  invigorating  and  tonic  and  slightly  aperient. 
There  are  also  springs  having  a  temperature  of  106°  F., 
which  are  largely  used  for  bathing,  ample  facilities  having 
been  provided  for  that  purpose.  Several  other  springs 
whose  waters  have  not  been  analyzed  are  similar  in  compo- 
sition, with  the  addition  of  more  iron.  These  are  known 
as  the  "  Iron- soda"  springs  and  are  much  used  for  anaemic 
and  wasting  diseases,  producing  constructive  metamor- 
phosis. 

^tna  soda  springs  are  rapidly  gaining  in  public  favor, 
and  from  the  large  number  of  visitors  who  go  there  yearly 
it  is  certain  that  decidedly  beneficial  results  accrue  from 
the  use  of  the  waters.  Especially  is  this  the  case  in  the 
renal  affections  so  frequent  on  this  coast.  Beneficial  results 
are  reported  in  rheumatism  and  neuralgia ;  also  in  dyspep- 
sia, torpidity  of  the  bowels,  hepatic  and  uterine  engorge- 
ment. 

There  is  considerable  similarity  between  the  noted 
Hms  water  of  European  fame  and  our  California  ^Etna 
soda,  as  may  be  observed  by  the  following  analyses.  The 
Ems  analyst  is  Professor  Fresenius  of  Wiesbaden  and  the 
^Etna  analyst  is  J.  A.  Bauer  of  San  Francisco,  made  sev- 
eral years  ago.  My  own  analysis  was  made  in  1888: 


MINERAL  AND   THERMAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA  71 


SODA 
ALKALINE   WATER 
DR.  WINSI.OW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1838 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride  ................  28.75  Magnesium  Sulphate  ..........  45 

Sodium  Carbonate  ..............  73.06  Calcium  Carbonate  ............  8.94 

Sodium  Sulphate  ...............  8.92  Ferrous  Carbonate  .............  05 

Potassium  Sulphate  ............  56  Silica  ...............................  09 

Potassium  Carbonate  ..........  13.23  Organic  Matter  ...............  trace 

Total  Solids,  134.17 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  63. 


This  analysis,  made  ten  years  after  the  preceding  one, 
shows  some  little  change  in  the  composition  of  the  water, 
Therapeutically,  the  change  is  probably  for  the  better. 

There  are  several  important  mineral  springs  not  yet 
named  and  but  slightly  developed,  which  will  doubtless  be 
as  important  remedial  agents  (and  about  which  pleasure 
resorts  will  spring  up  when  they  are  developed),  as  we  find 
their  improved  sister  springs  to  be. 
t 


SPRINGS 
ALKALINE    WATER 
J.  A.  BAUER,  Analyst 
Temperature  98°  F. 

JETNA,  1878 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 29.  Magnesium  Carbonate 14. 

Sodium  Carbonate 75.  Calcium  Carbonate 10. 

Sodium  Sulphate 08.  Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Sulphate trace  Silica trace 

Total  Solids,  136 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  58. 


72 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


EMS 

ALKALINE  WATER 

PROP.  FRESENIUS,  Analyst,  EMS,  1871 

Temperature  //j°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 62. 

Sodium  Carbonate 84. 

Sodium  Sulphate trace 

Potassium  Sulphate 3. 

Total  Solids,  169. 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  59. 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineial  Ingredients  Grains 

Magnesium  Carbonate       7. 

Calcium  Carbonate 10. 

Ferrous  Carbonates trace 

Silica...  3. 


3.      AGUAS 

In  the  southern  portion  of  the  State  are  located  a  num- 
ber of  important  mineral  springs.  Several  of  these  in  dif- 
ferent parts  have  been  known  as  "  Agua  Caliente."  Those 
situated  in  the  Coahuila  or  Cabezon  Valley,  some  ten  miles 
south  of  White  River,  on  Warner's  ranch,  fifty  miles  from 
San  Diego  city,  in  San  Diego  County,  having  acquired  con- 
siderable celebrity  especially  among  the  native  population. 
They  are  believed  to  be  infallible  remedies  in  syphilis  and 
in  cutaneous  affections.  These  springs  are  situated  on  the 
slope  of  one  of  the  ridges  at  the  most  easterly  part  of 
Warner's  ranch.  They  are  thermal,  varying  in  tempera- 
ture from  58°  F.  to  142°  F. 

The  water  boils  up  from  a  granite  ledge  through  a 
number  of  openings  or  cleavage-fissures.  It  flows  copi- 
ously, giving  a  volume  of  about  a  two  inch  pipe  under 


MINERAL  AND   THERMAL   SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA  73 

two  foot  pressure.  Bubbles  of  sulphureted  hydrogen  and 
steam  issue  forth  with  considerable  force,  producing  the 
characteristic  smell  of  sulphur  and  clouds  of  vapor.  At  one 
place  a  small  geyser  has  developed,  emitting  steam  and 
water  with  a  hissing  sound.  Incrustations  of  crystallized 
sulphur  are  deposited  on  the  surrounding  rock.  (Blake.) 

The  waters  possess  a  sulphurous  and  a  not  unpleasant 
acid  taste,  and  are  much  used  for  drinking  and  bathing 
purposes.  Formerly  several  Indian  families  were  in  charge 
of  the  springs  and  gave  visitors  the  best  accommodations 
they  had  in  their  crude  huts.  Latterly,  since  the  springs 
have  become  generally  known,  better  accommodations  and 
facilities  have  been  provided. 

These  hot  sulphurous  waters  are  highly  recommended 
by  many  persons  who  have  been  there  and  used  the  baths 
and  taken  the  waters.  The  diseases  treated  most  fre- 
quently are  rheumatism,  sub-acute  and  chronic,  syphi- 
litic contaminations  and  strumous  diseases,  cutaneous 
affections,  and  renal  and  hepatic  engorgement. 

ANALYSIS 
ANALYZED  BY  MR.  OSCAR  LOE\V 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Carbonate 8.3  Lithia trace 

Sodium  Sulphate trace  Silica trace 

Sodium  Chloride 31.  Sulph-hydric  acid trace 

Lime trace  Organic  Matter trace 

Magnesia trace 

Total  Solids,  39.3 
Gases  not  given. 

4.      AGUA   CALIENTE 

Another  Agua  Caliente  of  some  repute  is  located  some 
thirty  miles  from  Caliente  station,  on  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad  line  in  Kern  county. 

These  waters  are  also  thermal  and  sulphureted.  The 
temperature  varies  from  80°  F.  to  100°  F. 

There  is  a  small  resort  at  the  springs. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  water  for  analysis. 


74  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

5.      AGUA   DE   VIDA   SPRINGS. 

The  springs  are  on  the  Arroyo  Mucho,  among  the 
foothills  of  Cedar  Mountain,  southeast  of  Livermore,  and 
at  an  elevation  of  1,700  feet.  There  are  a  number  of  min- 
eral waters  on  the  place,  both  carbonated  and  sulphureted. 
The  lower  drinking  spring  is  of  light  carbonated  water, 
which  is  clear,  sparkling  and  extremely  palatable.  In  action 
it  is  tonic,  antacid,  diuretic  and  aperient.  The  upper  or 
larger  spring  is  mildly  sulphurous,  saline  and  laxative. 
These  mineral  springs  were  used  many  years  ago,  not  only 
by  the  early  settlers,  but  by  the  natives  who  dwelt  in  the 
valley  before  them. 

Extensive  improvements  are  being  made  on  the 
grounds,  consisting  of  a  magnificent  hotel  surrounded 
by  commodious  family  cottages.  The  grounds,  which  are 
naturally  picturesque,  will  be  still  further  enhanced  by 
the  construction  of  broad  driveways,  rustic  bridges,  cool 
arbors,  in  fact  everything  that  can  add  in  any  way  to  the 
luxurious  comfort  of  the  guests. 

Being  only  three  hours'  ride  from  San  Francisco  by 
rail,  and  possessing  in  the  highest  degree  delightful  cli- 
matic advantages,  this  ought  to  become  a  favored  resort  for 
health  as  well  as  pleasure  seekers. 

We  find  a  number  of  springs  here,  most  of  them  being 
carbonated.  The  principal  drinking  spring  is  found  on 
analysis  to  yield  as  follows  : 

AGUA   DE  VIDA  SPRINGS 

"  LOWER  SPRING  "—LIGHT  CARBONATED  WATER 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyist,  1888 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gat.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 4.02  Calcium  Carbouate 13.75 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.65  Calcium  Sulphate 10 

Sodium  Sulphate 14.73  Alumina 37 

Potassium  Carbonate 55  Silica 42 

Magnesium  Carbonate 7.95  Organic  Matter trace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 46 

Total  Solids,  46.00 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas....  ...19.25 


MINERAL  AND   THERMAL   SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA  75 

This  comes  under  the  head  of  light  carbonated  water, 
gently  aperient  and  diuretic,  an  excellent  antacid  in  many 
cases  of  dyspepsia.  In  several  cases  of  cystitis,  congestion  of 
kidneys,  etc.,  etc.,  I  have  found  it  of  great  benefit.  There 
are  other  springs  said  to  contain  iron,  and  still  others  are 
lightly  sulphurous.  These  latter  are  used  for  anaemia, 
chronic  malarial  toxaemia,  chlorosis  and  rheumatic  troubles. 
Further  analyses  will  be  made  in  the  near  future. 

AGUA  DE  VIDA  SPRINGS 
"LOWER  SPRING  "—LIGHT  CARBONATED  WATER 

(Unknown  Analyst.) 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 3.68     '  Magnesium 8.89 

Sodium  Carbonate 25  Calcium  Carbonate 15.50 

Sodium  Sulphate 12.45  Silica 42 

Total  Solids,  41.19 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas Not  determined 

This  spring  is  one  of  the  light  carbonated  mineral  waters, 
gently  laxative  and  diuretic,  and  excellent  in  certain  forms 
of  dyspepsia,  liver  and  kidney  troubles,  etc.  The  writer 
has  used  it  in  a  number  of  cases  of  cystitis  with  marked 
success.  The  springs  have  only  lately  been  developed. 
A  good  hotel  is  built,  and  several  cottages  are  nearing  com- 
pletion for  summer  occupation.  Bathing  facilities  are  also 
being  constructed.  The  route  of  travel  is  to  Livermore  on 
the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  and  thence  by  carriage  a  few 
miles  to  the  springs. 

AGUA  DE  VIDA  SPRINGS 

"UPPER"  OR  L ARGER  SPRING—LIGHT  SALINO-SULPHURETED  WATER 

DR.  WINSI.OW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  '89 

Temperature  57.5°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 5.07  Calcium  Carbonate 11.92 

Sodium   Carbonate 2.25  Calcium  Sulphate 4.35 

Sodium  Sulphate 17.50  Manganese  Carbonate... traces 

Potassium  Carbonate traces  Alumina 40 

Magnesium  Carbonate 3.19  Silica 55 

Magnesium  Sulphate 8.70  Organic  Matter traces 

Total  Solids,  53.93 

Gases  Cubic  inches 
Sulphureted  Hydrogen,  2.74 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas  9.25 


76  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

This  mineral  water  is  of  service  in  dyspepsia,  torpidity 
of  the  liver  and  bowels,  rheumatism,  glandular  affections, 
renal  troubles  and  skin  diseases.  It  would  also  be  an 
excellent  bathing  water. 

6.      ALABASTER  CAVE  SPRING 
Located  in  El  Dorado  county. 

7.      ALAMEDA   WARM   SPRINGS 

Near  San  Jose,  in  Alameda  county.     These  are  all  alka- 
line and  carbonated. 

8.      ALDER   GLEN   SPRING 

Situated    two    and    a    half  miles   from    Cloverdale,   in 
Sonoma  county,  which  is  now  being  developed. 

9.      ALKALI  SPRINGS 

Several  alkali  springs  are  situated  in  the  northern 
end  of  Mono  county.  There  are  no  analyses  and  no 
improvements. 

Alkali  springs,  eight  miles  northwest  of  Quincy.  No 
analysis. 

Alkali  springs,  one  mile  above  the  mouth  of  Spanish 
creek.  No  analysis  has  reached  us. 

II.      ALKALINE   LAKES 

Several  large  sheets  of  alkaline  waters,  fed  by  springs, 
are  found  in  Modoc  county  about  fifteen  miles  southeast  of 
Alturas.  No  analysis. 

There  is  also  a  small  alkaline  lake  in  Lake  county, 
near  Clear  Lake.  Not  analyzed. 

12.      ALLEN   SPRINGS 

These  valuable  mineral  springs  are  situated  in  the 
Coast  Range  of  mountains  in  Lake  county.  They  lie  in 
a  canon  near  the  head  of  Cache  creek,  some  forty  miles 


MINERAL  AND   THERMAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA  77 

west  of  the  town  of  Williams,  and  three  miles  east  of  Bart- 
lett  Springs.  The  altitude  is  1,800  feet  above  tide  water. 
The  resort  and  springs  are  beautifully  situated  in  the 
canon  recess,  shaded  by  huge  oaks  and  towering  pines,  and 
surrounded  by  evergreen  hills.  The  climate  is  delightful 
and  salubrious,  the  atmosphere  bracing  and  invigorating, 
and  the  evening  air  cool  and  pleasant.  Out-of-door  living 
is  charming  for  a  large  portion  of  each  year.  There  is 
good  hunting  and  fishing  near  by,  quite  a  consideration 
for  overworked  brains  and  underworked  bodies  reared  in 
the  cities  like  hot-house  plants. 

There  are  three  alkaline  and  two  ferruginous  springs 
on  the  place.  All  are  cool  and  pleasantly  aerated  with 
carbonic  anhydride.  The  "  Soda  "  spring,  cool  and  spark- 
ling, makes  a  delicious  drink,  which  may  be  improved 
by  adding  a  little  syrup.  The  waters  are  all  gently  aperi- 
ent, and  have  gained  considerable  reputation  in  chronic 
hepatic  and  renal  affections  associated  with  dropsy.  Dys- 
pepsia, chronic  constipation,  chronic  malarial  disorders, 
etc.,  are  reported  alleviated  and  cured  by  using  the 
waters.  The  resort  has  ample  accommodations  and  sets  a 
good  table. 

Hot  and  cold  bathing  conveniences  have  been  erected. 
There  is  also  a  hot  steam  bath,  the  water  being  artificially 
heated  for  this  purpose.  The  grounds  afford  good  camping 
facilities. 

The  following  qualitative  analysis  is  reported  by  Prof. 
W.  T.  Wenzell: 


SPRINGS 

Mineral  Ingredients  Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride  Magnesium  Bicarbonate 

Sodium  Bicarbonate  Calcium  Bicarbonate 

Sodium  Sulphate  Ferrous  Phosphate 

Potassium  Chloride  Silica 
Magnesium  Chloride 

The  water  is  strongly  charged  with  carbonic  acid  gas. 
The  salts  of  sodium  and  magnesium  predominate,  while  the 


78  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

relative  amount  of  calcium  salt   is   small ;  therefore,  the 
medicinal  value  of  these  waters  is  superior. 
On  analysis  I  find  the  water  to  yield : 

ALLEN   SPRINGS 

ALKALO-SALINE 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 
Temperature  58°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 23.16  Magnesium  Chloride...     .63 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 4.25  Calcium  Bicarbonate.  .20.14 

Sodium  Sulphate 78  Calcium  Phosphate 55 

Potassium  Chloride 1.90  Ferrous  Carbonate 93 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 27.40  Organic  Matter trace 

Potassium  Bicarbonate 75 

Total  Solids,  84.20 

Gases                                                     Cubic  Inches 
Carbonic  Acid  Gas 36. 

Samples  of  other  springs  were  also  analyzed  and  found 
tc  differ  in  some  important  particulars,  viz.:  in  containing 
larger  amounts  of  iron  and  less  of  magnesia  and  soda,  and 
being  less  strongly  aerated,  rendering  these  springs  more 
tonic  and  strengthening,  and  the  former  more  antacid, 
diuretic  and  laxative. 


13.      ALUM   ROCK   SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  in  a  romantic  canon 
with  an  unromantic  name — "  Penitentiary  Canon  " — on 
the  western  slope  of  the  Coast  Range,  about  seven  miles 
northeast  of  San  Jose,  in  Santa  Clara  County.  The 
canon  is  so  named  in  consequence  of  the  habit  among  the 
early  Jesuits  on  this  coast  of  assembling  there  to  perform 
penance. 

The  drive  to  San  Jose  is  one  of  unusual  grandeur, 
especially  during  the  last  two  miles  of  the  road,  presenting 
an  ever  varying  scene  of  ruggedness  and  natural  beauty. 
Much  of  the  roadbed  is  hewn  out  of  the  solid  rock  on  the 
mountain  side.  The  canon  is  densely  wooded,  and  the 
almost  perpendicular  cliffs  shade  the  carriage  drive,  making 


MINERAL  AND   THERMAL   SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA  79 

it  delightfully  cool  and  pleasant  even  in  the  hottest  part  of 
the  day.  The  nearness  of  these  springs  to  San  Jose,  and 
the  splendid  accommodations  offered  at  the  hotel,  with  the 
many  natural  advantages  in  consequence  of  the  glorious 
Garden  City  climate,  to  say  nothing  of  the  health-giving 
constituents  of  the  mineral  waters,  make  Alum  Rock 
Springs  a  favorite  resort  for  tourists,  Summer  visitors  and 
invalids.  The  temperature  in  Summer  is  rarely  above 
90°  F..  and  in  Winter  never  too  low  for  comfort.  Trout  and 
mountain  quail  abound,  affording  good  sport  for  the  rod 
and  gun. 

There  are  several  springs  in  activity  at  Alum  Rock. 
The  principal  "  soda"  or  drinking  water  is  found  on  quan- 
titative analysis  to  contain : 

ALUM   ROCK  SPRINGS 

ALKALINE    WATER 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 

U.  S.  Gal,  contains  U.  S.  Gal,  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 10.21  Calcium  Carbonate 19.05 

Sodium  Carbonate 7.14  Manganese  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Carbonate 76  Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 8.92  Alumina 6.45 

Magnesium  Sulphate 7.16  Silica 2.52 

Total  Solids,  02.21 
Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  Excess 

CHALYBEATE  SPRINGS 

ALUM  ROCK  SPRINGS— CHALYBEATE  AND  ALKALINE 
PROF.  HATCH,  Analyst 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.Gal.  contains 

"Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Ferrous  Oxide 30  Potassa 20 

Alumina 15  Chlorine 1.60 

Manganese 70  Sulphydric  Acid  3.30 

Soda 3.40 

Total  Solids  (anhydrous),  9.65 

It  is  well  to  mention  that  in  this  analysis  the  salts  and 
elements  are  reduced  to  an  anhydrous  state.  The  same 
analysis  with  the  water  of  crystallization  would  probably 
weigh  several  times  more. 


80  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

There  are  also  two  sulphur  springs  at  a  temperature  of 
85°  F.  These  are  used  for  bathing  purposes.  Alum  Rock 
Springs  have  gained  considerable  reputation  in  the  treat- 
ment of  anaemia,  chlorosis,  chronic  malaria,  nervous  pros- 
tration and  debility.  They  ought  to  be  of  especial  value 
in  the  hseniorrhagic  diathesis,  menorrhagia,  etc.,  on  account 
of  the  iron,  alum  and  acids  the  waters  contain. 


THROUGH   LAKE   COUNTY 

A  lake  that  seems  a  silver  mirror,  swung 

Up  near  the  clear  blue  sky, 
Around  whose  loveliness  the  guardian  hills 

In  circling  beauty  lie. 

Mountains  that  hide  within  their  silent  breasts 

Ashes  of  fires  spent, 
Whose  torches  lighted  through  the  night  of  Time 

Chaos'  black  firmament. 

Cedars  and  pines  that  strike  their  piercing  roots 

In  cold  volcanoes'  hearts, 
That  throbbed  their  lives  out  in  some  dead  world  grief 

As  human  pain  departs. 

Valleys  whose  curves  are  like  the  carved  designs 

The  hand  of  genius  makes, 
Inheritors  of  all  the  riches  left 

By  long  departed  lakes. 

Unnumbered  springs  and  rills  that  from  the  Earth 

Leap  forth  in  melody 
And  take,  down  mountain  side  and  valley  sweep, 

Their  graceful,  sinuous  way. 

This  lake,  that  lonely  watched  through  untold  years 

Orion  his  pathway  trace 
Now  takes,  in  Beauty's  western  wonderland, 

A  proud  and  honored  place. 


82  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Above  the  tombs  of  countless  ages  dead — 

Nature's  mute  battle-fields — 
Beauty  and  Strength  have  wrought  their  mysteries, 

Order  his  scepter  wields. 

The  burned-out  passion  of  a  dead  world's  pain 

This  granite  dust  of  Time 
Is  re-incarnated  in  the  lovely  forms 

Of  flower,  and  tree,  and  vine. 

The  Spirit  of  the  Past  that  wrought  its  work 

And  seemed  to  pass  away, 
Through  loam  and  vine  and  grape  is  born  again 

The  rich  wine  of  to-day. 

The  old-world  trees  whose  lavishness  of  leaf 

Formed  this  rich  valley  soil, 
Yielded  their  lives  in  travel,  to  the  fruits 

That  now  reward  our  toil. 

Thus  ceaselessly  the  mystic  whirl  of  Life 

Makes  its  eternal  round, 
No  link  is  lost,  no  hurry  mars  its  sweep — 

One  perfect  Whole  is  found. 

— Carrie  Stevens  Walter. 


ANDERSON   MINERAL   SPRINGS 

These  valuable  mineral  springs  are  situated  in  Lake 
County,  nineteen  miles  from  Calistoga,  five  miles  from  Mid- 
dletown,  and  ten  miles  from  the  Great  Geysers.  They  are 
of  easy  access  by  stage  from  the  termini  of  the  railroads, 
Calistoga  and  Cloverdale.  The  mountain  roads  are  well 
kept,  and  the  stage  ride  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  in 
the  State.  The  ever  changing  scene  of  hill  and  dale,  forest 
and  shrubbery,  brooks  with  ferns  and  mosses,  all  combine 
to  produce  one  of  those  pleasing  scenes  which  one  loves  to 
mentally  recall  and  review  with  realistic  vividness. 

The  springs  and  health  resort  are  themselves  roman- 
tically located  in  a  cozy  nook  in  a  small  canon,  surrounded 
by  forests  and  picturesque  waterfalls. 


84  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  climate  is  famous  in  Lake  County ;  and  in  and 
around  the  springs,  in  the  pine  groves,  the  climate  is  unri- 
valed. The  atmosphere  is  balmy  and  exhilarating,  and 
free  from  humidity.  One  could  live  out-of-doors  for  six 
months  in  the  year. 

The  worshiper  at  Nature's  shrine,  the  lover  of  grand 
and  varied  scenery,  will  find  all  that  can  be  desired  at  the 
Anderson  Springs.  The  perennial  mountain  streams  that 
softly  murmur  past  the  cottages,  the  bright  water  sliding 
over  mossy  banks  and  beds  of  pebbles,  breaking  into 
showers  of  sparkling  diamonds ;  the  caves,  cascades  and 
waterfalls ;  the  cool,  leafy  dells ;  the  cozy  nooks  and  com- 
manding outlooks;  the  conical  shaped  hills,  covered  with 
evergreen  trees;  the  profound  silence  and  solitude  of  the 
forest,  where  one  can  commune  with  one's  inmost  self,  and 
where  one  might  almost  expect  to  surprise  Pan  and  his 
pipes — all,  in  the  glistening  moonlight  or  brighter  rays  of 
old  Sol — make  a  picture  that  only  the  pen  of  a  Thoreau 
could  describe  or  the  pencil  of  a  Bierstadt  display. 

Hunting  and  fishing  are  found  in  abundance  all  the 
year  round. 

During  the  season  invalids  and  pleasure  seekers  come 
to  Anderson  Springs  by  the  thousands  and  enjoy  the 
invigorating  mineral  waters  and  the  bracing  mountain  air. 

The  hotel  and  cottages  afford  ample  accommodations, 
with  every  facility  for  comfort.  The  table  is  superior. 
For  camping  and  outdoor  life  the  grounds  around  the 
springs  are  well  adapted.  Miss  Joey  Anderson,  the  pro- 
prietress, is  untiring  in  her  efforts  to  please  her  guests  and 
make  them  comfortable. 

There  are  nine  principal  mineral  springs.  The  main 
drinking  spring  is  the  "  Cold  Sulphur;"  it  is  located  about 
one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  from  the  hotel.  It  is  a  saline 
and  mildly  sulphureted  water,  very  useful  in  chronic  skin 
diseases  of  strumous  and  syphilitic  origin.  In  liver  and 
bowel  troubles,  glandular  congestion,  uterine  and  ovarian 


ANDERSON  SULPHUR  SPRINGS  85 

engorgement  the  water  has  been  found  of  special  value.    It 
is  aperient,  diuretic  and  alterative  in  its  action. 


"ANDERSON  SULPHUR  SPRINGS  "—ANALYSIS 
MILD  ALKALO-SULPHURETED  WATER 
DR.  WINSI.OW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 
Temperature  6jQ  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  cfhtains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.09  Calcium  Carbonate 20.40 

Sodium  Carbonate 9.27  Calcium  Sulphate 9.10 

Sodium  Sulphate 6.18  Ferrous  Carbonate 46 

Potassium  Salts traces  Arsenious  Salts traces 

Magnesium  Carbonate 11.73  Silica 2.45 

Magnesium  Sulphate 16.95  Organic  Matter traces 

Total  Solids,  77.63 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 243.50 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 4.20 

Another  valuable  water  is  the  "  Iron  Spring."  Its 
action  is  tonic,  laxative  and  restorative,  of  value  in 
anaemia,  chlorosis  and  diseases  requiring  recuperative 
agents.  It  is  clear  and  sparkling,  and  palatable  to  the  taste. 


ANALYSIS  ANDERSON  SPRINGS   "IRON  SPRING" 

MILD  CHALYBEATE  WATER 
GKO.  E.  COLBY,  Analyst,  July,  1889 
Temperature  124.^  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                         Grains  Mineral  Ingredients                  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 183  Alumina 093 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 196  Boracic  Acid  (with  spec- 
Sodium  Sulphate 3.421                           troscope) Strong  test 

Potassium  Sulphate 1.168  Lithium  (with  spectro- 

Magnesium  Sulphate 7.359  scope).  .Well  marked  test 

Calcium  Sulphate 10.884  Manganous  Carbonate.1.772 

Calcium  Phosphate 154  Silica 4.217 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.184  Organic  Matter ..Small 

Total  Solids,  30.631. 

Gases  Cubic  Inchei 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas...,                      ...25.8 


86  MINERAL  S  PS  INGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


u 


THE      SOUR77  SPRING 

This  is  one  of  the  few  mineral  springs  in  California 
containing  free  sulphuric  acid.  Its  sour  taste  was  sup- 
posed to  be  due  to  alum,  but  from  the  following  analysis, 
made  for  me  by  Mr.  George  E.  Colby  of  the  university, 
it  will  be  seen  that  there  is  no  alum  present.  The  sour 
spring  waters  have  proved  very  beneficial  in  haemorrhages 
of  lungs,  menorrhagia,  dyspepsia,  etc.  The  water  is  tonic, 
astringent  and  gently  laxative,  pleasant  to  drink  and  of 
value  in  malarial  poisoning  and  blood-glandular  diseases. 


ANDERSON  SPRINGS— "  SOUR  SPRING" 
SALINO-ACIDULOUS  WATER 

GEORGE  E.  COLBY,  Analyst 
Temperalute  64.3°  F. 

JULY,  1889 

U.  S.  Gal.  contaius  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 082  *Aluminium  Sulphate 7.112 

Sodium  Sulphate 492  Boracic  Acid  (with  specro- 

Potassium  Sulphate 866  scope) strong  test 

Magnesium  Sulphate 4.766  Lithium  (with  spec.).. well  marked  test 

Calcium  Sulphate 2.073  Ammonia  (rnanganousSul)  .326 

Ferric  Sulphate 634  Silica 3.943 

Orgauic  Matter traces 

Total  Solids,  20.294 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Sulphuric  Acid  1.225 

Total  Mineral  Ingredients,  21.519 

*A  microscopical  examination  of  the  residue  obtained  by  slow  evaporation   does  not  show 
any  characteristic  crystals  of  alum. 

The  "Bellmer"  spring,  so  named  after  Mr.  Bellmer  of 
San  Francisco,  who  used  it  for  several  years  during  the 
Summer  season  with  marked  benefit  in  rheumatism,  torpid- 
ity of  the  liver  and  irritation  of  the  kidneys. 

The  water  is  salino-sulphurous,  laxative  and  antacid 
in  its  action.. 


ANDERSON  SPRINGS  87 

ANDERSON  SPRINGS— " BELLMKR  SPRING" 

LIGHT  SALINO-SULPHUROUS 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 
Temperature  //y  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                     Grains  Mineral  Ingredients                  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 64  Ferrous  Carbonate 12 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 1.32  Arsenic traces 

Sodium  Sulphate 7.91  Alumina traces 

Potassium  Carbonate traces  Borates strong  traces 

Magnesium  Carbonate 2.74  Lithium  traces 

Magnesium  Sulphate 840  Silica 4.20 

Calcium  Carbonate 12.63  Organic  Matter traces 

Calcium  Sulphate 9.17 

Total  Solids,  47.13 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas,          149.6 
Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen,   9.47 

The  "  Magnesia"  or  "  Father  Joseph  "  spring  is  an 
active  laxative,  rich  in  Epsom  and  Glauber's  salt. 

Another  spring,  known  as  the  "  Caro,"  is  carbonated, 
and  much  used  in  kidney  and  bladder  irritation. 

Dr.  Woolsey,  of  Oakland,  has  named  one  of  these 
springs  the  "  Cosmopolitan,"  because  he  considers  it  gen- 
erally applicable  for  tourists  and  pleasure  seekers. 

It  is  a  pleasant  drinking  water,  gently  laxative  in  its 
action,  and  of  universal  use. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  springs  at  the  Anderson 
resort  is  the  "  hot  sulphurous"  or  "bathing  spring." 
These  waters  have  a  temperature  of  145.5°  ^.,  and  are  very 
beneficial  in  rheumatism  and  chronic  joint  swellings,  and 
skin  diseases.  Excellent  facilities  for  bathing  have  been 
constructed,  and  the  baths  are  extensively  patronized. 
There  is  an  abundance  of  hot  sulphurous  steam  highly 
extolled  in  the  treatment  of  weak  lungs,  chronic  bronchitis 
and  incipient  phthisis,  and  catarrhal  affections  of  the  nose 
and  throat.  Many  persons  have  experienced  much  relief 
from  the  inhalation  of  these  vapors. 


88  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

ANDERSON  SPRINGS— "HOT  SPRING" 

THERMAL-SULPHUROUS 
GEO.  E.  CoivBY,  Analyst,  July,  1889 

Temperature  145.5°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 443  Arsenic traces 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 320  Alumina traces 

Sodium  Sulphate 5.518                       Boracic  Acid  (with  spec- 
Potassium  Sulphate 1.360  troscope strong  test 

Magnesium  Carbonate...     1.893  Lithium    (with     spectro- 

Magnesium  Sulphate 6.010  scope) well-marked  test 

Calcium  Caroonate  10.397  Manganus  Carbonate 636 

Calcium  Sulphate 3.908  Silica 6.600 

Calcium  Phosphate 164  Organic  Matter small 

Ferrous  Carbonate 133 

Total  Solids,  37.382 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  70.20 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen  Gas,  3.34 

THE  CATARRH  SNUFF  OR  POWDER 

On  the  rocks  over  the  hot  sulphurous  and  vapor 
springs  are  deposited  incrustations  of  the  vaporized 
minerals.  This  is  carefully  collected  and  powdered, 
and  used  as  snuff  in  cases  of  chronic  catarrhal  troubles. 
The  snuff  has  already  gained  quite  a  name,  and  is 
said  to  afford  almost  instant  relief.  Even  in  acute  coryza 
or  colds  in  the  throat  it  produces  an  agreeable  effect,  and 
shortens  the  attack. 

The  following  analysis  is  made  from  the  dried  powder : 

ANDERSON  SPRINGS— ANALYSIS  "CATARRH  POWDER" 

INCRUSTATIONS  ON  ROCKS 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 
Mineral  Ingredients  Parts  in  100  Mineral  Ingredients        Parts  in  100 

Sodium  Chloride 2.16  Arsenious  Salts traces 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.73  Alumina traces 

Sodium  Sulphate 6.67  Lithium traces 

Potassium  Salts , 1.10  Borates. 43 

Magnesium  Carbonate 5.18  Manganesium  Salts 74 

Magnesium  Sulphate 8.70  Silica 8.55 

Calcium  Carbonate 36.45  Organic  Matter 1.44 

Calcium  Sulphate 9.13  Water  and  Loss 14.53 

Ferrous  Oxide 1.19. 

Total,  100.00 


ANDERSON   SPRINGS  89 

Thousands  of  people  are  benefited  at  Anderson 
Springs  every  year.  The  waters,  as  will  be  seen  from  the 
foregoing  complete  analysis,  are  among  the  finest  in  the 
State,  and  the  pine  forests,  elevation  and  climate  are  of 
unquestionable  value  in  many  sub-acute  and  chronic  dis- 
eases. As  a  pleasure  resort  it  is  one  of  the  loveliest  spots 
on  the  coast. 

ANTI-FAT    SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  in  San  Bernardino  County, 
twelve  miles  from  Temescal.  The  waters  are  alkalo-saline 
in  character.  A  glassful  taken  three  or  four  times  daily 
relieves  the  portal  and  intestinal  circulation,  producing 
gentle  purgation  and  thereby  a  lessening  in  bodily  weight, 
hence  the  name. 

There  is  a  small  resort  at  the  springs.  I  have  been 
unable  to  obtain  water  enough  for  a  careful  chemical 
analysis  in  time  for  this  work. 

14.      ARROWHEAD    HOT   SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  ten  miles  from  Colton,  in 
the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  San  Bernardino  County. 
They  are  at  an  elevation  of  1,600  feet  above  the  sea. 
The  Arrowhead  Springs  number  twenty  or  more,  and  the 
combined  volume  of  hot  water  issuing  from  the  granite  and 
limestone  formation  is  very  large.  It  has  been  likened  to 
a  good-sized  niillstream  (Blake).  The  water  is  very  hot, 
.several  springs  having  a  temperature  of  172"  F.  to  210°  F.; 
others  range  from  166"  F.  to  108"  F.  The  springs  form  one 
of  the  tributaries  of  the  Santa  Ana  River.  The  springs  are 
largely  calcic  or  earthy,  and  contain : 

Calcium  Carbonate. 

Magnesium  Carbonate. 

Alumina. 

Ferrous  Carbonate. 

Silica. 

Phosphoric  Acid. 


90  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  Arrowhead  Springs  are  so  named  from  being  at 
the  foot  of  what  is  known  as  "Arrowhead  "  Mountain,  which 
has  a  large  spot  on  the  side  facing  the  springs  that  is  com- 
paratively free  from  brush  and  shaped  just  like  an  Indian's 
arrow.  The  length  is  1,320  feet,  and  the  breadth  from 
shoulder  to  shoulder  350  feet.  This  space  forms  a  con- 
spicuous landmark  for  miles  around.  When  the  Mormons 
first  settled  there  they  used  it  for  part  of  their  religious 
ceremony,  and  it  was  known  as  the  "  Lord's  mighty  arrow- 
head "  for  the  wicked. 

These  springs  first  came  into  general  notice  in  1858. 
Prior  to  that  time  the  natives  used  to  bring  their  sick  and 
camp  around  the  springs.  They  have  gained  favorable 
notice  of  late  years  in  the  treatment  of  cutaneous  affections 
and  rheumatism. 

A  large  artificial  pond  has  been  erected  for  bathing 
purposes,  the  dimensions  of  which  are  100  by  75  feet  (Prof. 
McNutt).  There  are  also  a  number  of  hot  soft  mud  baths, 
which  the  Indians  used  extensively  in  former  years  and 
which  had  the  reputation  of  being  a  certain  cure  for 
syphilis. 

A  large  resort  ought  to  be  built  at  Arrowhead  Moun- 
tain in  the  near  future,  as  the  springs  are  of  undoubted 
value. 

15.      ARROYO    GRANDE   SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County, 
fourteen  miles  north  of  the  city.  The  waters  are  alkaline 
and  carbonated  and  much  used  locally  in  bladder  and 
urethral  irritation  and  inflammation. 

There  is  a  small  resort  at  the  springs. 

1 6.      AZULE   SPRINGS 

These  are  located  twelve  miles  west  of  San  Jose,  in 
Santa  Clara  County.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Span- 
ish word  azule,  meaning  blue.  As  the  mountains  in  which 


AZULE    SPRINGS  91 

these  valuable  springs  are  situated  have  a  bluish  tint 
when  viewed  from  a  distance,  so  the  springs  came  to  be 
known  as  the  blue  springs  in  early  days.  The  mineral 
water  flows  pure  and  sparkling  from  the  subterranean 
chemical  laboratory  at  an  elevation  of  one  thousand  feet 
above  the  sea  level.  The  grounds  are  owned  by  Hon.  J. 
W.  Ryland  of  San  Jose,  and  while  there  is  no  resort  on  the 
place,  the  waters  are  bottled  and  shipped  in  large  quantities 
to  all  parts  of  the  State.  The  mean  temperature  of  the  air 
is  62°  F.  and  the  mean  rainfall  not  excessive,  being  only 
31  inches.  The  temperature  of  the  spring  water  is  59.6° 
F.  It  is  carbonated  and  pungent  and  is  very  similar  to 
the  famous  seltzer  of  Nassau  in  Germany.  Its  action  is 
antacid,  aperient,  diuretic  and  tonic,  and  it  is  of  great 
value  in  dyspepsia,  torpidity  of  the  liver  and  the  intestinal 
tract,  increasing  the  process  of  secretion  and  excretion,  and 
eliminating  the  morbific  waste  materials  in  the  visceral  and 
cutaneous  systems.  It  is  highly  useful  in  habitual  consti- 
pation, alcoholic  dyspepsia,  Bright's  disease,  uric  and  lithic 
acids  in  the  urine,  etc.  On  analysis  one  gallon  of  the 
water  from  the  principal  spring  is  found  to  contain : 

AZULE  SPRINGS 

HEAVY  CARBONATED  (LAXATIVE)   WATER 
DR  WiNSU>w  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 
Temperature  59.6° 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 86.73  Magnesium  Chloride 17.42 

Sodium  Carbonate 52.19  Calcium  Carbonate 10.05 

Potassium  Chloride 10.90  Silica 3.20 

Potassium  Carbonate 2.85  Organic  Matter 18 

Magnesium  Carbonate 78.16 

Total  Solids,  261.69 
Gases  Grains 

Free  Carbonic   Acid  Gas  153.77 

17.      BARTLETT   SPRINGS 

These  famous   springs   are  situated    on   the  western 
slope  of    the   mountain  ranges  near   the   head    of   Cache 


92  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Creek,  in  the  northeastern  portion  of  Lake  County.  They 
are  reached  via  Oakland,  Vallejo  and  Calistoga  and  thence 
by  easy  stage,  or  by  Sacramento  and  Williams,  or  by  way 
of  Cloverdale. 

LATEST   ROUTE 

"  Formerly  there  were  35  miles  of  staging  from 
the  Sacramento  Valley  via  Bites,  and  55  to  60  miles 
via  either  Calistoga  and  Lower  Lake,  or  Cloverdale  and 
Lakeport.  Now,  the  San  Francisco  passengers  will  stop  at 
Hopland,  and,  after  a  stage-ride  of  i6*/£  miles  over  an  easy 
grade,  will  reach  Lakeport  to  enjoy  the  steamer-ride  of  ten 
miles  across  the  lake,  while  14  miles  more  of  staging 
brings  them  to  Bartlett;  so  that  passengers  leaving  San 
Francisco  at  7:15  A.  M.  will  get  to  Hopland  about  noon, 
Lakeport  between  3  and  4  P.  M.,  and  Bartlett's  in  time  for 
supper  at  7  o'clock  on  the  same  day,  and  at  an  expense  of 
about  $2  less  than  by  the  old  routes." 

The  distance  is  about  150  miles  from  San  Francisco. 
The  springs  are  located  at  an  altitude  of  2,325  feet  above 
the  sea.  They  are  near  the  pine  forests  of  the  summits,  in 
perfectly  pure  atmosphere.  At  this  elevation  the  temper- 
ature is  10°  F.  cooler  in  Summer  than  in  the  valley  1,000 
feet  below.  It  averages  85°  F.  for  Summer  months. 
Humidity  and  fogs  are  seldom  noticed. 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  BARTLETT  SPRINGS 
Mr.  Green  Bartlett  of  Kentucky,  having  early  suffered 
writh  rheumatism,  came  to  this  coast  in  1856  in  the  hopes 
of  being  benefited  by  the  climate.  During  one  of  his 
camping  trips  in  Lake  County  Mr.  Bartlett  was  taken  ill 
with  his  rheumatism  and  happened  to  camp  near  the  pres- 
ent springs.  In  the  course  of  his  disease  he  drank  freely 
from  the  sparkling  waters  and  rapidly  convalesced.  The 
springs  were  then  taken  up  and  a  resort  established.  The 
springs  are  picturesquely  located,  with  huge  oaks  and  pines 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  BARTLETT  SPRINGS  93 

to  shade  the  now  cultivated  grounds.  The  hotel  and  cot- 
tages are  excellently  kept  and  offer  facilities  for  about  one 
thousand  persons. 

The  main  Bartlett  spring  is  quite  a  curiosity.  It  is 
walled  with  artificial  stone  and  surrounding  it  is  laid  pave- 
ment of  the  same  material.  A  jar-shaped  chamber  about 
two  feet  in  diameter  and  three  feet  in  height  is  constructed 
directly  over  the  spring,  having  outlets  similar  to  those  of 
a  public  fountain.  It  is  estimated  that  the  spring  flows 
about  no  gallons  per  hour.  One  outlet  flows  in  pipes  to 
the  bottling  house  and  another  leads  into  the  hotel  for  the 
use  of  guests.  There  are  also  a  number  of  other  springs 
at  the  resort.  One  of  these,  some  little  distance  away,  is 
known  as  the  "  gas  well."  It  is  continually  bubbling  up 
with  great  force,  resembling  a  boiling  spring,  yet  the  tem- 
perature was  found  in  1888  to  be  54°  F.  This  remarkable 
gas  spring  emits  a  large  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  gas.  It 
is  asserted  that  if  birds  or  animals  remain  at  the  spring  for 
a  few  seconds  they  are  sure  to  die  from  asphyxiation.  The 
•water  is  strongly  carbonated  and  said  by  many  persons 
who  have  tried  it  to  be  a  sure  cure  for  corns.  South  of  the 
hotel  are  the  "soda"  spring,  the  "iron"  spring  and  the 
"  magnesia"  spring.  There  are  also  several  cold  sulphur 
springs.  The  springs  are  all  charged  with  carbonic  anhy- 
dride and  are  pleasant,  sparkling  carbonated  waters.  Thou- 
sands of  persons  visit  Bartlett  every  year  and  much  benefit 
has  accrued  from  the  use  of  the  waters  in  chronic  malarial 
and  rheumatic  affections,  chronic  uterine  diseases,  etc. 
The  waters  are  diuretic,  laxative  and  alterative  in  their 
effects.  Bathing  facilities  have  also  been  added.  The 
mineral  and  sulphurous  waters  are  artificially  heated  for 
this  purpose.  The  following  analysis  was  made  by  Geo. 
E.  Colby  some  years  ago : 


94  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

BARTLETT    SPRINGS 

CARBONATED  WATER 

GEO.  E.  COLBY,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 500  Iron  Compounds traces 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 1.050  Silica 3.469 

Potassium  Bicarbonate 390  Lithium traces 

Magnesium  Carbonate 6.620  Barium  Carbonate 054 

Calcium  Carbonate 30.141  Stontium none 

Calcium  Phosphate 494  Boracic  Acid traces 

Calcium  Sulphate 626  Organic  Matter traces 

Total  Solids,  43.349 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 242.1 

Ammonia,  .03  parts  per  million 


BARTLETT  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

LIGHT  CARBONATED  WATER 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 54  Calcium  Sulphate 63 

Sodium  Bicarbonate , 1.21  Ferrous  Carbonate 51 

Potassium  Bicarbonate 36  Barium  Carbonate traces 

Magnesium  Carbonate 7.74  Silica 3.73 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.62  Lithium traces 

Calcium  Carbonate 29.07  Borates traces 

Calcium  Phosphate ")0  Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  45.91 

Free  Gases                                          Cubic  Inches 
Carbonic  Anhydride 224.56 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  in  a  number  of  instances 
I  have  found  these  superficial  springs  to  change  in  compo- 
sition in  the  course  of  years,  or  suddenly  in  the  case  of 
earthquakes.  They  are  always  changed  by  the  surface 
waters  and  during  rainy  seasons,  so  that  an  analysis  made 
in  the  spring  of  the  year  would  necessarily  be  a  little  dif- 
fered from  one  made  in  the  fall,  even  though  carefully  per- 
formed under  the  same  conditions  and  by  the  same  analyst. 


1 8.      BEAR   VALLEY    HOT   SPRINGS 

In  San  Bernardino  County,  near  Bear  Lake  and  north 
of  San  Bernardino  Peak,  are    situated    a    number  of  hot 


BEAR  VALLEY  HOT  SPRINGS  95 

springs.  The  waters  are  saline  and  calcic.  The  inhabi- 
tants in  the  vicinity  use  the  water  for  kidney  and  bladder 
affections. 

Water  for  analysis  has  not  been  obtainable. 


.  19.       BENTON    HOT   SPRINGS 

Near  Benton,  in  Mono  County,  is  a  very  hot  spring.  It 
has  a  diameter  of  eighteen  feet,  and  flows  2,700  cubic  feet 
per  hour.  The  temperature  is  135°  F.  The  waters  are 
slightly  alkaline,  and  much  used  for  bathing  purposes.  It 
is  claimed  that  an  agreeable  softness  of  the  skin  is  obtained 
by  its  external  use.  The  water  is  also  used  internally  for 
rheumatism,  gravel,  etc.  On  evaporation  it  leaves  very 
little  residue,  which  is  found  to  contain  carbonates  of 
sodium,  magnesium  and  calcium. 


20.      BERKELEY   SODA   SPRINGS 

These  excellent  soda  springs  are  located  about  ten 
miles  south  of  Summit  Station,  on  the  C.  P.  R.  R  ,  in 
Placer  County.  They  are  the  same  as  those  we  describe 
later  on  as  the  "  Summit  Soda  Springs,"  by  which  name 
they  are  generally  known. 


21.      BIG   HOT   SPRINGS 

In  Lassen  County,  some  three  miles  north  of  Honey 
Lake,  we  find  a  large  hot  saline  spring  several  feet  in 
diameter.  The  water  is  constantly  boiling  up  in  a  large 
stream,  and  forms  one  of  the  wonders  of  that  section  of  the 
country.  It  has  a  temperature  of  200°  F.,  and  flows  2,700 
cubic  inches  per  hour.  There  is  no  resort,  and  the  water  is 
not  utilized. 


96 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


22.      BIG   SULPHUR   SPRING 

In  section  36,  township  32  s.  and  range  21  east,  Mount 
Diablo  meridian,  is  located  a  large  sulphur  spring.  It  is 
not  improved. 


BITTER    SPRING  97 

23.      BITTER  SPRING 

This  unique  spring  is  situated  in  San  Bernardino 
County,  about  eighteen  miles  north  of  Camp  Cody.  It  is  a 
cold  saline  spring.  The  water  is  not  used  commercially, 
nor  is  there  any  resort  at  the  place.  The  water  is  rich  in 
magnesium  sulphate  (Epsom  salt),  hence  its  name.  It  is 
much  used  locally  for  "bilious"  attacks. 


24.      BLACK   LAKE 

This  is  quite  a  sheet  of  water,  fed  by  several  springs. 
It  is  located  in  Mono  County,  one  mile  west  of  Benton. 
The  water  is  sulphurous  and  saline.  Not  used. 


25.      BLACK   SULPHUR   SPRINGS 

A  number  of  these  black  sulphurous  iron  springs  are 
located  in  section  4,  township  32  s.,  range  18  e.     No  resort. 


26.  BLANK'S  HOT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 
These  hot  sulphur  springs  are  located  in  Colusa 
County,  and  are  the  private  property  of  Mrs.  Lottie  Blank. 
The  waters  are  used  locally  for  purposes  of  bathing  and 
drinking,  and  have  acquired  considerable  fame  in  the 
treatment  of  chronic  skin  diseases  and  rheumatic  troubles, 
etc.  There  is  only  a  local  resort. 


27.      BLODGETT'S   SPRING 

These  excellent  mineral  springs  are  picturesquely 
located  in  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains,  about  eight  miles 
west  of  Gilroy.  They  are  of  easy  access  by  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railway  to  Gilroy,  and  from  there  by  daily  stage  to 
the  springs. 


98  MINERAL   SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  springs  are  under  the  personal  supervision  of  Mr. 
Blodgett,  who  has  erected  a  hotel  and  several  comfortable 
cottages.  The  surroundings  are  beautiful.  The  atmos- 
phere is  pure,  balmy  and  invigorating,  and  the  mineral 
waters  and  mineral  baths  are  of  great  therapeutic  value. 

One  of  the  principal  waters  on  the  premises  is  the 
"  Soda  Spring."  Its  waters  are  found  on  analysis  to  be  ant- 
acid, diuretic,  aperient  and  tonic,  and  of  great  value  in  acid 
dyspepsia  and  catarrh  of  the  stomach,  constipation,  kidney 
and  bladder  troubles. 

The  analysis  shows  that  the  spring  is  alkalo-carbon- 
ated  and  lightly  sulphureted. 


BLODGETT    SP  RI  N  GS— "  SOD  A  SPRING" 

ALKALO-CARBONATED  AND   SULPHURETED 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 8.20  Calcium  Carbonate 7.31 

Sodium  Carbonate 9.92  Calcium  Sulphate 2.19 

Sodium  Sulphate trace  Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Chloride trace  Alumina 4.13 

Potassium  Iodide ..trace  Borates...  trace 

Potassium  Carbonate 47  Silica 4.11 

Magesium  Carbonate 6.65  Organic  Matter irace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.15 

Total  Solids,  44.13 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 9.25 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen trace 

The  next  most  important  spring  is  the  u  Sulphur."  It 
also  is  antacid,  laxative,  tonic  and  diuretic,  besides  acting 
on  the  liver,  kidneys  and  blood-glandular  system.  This 
water  is  good  for  rheumatism  and  sciatica,  swelling  of  the 
joints  and  skin  diseases.  Excellent  bathing  facilities  have 
been  constructed,  and  Blodgett's  Springs  are  rapidly  gain- 
ing in  reputation  as  a  health  and  pleasure  resort. 


BLODGETT   SPRINGS  99 

BLODGETT  SPRINGS— " SULPHUR  SPRING" 

ALKALO-CARBONATED  AND  SULPHURETED 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 10.75  Calcium  Carbonate 74 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.14  Calcium  Sulphate 4.90 

Sodium  Sulphate 2. 78  Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Chloride traces  Alumina trace 

Potassium  Iodide traces  Borates traces 

Potassium  Carbonate 3.55  Silica 5.42 

Magnesium  Carbonate 7.10  Organic  Matter 70 

Magnesium  Sulphate 9.63 

Total  Solids,  48.71 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 3.75 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 7.25 


28.      BOILING  LAKES 

In  Plumas  County,  seven  miles  south  of  Lassen's  Peak, 
are  a  number  of  hot  bubbling  and  boiling  springs.  They 
are  located  quite  close  together,  and  several  of  them 
coalesce,  forming  lakes.  The  waters  are  alkaline.  No 
resort. 

29.      BOILING   SPRINGS 

On  the  east  side  of  Dry  Salt  Lake,  and  on  the  west 
side  of  Resting  Mountain,  in  Inyo  County,  are  several  hot 
and  boiling  springs.  The  waters  are  reported  alkaline. 


30.      BOILING   SULPHUR   SPRINGS 

Several  of  these  boiling  sulphur  springs  are  very 
picturesquely  located  on  the  south  branch  of  Owen's  River, 
northwest  of  Long.V  alley,  in  Mono  County.  They  could  be 
made  valuable  as  a  resort.  The  waters  are  alkalo-sul- 
phureted  and  well  calculated  for  the  treatment  of  many 
diseases  for  which  these  sulphur  waters  are  frequently 
used.  There  are  no  improvements. 


100  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

31.      BONANZA   HOT   AND   COLD    SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  in  a  sequestered  spot  on  the 
side  of  the  mountain,  among  the  pines  and  old  oaks.  It  is 
one  of  the  coolest  and  pleasantest  places  in  Lake  County 
during  the  heated  summer  season.  The  springs  are  two 
miles  from  Seigler's,  six  miles  from  Glenbrook  and  eight 
miles  from  Lower  Lake.  The  elevation  is  about  2,500  feet. 
There  are  several  pleasant  carbonated  waters  on  the  place. 
One  of  these — the  "  Cold  Soda,"  is  a  sparkling  antacid  water, 
containing  diuretic  and  aperient  properties.  On  qualitative 
analysis  the  Soda  Spring  is  found  to  contain  : 

Sodium  Carbonate, 

Potassium  Carbonate, 

Magnesium  Carbonate, 

Magnesium  Sulphate, 

Calcium  Carbonate, 

Silica, 

And  Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas. 

Another  spring  close  by  is  found  to  be  sulphureted  and 
has  a  temperature  of  84.2°  F.  This  is  used  principally  for 
bathing.  It  yields  on  analysis  : 

Sodium  Sulphate, 

Sodium  Chloride, 

Magnesium  Sulphate, 

Calcium  Carbonate, 

Calcium  Sulphate, 

Silica, 

And  Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen  Gas. 

This  is  found  beneficial  in  gouty  and  strumous  joint 
affections. 

The  chalybeate  spring  has  found  a  large  use  by  the 
ansemic  and  pale-faced  overworked  city  people  who  go  to 
the  resort.  There  is  good  gunning  and  fishing  all  the 
year  round. 


BORAX  POND  101 

32.  BORAX   POND 

This  remarkable  pond  is  situated  about  Haifa  mile  east 
of  the  lower  end  of  Clear  Lake  in  Lake  County.  The 
water  is  highly  charged  with  biborate  of  soda  (borax). 
During  the  dry  season  this  water  largely  evaporates,  and 
the  borax,  crystallizing  out,  is  found  around  the  margin  of 
the  pond. 

Twenty-five  to  thirty  years  ago  large  quantities  of  this 
saltwas  manufactured  here,  supposedly  the  first  made  in  the 
State,  but  latterly  there  has  been  no  work  done  here,  owing 
no  doubt  to  the  extensive  borax  discoveries  in  the  southern 
portion  of  California. 

33.  BORAX    FLAT 

is  situated  in  San  Bernardino  County,  near  the  intersec- 
tions of  117°  15'  and  35°  45'.  They  are  all  cold.  Large 
crusts  of  borates  are  seen  on  the  surface  as  the  water  evap- 
orates during  the  Summer  months. 

Another  borax  spring  is  known  as 

34.      BORAX   MARSH 

and  is  located  some  eight  miles  southeast  of  Hawley's  Sta- 
tion in  San  Bernardino  County.  Then  we  have 

35.      BORAX    PATCH 

near  Black's  ranch  on  the  S.  P.  R.  R.  line  in  San 
Bernardino  County.  The  supply  of  borax  seems  inex- 
haustible, and  all  we  need  to  make  this  a  large  industry  is 
a  little  experimentation.  I  do  not  see  why  the  sun's  rays 
could  not  be  utilized  in  the  evaporating  process. 

36.       BORAX   SPRINGS 

On  the  edge  of  Clear  Lake,  in  Lake  County,  are  sev- 
eral borax  springs.  The  salt  exists  in  considerable  quanti- 
ties as  a  biborate  of  soda.  These  waters  are  used  locally. 


102  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

During  the  last  twenty  years  California  has  produced 
$5,000,000  worth  of  borax.  (Report  of  State  Mineralogist, 
Prof.  Wm.  Ireland,  Jr.,  1888.) 


BORAX   SPRINGS 

There  are  extensive  borax  springs  in  the  southern  por- 
tion of  the  State — large  shallow  marshes,  through  which 
flow  the  mineral  waters  richly  laden  with  borates. 


37.     BOYD'S  HOT  SPRINGS 

By  the  side  of  Upper  Alkaline  Lake,  in  Modoc  County, 
are  located  these  springs.  They  are  in  Surprise  Valley. 
The  waters  are  alkaline  and  heavily  charged  with  carbonic 
acid  gas.  Qualitatively  the  waters  are  found  to  contain : 

Bicarbonate  of  Soda  and  Potash. 

Carbonates  of  Soda. 

Lime  and  Magnesia. 

A  resort  will  probably  be  established  at  the  springs  in 
the  near  future. 


38.    BRANBECK'S  BOILING  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Honey 
Lake,  in  Lassen  County.  There  is  one  large  boiling  alka- 
line spring.  No  resort  and  no  analysis.  Water  used 
locally. 

"  Soon  did  the  portals  of  the  east  unclose, 

Then  all  the  waterfalls  and  mountain  floods 
Shouted  with  joy,  and  up  the  mountains  rose 

A  solemn  anthem  from  the  bowing  woods, 
And  morning's  misty  curtains  rolled  away  ; 
The  clouds  in  their  superb  apparel  shone 
As  o'er  the  mountain  tops  the  lord  of  day 

Rose  like  a  gorgeous  monarch  from  his  throne, 
And  shed  refulgence  on  the  lake  below." 


BYRON   SPRINGS 


103 


39.      BYRON   SPRINGS 

These  excellent  and  already  famous  springs  are  pleas- 
antly situated  near  the  foothills  in  a  spur  of  the  Coast 
Range  of  mountains  in  Contra  Costa  County,  about  sixteen 


104  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

miles  southeast  of  Mt.  Diablo  and  sixty-eight  miles  north- 
east of  San  Francisco,  and  about  one  and  a  half  miles  from 
Byron  Station,  on  the  railroad  line  from  San  Francisco  to 
Stockton  and  Sacramento  via  Martinez.  The  springs  lie 
in  a  small  valley  leading  from  the  San  Joaquin  plains. 
The  surrounding  hills  are  composed  of  calcareous  shales ; 
the  valley  is  covered  with  adobe  clay  and  fine  white  sand, 
through  which  the  springs  bubble.  About  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  eastward  from  the  springs  a  well  has  been  sunk  to  a 
depth  of  125  feet.  The  strata  penetrated  are  coarse  sand 
stone  on  the  surface,  and  a  conglomerate  gravel,  all  bearing 
evidences  of  volcanic  action.  The  gravel  has  been  sub- 
jected to  great  heat  and  permeated  with  steaming  gases 
from  nature's  laboratory  below.  The  well  contains  about 
sixty  feet  of  good  water.  The  springs  are  among  the 
many  natural  wonders  in  the  State,  and  being  centrally 
located  and  within  easy  access — only  three  hours  from  San 
Francisco — they  are  much  visited  by  tourists.  As  a  sani- 
tarium, however,  Byron  ranks  among  the  first  in  the  State; 
invalids  go  to  the  Byron  springs  from  all  over  the  coast 
and  many  remarkable  cures  are  ascribed  to  the  waters.  A 
large  and  commodious  hotel  has  been  constructed  for  the 
accommodation  of  about  two  hundred  guests.  Several 
handsome  cottages  for  private  and  family  use  have  recently 
been  added.  The  architecture  is  after  the  fashion  of  the 
ancient  and  middle  ages,  inclosing  between  the  building  a 
large  square  laid  out  in  parks  and  walks.  Two  sides  of  the 
square  are  formed  by  the  hotel  proper,  a  third  side  by  the 
several  bathhouses,  and  a  fourth  side  by  the  cottages,  form- 
ing quite  a  village,  with  picturesque  surroundings.  The 
cuisine  is  elegantly  appointed,  with  an  experienced  chef  at 
its  head.  A  new  dining-hall  has  recently  been  added.  It 
is  handsomely  finished  in  paneled  primavera  and  furnished 
with  polished  oak.  Nourishing  and  appetizing  viands  are 
supplied  in  abundance  and  invalids  are  well  cared  for.  The 
climate  is  mild  and  pleasant.  Cool,  balmy  breezes  spring 


BYRON   SPRINGS 


105 


up  from  the  tule  lands  every  afternoon,  making  it  pleasant 
even  in  the  hottest  day.  The  elevation  is  about  one  hun- 
dred feet  above  high  tide. 

Admirable  as  are  the  location  and  appointments,  the 
chief  excellence  lies  in  the  mineral  springs.  These  became 
renowned  many  years  before  the  Spanish  invasion.  Our 
Indians  and  Mexicans  hand  down  traditions  of  the  cures 
effected  by  the  waters.  The  Indian  used  to  travel  many 
miles  to  bathe  in  the  mud  and  drink  the  waters. 


The  springs  and  resort  are  now  visited  by  thousands 
every  year.  Nothing  succeeds  like  success,  and  these  min- 
eral waters  have  certainly  achieved  success. 

During  my  visit  to  the  sanitarium,  in  1889,  I  counted 
more  than  fifty  springs  or  outlets  from  the  subterranean 
passages.  Some  are  cold  and  others  are  hot,  ranging  from 
52°  F.  to  140°  F.  Within  a  few  feet  of  each  other  there 
will  be  a  cold  carbonated  spring  and  a  hot  sulphureted 
spring.  The  whole  basin  has  the  appearance  of  being  an 
extinct  volcanic  crater.  The  cold  soda  springs  come  from 
the  surface  water,  but  the  hot  water — sulphurous — must 


106  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

come  from  a  considerable  distance  down  in  the  earth's  crust. 
Chemical  metamorphosis  could  probably  not  produce  the 
amount  of  heat  found  at  Byron. 

There  are  also  several  inflammable  gas-wells  or  springs, 
two  of  which  have  been  developed  by  sinking  about  thirty 
feet  and  erecting  small  receivers  over  them.  I  burned  the 
gas  for  fifteen  or  more  minutes  and  found  it  to  consist 
largely  of  carbureted  hydrogen  (CH4).  The  supply  seems 
inexhaustible,  amply  sufficient  to  heat  and  light  the  entire 
resort.  Special  gas  receivers,  etc.,  for  the  utilization  of  this 
valuable  natural  product  will  shortly  be  erected  and  then 
Byron  will  be  illuminated  with  natural  gas. 

Of  the  fifty  or  more  mineral  springs  only  seven  or 
eight  are  in  active  use.  One  of  the  most  important  of 
these  is  the  "  liver  and  kidney"  spring.  It  is  so  named  on 
account  of  the  action  of  the  water  on  these  organs.  This 
spring  was  used  by  many  people  prior  to  the  occupancy  of 
the  place  as  a  resort.  For  miles  around  they  used  to  come 
and  carry  away  the  water  in  bottles  and  barrels  and  use  it 
medicinally. 


The  following  analyses  were  made  in  the  early  part  of 
1889: 

BYRON  SPRINGS— "  LIVER  AND   KIDNEY  SPRING  " 

HEAVY  SALINE  WATER 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  66°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 622.07  Calcium  Sulphate 1.12 

Potassium  Chloride 33.74  Calcium  Carbonate 59 

Potassium  Iodide 79  Barium  Carbonate 93 

Potassium  Bromide trace  Ferrous  Carbonate 72 

Magnesium  Chloride 3.92  Ammonium  Chloride.     3.05 

Magnesium  Carbonate 15.75  Silica 1.00 

Calcium  Chloride 85.37  Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  769.05 

Gases                                                    Cubic  Inches 
Free  Carbolic  Acid  Gas 7.82 


BYRON   SPRINGS 


107 


This  has  proved  a  most  valuable  water  in  dyspepsia, 
chronic  hepatic  diseases,  obstruction  to  the  gall  ducts,  and 
what  is  known  as  "gin  livers."  The  action  also  extends 
to  torpidity  of  the  bowels.  It  is  exceedingly  diuretic,  and 
has  a  record  of  curing  several  cases  of  albumenurea 
(Bright's  disease).  Its  action  also  extends  to  the  mucous 
membranes  of  the  nose,  throat  and  lungs.  A  glassful 
taken  before  breakfast  acts  agreeably  on  the  stomach, 
liver  and  kidneys  and  intestinal  tract,  assisting  the  pro- 
cess of  elimination,  secretion  and  excretion  of  morbific 


BYRON    SPRINGS 


and  waste  material  in  the  visceral  and  cutaneous  sys- 
tems. In  alcoholic  dyspepsia  it  is  very  beneficial.  Gen- 
tlemen whose  acquaintance  with,  and  long,  assiduous 
devotion  to  Bacchus,  which  has  at  last,  as  must  of  necessity 
follow  such  friendships,  resulted  in  a  worn-out  gastric 
mucous  membrane,  with  atonic  or  catarrhal  dyspepsia  and 
shattered  health,  will  find  wonderful  improvement  in  a 
month's  sojourn  at  Byron  by  using  the  "Liver  and 
Kidney"  water. 

Long  before  my  chemical  analysis  had  been  made  of  this 
"  Liver  and  Kidney  Spring"  water  it  was  extensively  used  by 
alcoholics  whose  stomachs,  livers  and  kidneys  were  diseased. 
Several  people  in  Sacramento  who  had  albumen  in  their 


108  MINERAL   SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

urine  from  this  cause  were  entirely  relieved  by  the  use  of 
the  water.  Thus  practice  stepped  in  and  demonstrated  a 
fact  before  science  had  had  a  chance  to  announce  it. 


Quite  a  contrast  to  this  heavy  saline   water   is   the 
spring  known  as  the 

BYRON    SPRINGS— "  WHITE    SULPHUR   SPRING" 

LIGHT  ALKALO-SULPHUROUS  WATER 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  76°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 12.01  Magnesium  Carbonate.  2.50 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 12.94  Calcium   Carbonate....   1.13 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.34  Calcium  Sulphate 51 

Potassium  Chloride trace  Ferrous  Carbonate 3.00 

Potassium  Carbonate 2.37  Silica 26 

Potassium  Sulphate trace  Organ  ic  M  atter trace 

Magnesium  Chloride trace 

Total  Solids,  36.06 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 21.17 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 5.80 

This  light  alkalo-stilphurous  water  is  palatable  and 
invigorating,  containing  a  large  quantity  of  ferruginous 
salt,  so  necessary  in  strumous  diathesis,  rheumatism,  gout, 
chronic  malarial  poisons,  cutaneous  diseases,  etc.,  etc.  Its 
action  is  tonic,  diuretic,  alterative,  aperient  and  antacid. 
Its  use  is  indicated  in  acid  blood  or  acid  urine,  or  diseases 
having  or  depending  upon  these  pathological  conditions, 
such  as  rheumatism,  chronic  joint  diseases,  glandular 
enlargements  and  many  forms  of  skin  diseases.  It  should 
be  taken  between  meals  in  six  to  eight  ounce  doses. 


BYRON   SPRINGS 


109 


Sodium  Sulphate 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 

Potassium  Chloride 

Potassium  Sulphate 

Potassium  Iodide 

Potassium  Bromide 

Magnesium  Chloride... 
Magnesium   Carbonate 


BYRON  SPRINGS—"  BLACK  SULPHUR  " 
HEAVY    CHLORINATED    SULPHUROUS  WATER 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  90.3°  F. 

U.S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Calcium  Chloride 9.00 

trace  Calcium  Sulphate 3.20 

trace  Calcium  Carbonate 5.95 

35.62  Ferrous  Carbonate 70 

trace  Barium   Carbonate trace 

.74  Ammonium  Chloride trace 

.16  Silica 1.10 

1.00  Organic  Matter..... trace 

9.50 


U.S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride...        ..  395.00 


Total  Solids,  461.97 


Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  25.60 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen,  8.00 

The  action  of  the 
water  is  largely  diur- 
etic, as  it  contains  con- 
siderable quantity  of 
the  chlorides  and  car- 
bonates and  a  large 
amount  of  carbonic  acid 
gas.  It  is  indicated  in 
catarrhal  irritation  and 
inflammation  of  the 
genito-urinary  tract, 
and  has  proved  of  ser- 
vice in  Bright's  disease,  cystitis,  acid  dyspepsia  and  consti- 
pation. 

The  water  is  largely  used  for  bathing  purposes.  Used 
internally,  it  should  be  taken  one  hour  before  meals. 

The  "  Black  Sulphur"  water  is  an  excellent  alterative, 
containing  potassium  salts  so  valuable  in  scrofulous  and 
blood  glandular  diseases.  This  water  is  much  used  for 
bathing  purposes. 


110  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

BYRON  SPRINGS—"  IRON  SPRING." 

ALKALINE   AND     CHALYBEATE    WATER 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  79.5*  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 670.43  Calcium  Chloride 9.75 

Sodium  Sulphate trace  Calcium  Sulphate 10.80 

Sodium  Carbonate trace  Calcium  Carbonate 6.03 

Potassium  Chloride 48.05  Ferrum  Peroxide — 43 

Potassium  Sulphate trace  Barium  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Bromide trace  Ammonium  Chloride trace 

Potassium  Iodide 04  Silica 2.29 

Magnesium  Chloride...         1.82  Organic  Matter 06 

Magnesium  Carbonate..       15.94 

Total  Solids,  765.64 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  25.00 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen,  12.95 

This  spring  has  been  in  extensive  use  for  many  years. 
When  the  Indians  bathed  in  the  hot  sulphurous  mud 
springs  centuries  ago  they  are  also  supposed  to  have  drank 
the  iron  water.  For  years  invalids  have  used  this  water  as 
a  cure  for  fever  and  ague  and  malarial  chills.  Its  action  is 
tonic,  diuretic,  antacid  and  laxative,  and  is  used  with  suc- 
cess in  anaemia,  chlorosis,  loss  of  appetite,  want  of  strength, 
malarial  toxaemia  and  allied  diseases  tending  to  destroy  the 
vitality  of  the  red-blood  corpuscles  and  the  organs  presid- 
ing over  their  manufacture.  It  is  a  significant  fact  that 
although  this  spring  contains  considerably  less  than  many 
other  springs  on  the  premises,  yet  the  "  Iron  Spring" 
water  is  more  tonic  and  invigorating.  The  secret  lies  in 
the  kind  of  iron  in  the  spring.  Here  it  will  be  observed 
to  be  a  peroxide.  As  the  noted  authority  on  mineral  springs, 
Dr.  Sigisrnund  Sutro,  of  London,  remarks  (see  therapeu- 
tics of  mineral  waters  in  front  part  of  this  book),  you  may 
understand  why  six-tenths  of  a  grain  of  iron  imbibed  into 
the  duodenal  lacteals  (absorbent  vessels  in  the  intestines 
just  beyond  the  stomach),  with  the  abundance  of  the  gase- 
ous (carbonic)  acid,  may  exercise  a  greater  influence  on 
the  circulating  system  than  three  or  four  times  the  quantity 


BYRON   SPRINGS  111 

of  pharmaceutical  carbonate  of  iron,  which  has  to  be  dis- 
solved in  the  gastric  juice  previous  to  absorption,  hence  it 
is  that  this  spring  has  been  so  valuable  and  so  extensively 
used  long  before  any  chemical  analysis  had  been  made  of  it. 


BYRON  SPRINGS—"  HOT  SALT" 
ALKALO-CHLORINATED 

DR.    WINSLOW    ANDERSON,    Analyst,    1889 
Temperature  122.3  °  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                             Grains  Mineral  Ingredients            Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 555.26  Calcium  Carbonate 68 

Sodium  Carbonate 0.21  Calcium  Sulphate 85 

Potassium  Chloride 36.02  Ferrous  Carbonate 86 

Potassium  Bromide trace  Ammonium    Chloride...   .09 

Potassium  Iodide 0.03  Barium   Carbonate 17 

Magnesium  Chloride 2.06  Silica 2.00 

Magnesium  Carbonate 12.11  Organic  Matter 06 

Calcium    Chloride 96.54 

Total  Solids,  7C6.94 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 3.00 

The  "Hot  Salt"  water  is  used  for  bathing.  It  has  a 
temperature  of  122.3°  F.  The  water  is  alkalo-chlorinated, 
of  a  good  specific  gravity  to  be  readily  absorbed  into  the 
cutaneous  system  (see  article  on  bath).  The  potassium 
salts  and  other  mineral  ingredients,  principally  chlorides, 
make  the  water  diuretic,  detergent  and  alterative.  It  has 
been  drank  and  bathed  in  with  marked  success  in  rheuma- 
tism, gout  and  joint  diseases,  cutaneous  affections,  etc.,  etc. 


BYRON  SPRINGS— "IRON  PIPE" 
ALKALO-CHLORINATED 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  76°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S,  Gal,  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                      Grains  Mineral  Ingredients                   Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 594.10  Calcium  Carbonate 29 

Sodium  Carbonate trace  Calcium  Sulphate 92 

Potassium  Chloride 40.75  Ferrous    Carbonate 90 

Potassium  Bromide 0.07  Ammonium  Chloride trace 

Potassium  Iodide 0.13  Barium  Carbonate trace 

Magnesium  Chloride 3.25  Silica 0.05 

Magnesium  Carbonate....  10.78  Organic  Matter 0.10 

Calcium   Chloride 16.35 

Total  Solids,  668.14 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 10.24 


112  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  "Iron  Pipe"  spring  lies  to  the  east  of  the  hotel 
and  is  not  much  used. 


BYRON  SPRINGS— "  SURPRISE  " 

HEAVY  CHLORINATED 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  74"  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal,  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 15,417.03  Calcium  Carbonate 5.42 

Sodium  Carbonate Calcium  Sulphate 66.14 

Potassium  Chloride 142.00  Ferrous  Carbonate 2.72 

Potassium  Bromide 0.06  Ammonium  Chloride trace 

Potassium  Iodide .13  Barium  Carbonate trace 

Magnesium  Chloride..      622.56  Barium  Chloride 0.13 

Magnesium  Carbonate      151.92  Silica 0.85 

Calcium  Chloride 2,364.77  Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  18,773.73 
Gases 
Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas trace 

The  "  Surprise"  water  is  indeed  a  wonderful  spring. 
The  most  careful  analysis  yields  over  15,000  grains  of 
common  salt  to  each  gallon  of  231  cubic  inches  of  water, 
and  has  over  18,000  grains — about  40  ounces,  or  33  per 
cent. — of  solid  mineral  ingredients  in  solution  in  the  water. 
Comparative  analyses  of  heavy  waters  show  the  "  Surprise" 
to  be  the  most  remarkable. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Total  Solids                                   Grains  Total  Solids                                     Grains 

Sea  Water 2,138.91  Salt  Lake  (Utah)about  11,000.00 

Mono  Lake  (Cal.) 2,915.16  Michigan  Salt  Wells. ..11, 665.00 

Castalian  Min.  Sp.  (Cal)  4,422.25  Dead  Sea  (Holy  Land)13,488.10 

Owens  Lake  (Cal.) 7,000.60  Byron  Surprise  Spring  18,773.73 

Syracuse  (N.  Y. )  Salt  W  9,221 .00 

For  bathing  purposes  this  "  Surprise"  water  ought  to 
be  one  of  the  most  valuable  on  the  coast,  as  the  absorption 
is  in  direct  ratio  to  the  specific  gravity  of  the  bath.  (See 
article  on  the  bath  at  the  beginning  of  the  volume.) 

The  water  is  highly  diuretic  and  laxative  when  taken 
internally. 


BYRON  SPRINGS 


113 


The  bathing  facilities  at  Byron  are  a  special  feature. 
Two  large  bathhouses  have  been  built,  and  baths,  either 
sulphurous,  steam,  vapor  or  water,  in  tub  or  plunge,  can  be 
taken  at  all  temperatures. 

The  hot  saline  and  sulphur  waters  are  used  with  consid- 
erable success.  But  the  most  noted  of  all  the  baths  are 
those  of  moor  or  mud.  They  are  so  constructed  that  com- 
plete immersion  can  be  secured  and  the  temperature  regu- 
lated to  suit  each  case.  The  baths  can  also  be  partial  if 
desired.  These  baths  are  all  taken  in  individual  bathtubs, 
and  the  mud  is  changed  after  each  bath.  This  hot  sulphur- 
ous saline  mud  has  become  famous  in  the  treatment  of 
rheumatism,  gout,  swollen  joints,  chronic  arthritis,  scrofula, 
skin  diseases,  etc.,  etc.  In  several  cases  of  chronic  rheu- 
matism the  writer  can 
attest  to  its  beneficial 
effects.  The  "Hot  Salt" 
water  has  proved  supe- 
rior to  almost  any  other 
uterine  douche  in  the 
treatment  of  leucor- 
rhoea  and  inflamma- 
tion of  the  pelvic 
organs.  (See  uterine 
douche.)  The  following  is  an  analysis  of  the  sulphurous 
mud  and  water  used  for  bathing : 

BYRON  SPRINGS— "  BLACK  SULPHUROUS  MUD" 

SALINO-SULPHUROUS   MUD  WATER 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  110°  F. 

U.  S.  gal  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 274.93 

Sodium  Sulphate 42.16 

Potassium  Chloride 26.40 

Potassium  Iodide 0.32 

Potassium  Bromide trace 

Magnesium  Chloride 2.06 

Magnesium  Sulphate 19.60 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Calcium  Chloride...         7.50 


Total  Solids,  425.83 
Gases 


Calcium  Sulphate...  . 
Calcium  Carbonate... 
Ferrous  Sulphate  
Ammonium  Chloride 
Silica  

36.05 
3.09 
0.76 
trace 
5.62 

Oreanic  Matter.... 

7.34 

Cubic  Inches 


Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 17.75 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 14.50 


114  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

This  mud  is  used  for  bathing  purposes  by  thousands 
of  rheumatics  every  year,  and  it  certainly  has  considerable 
therapeutic  value  as  an  auxiliary  in  the  treatment  of  many 
of  these  cases. 

40.      CALIFORNIA   SELTZER 

These  springs  are  pleasantly  located  in  the  Coast 
Range  of  mountains,  twelve  miles  from  Cloverdale,  in 
Mendocino  County,  The  surroundings  are  picturesque, 
and  the  climate  is  good.  There  is  a  comfortable  resort  at 
the  springs. 

The  waters  are  sparkling  and  carbonated  and  of  espe- 
cial benefit  in  dyspepsia  with  acid  eructations,  constipation, 
acid  conditions  of  the  urine,  cystitis,  etc.  The  waters  are 
diuretic  and  aperient,  and  highly  charged  with  carbonic 
anhydride.  They  are  quite  palatable. 

On  analysis  the  seltzer  is  found  to  contain : 

CALIFORNIA  SELTZER 
ALKALINE  CARBONATED 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 
Temperature  57°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 17,15  Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 53.00  Calcium  Carbonate 72.40 

Sodium  Carbonate trace  Organic  Matter trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate...  44.60  Silica trace 

Total  Solids,  187.15 
Gases                                              Cubic  Inches 
Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 18. 

41.  CALISTOGA  MINERAL  SPRINGS 
These  valuable  mineral  springs  are  situated  in  Napa 
County,  nine  miles  south  of  Mt.  St.  Helena.  There  are 
two  sets  of  springs — one  set  in  the  city  of  Calistoga  and 
another  set  just  outside  the  town.  They  are  about  the 
same  in  composition,  so  that  one  description  will  do  for 
both. 


CALISTOGA  MINERAL  SPRINGS  115 

In  1858  Mr.  Samuel  Brannan  purchased  the  springs 
and  a  large  tract  of  land.  He  expended  about  $100,000  on 
the  place,  built  an  elegant  hotel  and  twenty  fine  cottages, 
erected  handsome  and  excellent  bathing  facilities,  and  had 
in  the  course  of  a  few  years  one  of  the  finest  resorts  on  the 
coast.  In  1868,  ten  years  later,  the  hotel  and  several  of  the 
cottages  burned  down,  and  since  that  time  the  place  has 
changed  hands  many  times.  We  learned  during  our  visit 
to  the  springs  last  year  that  Senator  Stanford  now  owns  the 
premises,  and  contemplates  restoring  the  once  handsome 
resort.  The  mineral  springs  number  some  twenty  or  more. 
They  range  in  temperature  from  75°  F.  to  186°  F.  The 
waters  are  used  for  drinking  and  bathing  purposes,  and 
have  acquired  considerable  reputation.  Dr.  Alden  M.  Gar- 
diner, one  of  the  leading  physicians  in  Calistoga,  informed 
the  writer  that  he  had  used  the  waters  with  considerable  effi- 
cacy in  many  obstinate  cases  of  syphilitic  contamination, 
rheumatism,  etc.  From  what  I  saw  of  the  place  I  should 
judge  that  it  could  be  made  a  first-class  sanitarium  for 
chronic  cutaneous  diseases,  rheumatism,  scrofula  and  con- 
stitutional taints. 


CALISTOGA  SPRINGS— AT  MAGNOLIA  HOTEL 

LIGHT  SULPHURETED  WATER 

DR.   WINSLOW  ANDERSON,   Analyst,  1888 

Temperature  95°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 20.76  Calcium  Chloride 5.57 

Sodium  Carbonate 5.10  Calcium  Sulphate 63 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.75  Alumina 47 

Sodium  Iodide 16  Silica 4.55 

Potassium  Iodide trace  Organic  Matter trace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 2.90 

Total  Solids,  41.89 
Gases                                          Cubic  Inches 
Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 4.74 


116 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


CALISTOGA  HOT  SPRINGS 

(On  Senator  Stanford's  Grounds) 
HOT  SWIMMING  POOL  HOT  SPRING  BY  CREEK 


Temperature  121.6°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 23.07 

Sodium  Carbonate 2.19 

Sodium  Sulphate 6.92 

Sodium  Iodide 73 

Potassium  Iodide 21 

Potassium  Carbonate 76 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.16 

Magnesium  Chloride 40 

Calcium  Chloride 96 

Calcium  Sulphate 1.25 

Ferrous  Protoxide 45 

M  angan  ese trace 

Alumina 27 

Silica 3.61 

Organic  Matter traces 

Total  Solids,  41.98 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen,      6.30 


Temperature  706.3°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 17.46 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.70 

Sodium  Sulphate 5.14 

Sodium  Iodide 08 

Potassium  Iodide trace 

Potassium  Carbonate... trace 
Magnesium  Sulphate...  .62 
Magnesium  Chloride ...  .21 

Calcium  Chloride 37 

Calcium  Sulphate trace 

Ferrous  Protoxide 10 

Manganese trace 

Alumina 46 

Silica. 1.75 

Organic  Matter 63 

Total  Solids,  30.52 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen,      4.23 


42.      CAMETA   WARM   SPRINGS 

Lie  in  township  29  S.,  range  17,  Mt.  Diablo  M.  Unim- 
proved. 

43.    CAMPBELL'S  HOT  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  in  Sierra  County,  one  mile 
from  the  town  of  Sierraville.  There  are  three  principal 
springs,  one  of  which  is  cold  and  the  other  two  hot,  having 
a  temperature  of  104°  F.  The  surrounding  scenery  is 
grand  and  a  first-class  resort  has  been  established  there. 
The  elevation  is  5,025  feet;  climate,  during  the  summer 
season,  is  fine.  There  is  good  fishing  and  splendid  hunting 
in  the  immediate  neighborhood. 

The  waters  are  slightly  saline  and  mildly  sulphurous, 
and  used  for  the  same  diseases  that  such  mineral  waters 
seem  to  help. 


44.      CAMPO'S   CHALYBEATE  SPRINGS 
Not  developed,  and  I  have  been  unable  to  obtain  water 
for  analysis. 


117 

THE  PETRIFIED  FOREST 

Near  Calistoga,  situated  in  the  adjacent  mountains,  and  forming 
an  interesting  study  for  the  tourist  and  scientist,  is  the  petrified  forest 
grotto,  composed  entirely  of  the  trunks  and  limbs  of  trees.  Much  has 
been  written  concerning  the  origin  of  this  wonderful  forest,  which  may 
have  been  submerged  in  distant  ages  by  the  eruption  of  some  volcano, 
discharging  water  and  ashes,  covering  it  and  sealing  it  in  an  eternal 
tomb.  Ages  gradually  exhumed  it  in  the  original  form,  but  turned  to 
stone.  The  area  covered  is  about  twenty  acres,  and  is  well  worth  a 
visit. 

There  are  about  one  hundred  trees  and  traces  of  trees,  all  lying  in 
the  same  general  direction,  having  been  thrown  down  from  north  to 
south,  the  largest  of  which  is  called  the  "  Pride  of  the  Forest,'.'  and  is 
sixty-seven  feet  in  length  and  nearly  twelve  feet  in  diameter. 


SCENE  IN 


iiiJ  FOREST,  NEAR  CALISTOGA,  CALIFORNIA 


118  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

45.      CARBONATED   SPRINGS 

Located  on  Shovel  Creek  road,  in  the  northern  part  of 
Siskiyou  County.  They  are  used  locally  and  are  said  to 
have  a  very  agreeable  soda  taste.  Unimproved. 

CARNELIAN,   OR   LAKE   TAHOE   HOT   SPRINGS 

See  Lake  Tahoe  springs.  / 


47.      CASA    DIABLO   HOT   SPRINGS 

These  hot  springs  lie  about  ten  miles  east  of  Mam- 
moth, in  Mono  County.  They  are  on  the  road  to  Burton. 
The  waters  are  saline  and  sulphureted.  Farther  up  the 
road  are  found  a  number  of  small  steaming,  boiling  geysers, 
issuing  from  small  crevices  in  the  igneous  rock.  They 
spout  up  with  considerable  force.  The  temperature  of 
these  sulphurous  springs  is  near  the  boiling  point.  Unim- 
proved. 

48.      CASTALIAN    MINERAL   WATER   SPRINGS 

These  are  found  near  Owen's  Lake,  in  Inyo  Count}'. 
They  number  thirteen,  mostly  cold.  One  or  two  are 
sulphurous  and  the  others  are  alkaline  and  carbonated. 
A  resort  is  building  up  about  the  springs.  Some  of  the 
water  is  also  used  commercially  for  the  curing  of  cutaneous 
affections. 

The  following  analysis  was  made  by  Prof.  Price  in 
1880: 

CASTALIAN  MINERAL  WATER 
THOMAS  PRICE,  Analyst,  1880 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Carbonate  ...............  1724.11  Silica  ........................  14.28 

Sodium  Sulphate  .................  651.02  Boracic  Acid  ..............  trace 

Sodium  Sulphate  .................     46.34  Phosphoric  Acid  ........  trace 

Sodium  Chloride  .................  1840.72  Iodine  .......................  trace 

Potassium  Chloride  ...........   132.30  Bromine  ...................  trace 

Lime  .................................     trace  Iron  .........................  trace 

Magnesia  ...........................     trace  Organic  Matter  ........  13.48 

Total  Solids,  4422.25 
Gases  not  determined 


CASTALIAN  MINERAL  WATER  119 

This  is  one  of  the  heaviest  waters  we  have  on  the 
coast,  and  is  much  too  dense  to  use  medicinally,  it  could, 
however,  be  used  very  much  diluted.  We  are  informed  that 
there  are  several  other  springs  not  so  dense  as  this  one, 
which  are  used  medicinally. 


49.      CASTLE   ROCK   SPRINGS 

On  the  Mt.  Shasta  scenic  route  are  situated  several 
sulphureted  and  carbonated  soda  springs,  known  as  "  Cas- 
tle Rock."  They  lie  near  the  foot  of  Mt.  Shasta.  They 
are  used  locally  for  rheumatic  troubles. 


50.      CHALYBEATE   MINERAL   SPRINGS 

Unnamed  springs  of  iron,  soda,  magnesia,  etc.,  are 
found  in  several  portions  of  the  State.  Several  of  these  are 
in  Tehama  County,  about  two  miles  from  Tom's  Head 
Mountain.  They  have  gained  a  local  reputation  in 
chronic  malaria,  anaemia,  etc.,  chlorosis,  hemorrhages,  etc. 
There  are  no  improvements  on  the  grounds  yet,  and  no 
analysis  has  been  made.  Other  Chalybeate  springs  are 
located  in  Shasta  County,  northwest  of  Fort  Crook  on  Bear 
Creek,  near  the  head  of  Falls  River.  These  springs  are 
reported  to  be  highly  ferruginous.  The  water  is  said  to  be 
pleasant  to  the  taste,  sparkling  and  carbonated.  Unim- 
proved. 

COAL. — Extensive  coal  beds  are  found  in  various  parts 
of  the  State. 

COAL  OIL  SPRINGS. — See  petroleum. 

51.  COAL  VALLEY  BOILING  SPRINGS 
These  hot  springs  lie  some  eight  miles  west  of  Canby, 
in  Modoc  County.  They  are  truly  boiling,  having  a  tem- 
perature of  214°  F.  An  egg  boils  in  the  water  in  a  few 
minutes.  White  incrustations  of  soda  form  about  the  mar- 
gins of  the  springs.  The  property  is  unimproved. 


120  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

52.      COLD    SODA   LAKE 

This  alkaline  sheet  of  water  is  found  near  the  head  of 
Mill  and  Battle  Creeks,  south  of  Lassen's  Peak,  in  Plumas 
County,  The  Lake  is  fed  by  many  small  springs  bubbling 
up  all  over  its  bottom.  The  water  is  palatable  and  spark- 
ling, and  the  location  will  no  doubt  develop  into  a  resort 
before  long.  The  water  is  found  to  contain : 

Sodium  Chloride. 

Sodium  Bicarbonate. 

Sodium  Carbonate. 

Potassium  Bicarbonate. 

Magnesium  Carbonate. 

Calcium  Carbonate. 

Free  Carbonic  Anhydride. 

53.      COLD   SODA   SPRINGS 

These  delicious  springs  are  located  near  the  Yosemite 
Valley,  in  Tuolumne  County.  The  springs,  though  unim- 
proved, are  much  visited  by  tourists,  who  drink  the  water 
with  decided  relish.  By  adding  sugar  or  syrup  to  these 
alkaline  and  carbonated  waters  a  genuine  soda  may  be 
prepared. 

54.     COOK'S  SPRINGS 

Located  in  Indian  Valley,  Colusa  County,  some  thirty- 
two  miles  from  Williams.  The  waters  are  saline  and  sulphur- 
ous, acting  pleasantly  on  the  liver  and  bowels.  They  are 
used  locally. 

"  The  waves  come  crowding  up  on  the  shore  like  nymphs  in  silv'ry 

green ; 

Forward  in  line  they  trip  to  the  time  of  orchestras  unseen. 
They  sport  and  leap  by  the  rocky  point,  sparkling  in  gems  and  gold, 
Murmuring  ever  a  liquid  strain,  like  siren  songs  of  old. 
With  snowy  plumes,  which  wreathe  and  curl  and  toss  in  wanton 

glee, 

Their  riotous  dance  brings  to  the  heart  the  gladness  of  the  sea  ! 
Oh  !  the  sea  seems  in  a  happy  mood — happy  !  and  so  am  I, 
With  heart  as  light  as  the  foamy  crest  of  waves  that  jostle  by!" 


CORONA  DO  MINERAL  SPRINGS  121 


55.      CORONADO   MINERAL  SPRINGS 

In  San  Diego  County  and  on  the  Coronado  Beach  are 
located  some  excellent  mineral  waters.  The  springs  are 
at  an  elevation  of  thirty  feet  above  the  ocean  tide,  and  flow 
the  enormous  amount  of  50,000  gallons  per  hour.  The 
water  is  clear  and  sparkling,  pleasing  to  the  eye  and  pleas- 
ant to  the  taste,  being  soft,  pure  and  wholesome. 

On  analysis  it  is  found  to  compare  favorably  with  the 
noted  Waukesha  Water  of  Wisconsin,  the  Betheseda  Spring, 
as  follows : 

CORONADO  SPRINGS 

LIGHT  ALKALO  CARBONATED  WATER 

C.  GILBERT  WHEELER,  Analyst 

SAN  DIEGO  BETHESDA,  WIS. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 10.168  1.160     • 

Sodium  Carbonate .872 

Sodium  Sulphate .544 

Potassium  Chloride 912  

Potassium  Sulphate 552  .456 

Magnesium 4.728  7.344 

Calcium  Carbonate 6.488  11.824 

Calcium  Sulphate 1.328 

Ferros  Sesquioxide 040  .032 

Alumina .120 

Silica 1.080  .728 

Organic  Matter .992  1.984 

Total  Solids 26.288  25.064 

Gases Not  determined        Not  determined 

The  waters  are  gently  aperient,  diuretic  and  tonic,  of 
value  in  dyspepsia,  anaemia,  renal  and  cystic  disorders. 
The  accommodations  at  the  Coronado  Hotel  are  among 


122  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

the  finest  in  the  world.  The  building  is  a  magnificent 
structure,  and  the  scenery  on  the  beach,  on  the  banks  of  the 
grand  Pacific  Ocean  is  never  to  be  forgotten  by  one  fortu- 
nate enough  to  have  beheld  it. 


56.      CORRAL  DE  LUZ  WARM    SPRINGS 

These  noted  springs  are  found  in  San  Diego  County, 
near  Oceanside.  They  are  pleasantly  located  in  a  valley 
about  two  miles  in  diameter,  with  mountains  on  all  sides; 
about  eight  miles  from  the  ocean.  Sycamores,  oaks  and 
alders  are  scattered  in  wild  profusion  about  the  springs. 
There  is  only  a  small  resort  at  these  springs  at  present, 
owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  fact  that  an  old  gentleman  nearly 
eighty  years  of  age,  owns  the  place.  The  climate  is  delight- 
ful, having  a  temperature  of  70°  F.  to  85°  F.  Winter  and 
Summer. 

The  de  Luz  Springs — several  in  number — from  their 
surroundings  and  natural  advantages  offer  a  sanitarium 
second  to  none  in  the  State.  The  temperature  of  the  water 
ranges  from  85°  F.  to  135°  F.,  and  all  the  place  needs  is 
some  live  man  with  a  little  capital  to  develop  the  country 
and  build  up  a  first-class  resort.  The  waters  are  highly 
charged  with  sulphur  and  sulphurous  acid,  sulphates  of 
magnesia,  soda  and  calcium. 

Crude  baths  are  arranged  and  several  small  cottages 
are  for  hire.  The  place  is  much  frequented  by  Spaniards 
and  Mexicans,  and  the  usual  number  of  diseases  are  treated 
by  the  baths  and  sulphur  waters. 


57.      CRYSTAL   SPRINGS 

Several  carbonated-alkaline  waters  are  found  in  Napa 
County  and  known  as  "Crystal  Springs."  The  water  is 
used  by  the  people  in  the  vicinity.  No  improvements. 

In  San  Mateo  County  we  find  several  more  mineral 
springs  named  "  crystal."  The  waters  are  reported  to  be 


CRYSTAL  SPRINGS  123 

alkaline  and  saline,  acting  on  the  stomach,  bowels  and 
kidneys.  It  is  a  favored  remedy  in  the  neighborhood  for 
11  biliousness." 

58.      GUYANA   HOT   SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  also  sulphurous,  and  located  in  the 
canon  and  valley  of  Guyana  in  Santa  Barbara  County. 
There  is  no  analysis. 

59.  DESERT  OR  CAVE   SPRINGS 

These  are  located  in  Kern  County,  and  consist  of  alkaline 
carboneted  waters  with  borates.     Unimproved. 

60.  DR.  SOUPAN'S  HOT  SPRINGS 

We  find  these  hot  sulphur  springs  at  the  head  of  the 
road  on  a  branch  of  Battle  Creek,  in  Plumas  County.  The 
surroundings  are  picturesque,  and  we  understand  improve- 
ments are  contemplated.  No  analysis. 

DE   LUZ   SPRINGS 
See  Corral  de  Luz  warm  springs. 

EL  PASO  DE  ROBLES 
HOT  AND  COLD  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

These  valuable  mineral  springs  are  situated  midway 
between  the  mission  of  San  Miguel  Archangel  and  La  Casa 
del  Paso  de  Robles.  They  lie  in  the  beautiful  valley  of 
the  Salinas  River  about  sixteen  miles  from  the  shores  of  the 
Pacific  and  two  hundred  and  sixteen  miles  from  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  springs  are  of  easy  access  by  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  (northern  division)  via  Soledad,  through 
trains  daily.  Also  from  San  Luis  Obispo  by  stage.  The 
name,  El  Paso  de  Robles  (ail-parso  day  roh-blais)  is  derived 
from  the  Spanish,  meaning  "  in  a  pass  of  the  oaks,"  from 


EL  PASO  DE  ROBLES  125 

the  fact  that  the  main  highway  ran  through  this  valley. 
For  many  miles  this  picturesque  valley  is  covered  with 
gigantic  white  oaks,  live  oaks  and  huge  cottonwoods,  and 
nestled  in  one  of  these  cosy  groves  is  Paso  Robles  retreat. 

The  once  wild  "  pass  in  the  oaks"  is  now  transformed 
into  a  blooming  resort,  with  cultivated  grounds,  and  Paso 
Robles  is  a  delightful  little  town  of  about  one  thousand 
inhabitants.  It  is  situated  in  the  center  of  a  very  rich 
agricultural  section  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County.  The  town 
is  principally  built  of  handsome  brick  buildings  and  is 
growing  rapidly.  When  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  is 
completed  Paso  Robles  will  be  of  considerable  commercial 
importance. 

Near  the  springs,  and  overlooking  the  prosperous  little 
town,  there  is  in  course  of  construction  an  elegant  and 
commodious  hotel,  which  is  to  be  built  of  solid  brick 
throughout.  This  building,  when  completed,  will  not  only 
be  an  ornament  to  the  town,  but  of  great  comfort  and  con- 
venience to  the  many  guests  who  go  to  the  springs  yearly 
for  their  health. 

Under  the  umbrageous  oaks  in  different  parts  of  the 
extensive  grounds  are  located  some  eighteen  cosy  cottages 
for  private  and  family  use.  On  each  side  of  the  resort  and 
valley  the  evergreen  hills,  covered  with  forests  of  pine, 
oaks,  manzanita  groves  and  sweet-scented  shrubbery,  form 
a  pleasant  contrast  to  Paso  Robles  proper.  The  climate 
is  remarkably  mild  and  luxurious  all  the  year  round,  and 
the  atmosphere  is  pure,  balmy  and  invigorating. 

Few  mineral  springs  in  America  have  acquired  such  a 
favorable*  reputation  for  the  treatment  of  constitutional 
contaminations,  rheumatism,  gout,  joint,  blood,  glandular 
and  cutaneous  diseases  as  Paso  Robles  have,  and  thousands 
go  there  yearly  to  receive  the  joint  benefit  of  the  bathing 
and  drinking  waters,  as  well  as  the  internal  medical 
treatment. 

The  waters  at  Paso  Robles  are  sulphurous  and  alka- 
line, ranging  in  temperature  from  59°  F.  to  104°  and  122°  F., 


126 


MINERAL   SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


and  comprise  the  "  Main  Hot  Sulphur"  spring,  the  "  Mud 
or  Moor"  springs,  the  "Soda,"  "Sand,"  "Cold  White 
Sulphur,"  "  Iron"  and  "  Garden"  springs. 

The  great  hot  sulphureted  spring  is  located  about  three 
hundred  yards  from  the  hotel  in  a  southeasterly  direction. 
Over  it  has  been  constructed  one  of  the  finest  bathing  estab- 
lishments on  the  coast,  consisting  of  sixty  individual  bath- 
tubs, and  a  large  vat  fifteen  by  thirty  feet  for  a  swimming 
or  a  plunge  bath.  One  side  is  used  for  women  and  the  other 
side  for  men.  Immediately  over  the  source  of  the  spring  is 


built  a  large  dome-shaped  receptacle  twenty-five  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  about  twenty  feet  high.  This  tank  collects  the 
hot  water  and  gases  as  they  issue  from  the  subterranean 
laboratory,  and,  being  constructed  of  solid  masonry  and 
hermetically  sealed,  all  the  vapors  and  mineral  properties 
are  kept  saturated  in  the  water.  From  this  tank  or  reser- 
voir lead  several  faucets,  whereby  the  water  may  be  drawn 
for  drinking  purposes.  Most  of  the  water,  however,  is  used 
for  bathing,  for  which  purpose  it  is  led  into  the  several 
bathtubs. 

The  flow  of  this  main   spring  is  about  5,000  gallons 
per  hour,  and  it  has  a  temperature  from  105°  F.  to  no"  F. 


EL  PASO  DE  ROBLES  127 

EL  PASO   DE   ROBLES— "  MAIN   SULPHUR   WATER" 

ALKALO-SULPHUROUS 
Flows    5,000    gallons    per    hour 

PROFS.  PRICE  and  HEWSTON'S  DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON, 

Analysis,  several  years  ago.  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  110°  F.  Temperature  107.6°  F. 

Imp.  gal.  contains         U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                       Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 27.18  25.73 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 50.74  41.19 

Sodium  Carbonate 7.62 

Sodium  Sulphate 7.85  7.25 

Sodium  Iodide trace 

Sodium  Bromide trace 

Potassium  Chloride 1.57 

Potassium  Carbonate 2.05 

Potassium  Iodide trace 

Potassium  Sulphate 88  trace 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 92  

Magnesium  Carbonate 2.15 

Magnesium  Sulphate 5.11 

Calcium  Carbonate 1.23 

Calcium  Sulphate 3  21  2.94 

Ferrum  Peroxide 36  .73 

Rorates trace 

Lithiates trace 

Alumina 22  .25 

Silica 44  1.75 

Iodides  and  Bromides trace 

Organic  Matter 1.64  1.90 

Total  Solids 93.44  101.47 

Gases  Grains  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 4.45  3.75 

Free  Carbonated  Acid  Gas 10.50  8.90 

These  waters  are  found  to  be  especially  serviceable  in 
acute  and  chronic  rheumatism  and  articular  affections, 
scrofula,  blood,  glandular  and  cutaneous  diseases.  In 
catarrh  of  the  naso-pharynx  the  water,  used  as  a  hot 
douche,  has  proved  highly  beneficial,  likewise  in  leucor- 
rhceal  discharges  and  engorgement  of  the  pelvic  organs, 
etc.,  etc. 

It  is  important,  as  has  been  remarked  when  speaking 
of  the  therapeutic  properties  of  mineral  waters,  to  carefully 
follow  the  instructions  of  the  resident  physician,  in  order  to 
fully  and  rapidly  receive  the  benefits  of  the  springs.  Con- 


128  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

nected  with  Paso  Robles  is  an  experienced  physician,  Dr. 
David  L.  Deal,  who  has  made  a  special  study  of  the  action 
of  these  waters  in  health  and  in  disease,  and  his  instruc- 
tions should  be  conscientiously  followed. 

The  next  most  important  water  at  Paso  Robles  is  that 
used  for  the  mud  or  moor  baths.  This  now  famous  spring 
is  situated  about  one  mile  and  a  half  north  of  the  hotel, 
near  the  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  and  on  the 
edge  of  the  Salinas  River. 

The  walk  from  the  hotel  to  this  spring  is  a  pleasant 
one  under  the  shady  oaks  and  along  the  well-kept  road  and 
grassy  lawns.  Patients  unable  to  walk,  and  others  who 
may  desire  it,  can  ride  in  the  hotel  carriage  to  and  from  the 
mud  baths  twice  daily. 

These  mud  springs — for  there  are  several — cover  a 
space  of  about  twenty-five  feet  square,  over  which  has  been 
constructed  suitable  bathing  conveniences,  consisting  of 
dressing-rooms,  hot  sulphurous  water  plunges  and  the  mud 
plunge.  This  latter  is  a  compartment  or  vat  four  by  eight 
feet  and  nearly  filled  with  prepared  moor  or  mud,  and  so 
arranged  that  the  hot  sulphurous  water  and  gases  rise 
directly  into  it  from  the  ground  beneath. 

The  facilities  are  admirably  arranged  for  both  ladies 
and  gentlemen,  and  competent  persons  administer  the  baths 
under  directions  of  the  resident  physician. 

During  my  visit  to  these  springs,  in  1889,  I  found  the 
temperature  of  the  mud  and  sulphurous  waters  to  vary 
from  104°  F.  to  122°  F.  Baths  are  prescribed  once,  twice 
or  three  times  a  week  of  different  degrees  of  temperature 
and  of  varying  duration,  to  suit  each  individual  case.  The 
mud  springs  flow  collectively  about  6,000  gallons  per  hour. 

Moor  batlr'ng  has  been  practised  by  the  Indians  for 
generations,  and  of  late  years  it  has  been  extensively  intro- 
duced among  the  white  people  all  over  the  world.  These 
baths  at  Paso  Robles  have  gained  considerable  celebrity, 
and  justly  so.  The  writer  has  had  occasion  to  note  the 
beneficial  results  in  many  cases  subjected  to  this  plan  of 


EL  PASO  DE  ROBLES  129 

treatment  and  he  does  not  hesitate  in  remarking  that  for 
rheumatism,  arthritis,  stiff  joints,  sprains,  white  swellings 
(synovitis),  glandular  enlargements,  chronic  cutaneous  dis- 
eases, etc.,  much  benefit  will  accrue,  especially  if  the  inter- 
nal medication  be  kept  up  during  the  treatment. 


EL  PASO  DE  ROBLES— "MUD  SPRINGS" 

SULPHUROUS 
Flows  6.000  gallons  per  hour 

PROFS.  PRICE  AND  HEWSTON'S  DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON 

Analysis,  several  years  ago  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  122°  F.  Temperature  104.  to  122°  F. 

One  Imp.  Gal.  contains        One  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                       Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 96.48  83.72 

Sodium  Carbonate 5.21  7.41 

Sodium  Sulphate 41.11  .36.97 

Sodium  Iodide trace 

Potassium  Chloride 3.19 

Potassium  Iodide trace 

Potassium  Sulphate trace  .82 

Magnesium  Carbonate 3.10  4.25 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.13 

Calcium  Carbonate 2.10 

Calcium  Sulphate 17.90  15.75 

Ferrous  Sulphate .23 

Alumina... .80 

Manganese  Salts trace 

Silica 1.11  .251 

Lithium  Salts trace 

Organic  Matter 3.47  7.14 

Total  Solids 168.38  166.02 

Gases                                                                   Grains  Cubic  Inches 

Ammonia  and  Nitrogen trace 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 3.24  4.16 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 47.84  42.50 

About  two  hundred  yards  north  of  the  Mud  Baths  is 
the  "Soda  Spring."  Its  temperature  is  77°  F.,  and  its  flow 
is  limited.  The  water  is  much  used  for  drinking  purposes. 
By  allowing  the  small  amount  of  sulphureted  hydrogen  to 
escape  the  water  becomes  very  palatable. 


130  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

EL  PASO  DE  ROBLES— "  SODA  SPRING" 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  77°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  TJ.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                              Grains  Mineral  Ingredients           Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 25.10  Magnesium  Sulphate...  7.80 

Sodium  Carbonate 7.25  Calcium  Carbonate 5.32 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 19.70  Calcium  Sulphate 6.47 

Sodium  Sulphate 5.05  Ferrum  Peroxide trace 

Potassium  Carbonate 1.16  Silica 92 

Potassium  Sulphate 83  Alumina 85 

Magnesium  Carbonate 3.17  Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  83.82 

Free  Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 9.20 

Sulphurated  Hydrogen 1.60 

About  midway  between  the  "Mud  Springs"  and  the 
"  Sand  Spring"  is  found  a  carbonated  spring,  known  as  the 
"Garden."  The  water  is  palatable,  and  of  value  in  Bright's 
disease,  bladder  troubles,  etc.,  as  an  antacid  and  diuretic. 

On  analysis  it  yields : 


EL  PASO  DE  ROBLES  SPRINGS— "  GARDEN  SPRING" 

CARBONATED  WATER 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  July,  1889 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                             Grains  Mineral  Ingredients             Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 20.76  Calcium  Carbonate 6.23 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.16  Calcium  Sulphate 12.35 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 25.17  Ferrous  Carbonate traces 

Sodium  Sulphate traces  Manganese  Carbon  ate. traces 

Potassium  Chloride traces  Alumina 47 

Potassium  Carbonate 83  Silica 22 

Magnesium  Carbonate 4.95  Organic  Matter traces 

Magnesium  Sulphate 3.47 

Total  Solids,  75.61. 

Free  Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 25.60 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen traces 

This  soda  water  is  found  to  be  of  special  value  in  kid- 
ney and  bladder  irritation. 


SAND  SPRINGS 


131 


"SAND"  SPRING 

About  one-quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  the  mud  springs  we 
find  a  large  "sand "  spring.  It  is  about  twelve  feet  in 
diameter,  and  situated  in  the  old  bed  of  the  Salinas  River. 
The  waters  are  carbonated  and  sulphureted  and  bubbling 
up  with  considerable  force,  carrying  with  it  quantities  of 
white  silicon  oxide,  which  sparkles  in  the  water  as  it  rises 
and  falls. 

The  waters   have   a  temperature   of  79.1°  F.,  and  are 
not  utilized  to  any  extent  at  present. 


EL     PASO    DE     ROBLES     "SAND"     SPRINGS 

ALKALO-SULPHUROUS 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 
Temperature  79.1  F.° 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 92.20 

Sodium  Carbonate 9.41 

Sodium  Sulphate 36.95 

Sodium  Iodide trace 

Sodium  Bromide trace 

Potassium  Chloride 7.50 

Potassium  Carbonate 5.03 

Potassium  Iodide trace 

Potassium  Bromide trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 3.72 


U.  S.  gal.  contain 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Magnesium  Sulphate 4.10 

Calcium  Carbonate 6.62 

Calcium  Sulphate 16.04 

Ferrous  Carbonate 29 

Manganese  Carbonate 13 

Alumina 1.17 

Lithium  Salts trace 

Barium  Salts trace 

Silica 6.51 

Organic  Matter 87 


Total  Solids,  190.54 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  11.76 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen       3.40 
Nitrogen  trace 


A  quarter  of  a  mile  southeast  of  the  hotel  is  located 
the  large  "White  Sulphur"  spring.  It  is  inclosed  in 
twenty  feet  square  masonry  walls.  The  waters  are  salino- 
sulphurous,  and  strongly  charged  with  hydrogen  sulphide. 
The  waters  are  not  extensively  used. 


132  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

EL    PASO     DE    ROBLES      "WHITE     SULPHUR     SPRING" 

SALINO-SULPHUROUS 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  59°  f. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 31.76  Magnesium  Chloride 9.03 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.19  Calcium  Sulphide 5.10 

Sodium  Sulphate 23.14  Manganese trace 

Potassium  Chloride 10.73  Ferrous  Sulphate trace 

Potassium  Sulphate 13.23  Alumina 84 

Potassium  Iodide trace  Silica 1.05 

Magnesium  Sulphate 14.76  Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  112.85 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen,          9.40 
Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  5.25 


EL   PASO   ROBLES  "IRON  SPRING" 

A  little  farther  eastward  and  towards  the  bank  of  the 
river  is  located  the  "Iron"  spring.  It  is  a  small  spring 
incased  in  a  box  two  by  four  feet,  and  has  a  moderate  flow. 
Its  temperature  is  64.4°  F.  The  waters  are  restorative, 
tonic,  diuretic  and  aperient,  and  of  value  in  the  treatment 
of  anaemia,  chronic  malarial  toxaemia,  chlorosis  and  the 
many  diseases  requiring  recuperative  ferruginous  tonics. 


EL    PASO    ROBLES    "CHALYBEATE"    SPRINGS 

FERRUGINOUS  AND  CARBONATED 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  64.4"  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  t'.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 23.18  Calcium  Sulphate.' 6.20 

Sodium  Carbonate 7.14  Ferrous  Carbonate 1.49 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 20.87  Borates trace 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.03  Alumina 26 

Potassium  Carbonate trace  Manganese  Carbonate trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 6.23  Silica 85 

Magnesium  Sulphate 10.06  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium  Carbonate 2.11 

Total  Solids,  79.42 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen trace 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas...       . .  .trace 


ELSINORE  SPRINGS  1?8 

6l.      ELSINORE  SPRINGS 

Near  Elsinore,  in  San  Diego  County,  lies  a  little  val- 
ley, which  is  teeming  and  steaming  with  mineral  springs. 
Some  are  hot  and  others  are  cold.  They  number  some  two 
hundred.  The  temperature  ranges  from  57°F.  to  212°  F. 
The  cold  springs  are  carbonated,  containing  soda,  magnesia 
and  iron;  the  hot  waters  are  sulphurous,  with  lime,  mag- 
nesia and  borax.  There  are  also  hot  mud  springs.  The 
place  is  not  developed.  We  predict  a  large  resort  for  the 
valley  in  the  course  of  a  few  years. 


62.      EUREKA   SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  in  Humboldt  County,  near 
the  town  of  Eureka,  and  they  issue  from  the  bank  of  the  Bay. 
The  waters  belong  to  the  chlorinated-sulphureted  class,  and 
were  analyzed  by  Professor  W.  D.  Johnston  in  1885,  as 
follows  : 

EUREKA  SPRINGS 

CHLORINATED— HEAVY 
PROF.  W  D.  JOHNSTON,  Analyst,  1885 

U.  S.  gal  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1,403.00  Alumina 1.30 

Sodium  Carbonate 10.10  Silica 95 

Sodium  Bromide 14.00  Ferrous  Carbonate 12 

Potassium  Sulphate 12.20  Manganese trace 

Magnesium  Chloride 101.00  Boracie  Acid trace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 211.30  Iodine trace 

Calcium  Carbonate 3.80  Lithium trace 

Calcium  Sulphate 42.50 

Total  Solids,  1,800.27 
Gases 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas small  amount 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen saturated 

This  Eureka  Spring  water  is  now  extensively  used  by 
the  inhabitants.  It  is  also  shipped  to  San  Francisco.  The 
action  of  the  water  is  laxative  and  diuretic,  acting  also  on 
the  glandular  and  lymphatic  systems.  It  has  also  been 
used  in  skin  diseases. 


FAIRMOUNT  MINERAL  SPRINGS  136 

FAIRMOUNT   MINERAL   SPRINGS 

These  recently  developed  springs  are  located  in  Sonoma 
Valley,  about  five  miles  from  Cloverdale. 

The  water  is  alkaline  and  carbonated,  very  palatable 
and  has  a  pleasant  antacid  effect  on  the  stomach.  The 
building  of  a  resort  is  contemplated. 


FELT'S  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  in  Humboldt  County,  about 
twenty-five  miles  from  Eureka,  near  the  head  of  Strong's 
Valley.  There  are  quite  a  number  of  springs  on  the  place, 
the  most  important  of  which  yields,  on  analysis : 

Sodium  Chloride.  Magnesium  Chloride. 

Sodium  Carbonate.  Magnesium  Carbonate. 

Potassium  Chloride  Calcium  Carbonate. 

Potassium  Carbonate.         Manganese. 

Potassium  Sulphate.  Traces  of  Iron. 

Silica.  Alumina. 

The  grounds  are  elegantly  laid  out,  and  commodious 
quarters  have  been  erected  for  the  accommodation  of  guests. 
The  resort  is  illuminated  by  natural  gas  from  the  premises. 
The  waters  are  said  to  be  beneficial  in  dropsical  tendencies 
depending  on  the  liver  or  kidneys. 


65.  FRESNO   HOT   SPRINGS 

Located  near  Warthau,  in  Fresno  County.  Unim- 
proved. 

66.  FREY'S  SODA  SPRINGS 

These  springs  lie  near  the  line  between  Shasta  and 
Siskiyou  Counties.  The  waters  are  alkaline  and  carbon- 
ated. Temperature  52**  F. 


136  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

67.      FULTON  WELLS 

This  resort  is  located  in  Los  Angeles  County,  about 
three  miles  north  of  Norwalk  Station,  on  the  L/os  Angeles 
Railroad,  and  thirteen  miles  from  Los  Angeles  City.  The 
wells  were  bored  by  Dr.  Fulton,  a  very  intelligent  physi- 
cian, who  conducts  the  sanitarium  himself.  The  two  prin- 
cipal wells  are  350  feet  deep  and  flow  copiously.  The 
waters  are  carbonated  and  sulphurous,  and  contain: 


FULTON  WELlvS— 350  Feet  Well 

CARBONATED     AND     SULPHUROUS 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 

Temperature,  64.^  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 9.60  Calcium   Carbonate 12.62 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 2.90  Calcium  Sulphate 23.41 

Sodium  Sulphate 95  Silica 2.45 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate  ..17.45  Organic  Matter trace 

Ferrous  Carbonate 11.75 

Total  Solids,  81.13 
Gases 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas excess 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen excess 

Comfortable  cottages,  a  large  hotel  and  excellent  bath- 
ing facilities  have  been  erected,  and  the  resort  enjoys  con- 
siderable reputation  in  the  treatment  of  anaemia,  malarial 
troubles,  atonic  dyspepsia,  congestion  of  the  liver,  etc.  It 
will  be  observed  that  the  waters  contain  a  very  large  per- 
centage of  iron  salts. 


CALIFORNIA  GEYSERS 

This  marvelous  region — this  branch  of  Hades,  nest- 
ling among  the  umbrageous  oaks  and  firs  in  the  pine-clad 
mountains,  rich  in  manzanita  groves,  sweet-scented  shrub- 
bery and  wild  flowers,  and  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  his 
Satanic  Majesty's  prodigious  laboratory — is  located  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  Sonoma  County,  about  one  hundred 
miles  north  of  San  Francisco,  sixteen  miles  from  Clover- 


138  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

dale,  and  twenty-six  miles  from  Calistoga.  This  Plutonian 
realm  was  discovered  in  1847  by  Mr.  William  B.  Elliot. 
One  day  while  out  hunting  in  that  section  of  the  country 
he  scaled  the  northern  mountain  overlooking  this  partially 
extinct  volcanic  region,  and  came  suddenly  upon  this  won- 
derful scene.  Imagine  his  fear  and  astonishment  at 
beholding  for  the  first  time  the  Geysers !  He  remained 
awestruck  for  a  few  moments,  and  then  hastened  away  to 
inform  his  companions  that  he  had  discoverd  the  very 
mouth  of  the  infernal  regions  ! 

Since  that  time  to  the  present  these  famous  springs 
have  been  the  objects  of  wonder  and  admiration  to  all  the 
many  thousands  who  visit  them  yearly. 

Formerly  tourists  rode  on  horseback  for  many  miles 
up  the  narrow  mountain  trails  to  visit  this  natural  wonder- 
land, \\hich  is  situated  about  1,700  feet  above  the  sea  level, 
but,  thanks  to  the  push  and  enterprise  of  western  civiliza- 
•tion,  we  now  travel  in  comfortable  six-horse  stages  from 
the  termini  of  the  Cloverdale  and  Calistoga  railroads  over 
excellent  mountain  roads  to  the  geysers.  It  is  a  good  plan 
to  go  by  way  of  Cloverdale  and  return  by  way  of  Cali- 
stoga, as  you  then  see  all  the  grandeur  and  beauty  of  the 
surrounding  country. 

Leaving  Cloverdale  after  luncheon,  comfortably  seated 
in  your  stage,  with  an  experienced  and  accommodatingly 
communicative  driver,  who  takes  pleasure  in  pointing  out 
the  many  objects  of  interest,  you  soon  cross  the  Russian 
River  and  commence  the  ascent.  The  hills  and  mountains 
are  robed  in  evergreen  verdure  of  indigenous  flora,  gigantic 
oaks  and  towering  pines.  Here  and  there  the  huge  boul- 
ders and  rocky  cliffs  stand  out  in  bold  relief,  and  as  you 
wind  up  and  around  the  mountain  sides,  with  the  Pluton 
River  many  hundred  feet  below,  basking  and  smiling  in 
the  afternoon  sun  and  rippling  along  its  moss-covered 
banks  and  bright-pebbled  bottom,  with  here  and  there  a 
miniature  cascade  and  waterfall,  you  feel  that  words  cannot 
describe  the  grandeur  of  the  scenery.  The  elevated  roads 


CALIFORNIA    GEYSERS  139 

on  the  mountain  slopes  frequently  bring  you  to  a  sharp 
curve,  where  the  view  is  unobstructed,  and  where  the  stage- 
driver  is  afforded  an  excellent  opportunity  of  showing  his 
skill  in  handling  the  six-in-hand.  Now  and  again  the  road 
turns  so  sharply  that  the  "  leaders"  are  out  of  sight  before 
the  curve  is  rounded. 


CALIFORNIA    GEYSERS 


As  you  gain  in  altitufe  the  view  becomes  more  and 
more  extended  until  your  eyes  leap  like  live  thunder  from 
peak  to  peak  and  valley  to  valley  for  miles  around,  feasting 
upon  the  beauties  of  nature. 

Some  two  or  three  miles  down  the  canon,  before  you 
reach  the  Geysers,  your  attention  is  called  to  the  large 
white,  or  yellowish-white,  banks  across  the  canon.  They 
are  known  as  "  sulphur"  banks  and  consist  of  deposits  of 
sulphur  and  cinnabar  with  incrustations  of  salts  of  sodium, 


140  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

potassium,  magnesium,  sulphur,  etc.  They  are  extinct 
craters,  or  the  deposits  of  geysers  and  fumaroles  which 
have  died  out,  leaving  evidences  of  volcanic  action  behind. 

In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Geysers  several  large 
deposits  of  sulphur  and  quicksilver  have  been  mined  and 
ores  shipped  to  San  Francisco. 

Near  these  sulphur  banks  we  found  the  famous  "Indian 
Springs,"  at  which  the  great  Edwin  Forest  camped  for  one 
season  and  was  completely  restored  to  health.  Tradition 
informs  us  that  our  aborigines  traveled  to  these  springs 
from  far  and  near,  and  bathed  in  the  extensive  mud  or 
moor  springs  close  by  and  drank  the  water,  which  they 
found  possessed  miraculous  curative  powers. 


On  analysis  this  water  is  found  to  yield : 


"INDIAN  SPRING" 

LIGHT  SAIvINO-SULPHUROUS   WATER 

PROF.    THOMAS    PRICE,    Analyst,     1888 

Temperature  108°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                            Grains  Mineral  Ingredients            Grains 

Sodium  Sulphate 3.29  Calcium  Carbonate 7.35 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.40  Ferrous  Carbonate 0.07 

Potassium  Sulphate 0.21  Alumina 0.18 

Magnesium  Carbonate 15.47  Silicic  Acid 5.42 

Total  Solids,  33.39 

Gases 
Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen saturated 

This  water  has  been  found  of  considerable  value  as  a 
tonic — diuretic,  laxative  and  antacid — of  great  value  in 
dyspepsia,  torpidity  of  the  liver  and  bowels,  and  in  renal 
and  cystic  diseases. 

Near  by  are  the  real  "  Indian  Mud  Springs,"  which 
are  found  to  contain  : 


INDIAN  MUD  SPRINGS 


141 


"INDIAN  MUD  SPRINGS" 
ACIDULOUS-SALINO-ALUMINIC  MUD 

PROF.  THOMAS   PRICE,   Analyst,   1888 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Alumina  Sulphate 22.78 

Free  Sulphuric  Acid. ...32.30 
Silicic  Acid...  ...12.25 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Bisulphate 17.12 

Magnesia  Sulphate 59.33 

Calcium  Sulphate 6.42 

Total  Solids,  150.20 

Gases 
Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen saturated 

These  mud  baths  will  prove  of  great  benefit  in  the 
treatment  of  chronic  rheumatism,  gout,  arthritis  and  syno- 
vites,  and  scrofulous  and  cutaneous  contaminations. 


GEYSER 


As  we  drew  nearer  and  nearer  the  sylvan  resort  our 
ears  were  greeted  with  sounds  like  those  of  a  steamboat  or 
locomotive  —  puff  —  puff  —  at  regular  intervals.  These,  we 
were  told,  and  as  we  ascertained  afterwards,  came  from  the 
"steamboat"  springs. 

After  a  few  more  horseshoe  curves  have  been  passed, 
and  several  more  of  those  magnificent  landscapes  have 
been  mentally  photographed  on  your  brain,  you  reach  the 
Geyser  resort. 

The  many  cozy  cottages,  the  hotel  and  grounds,  are 
situated  in  a  leafy  dell  on  the  side  of  the  mountain  oppo- 


H2  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

site  the  Geyser  canon.  The  huge  oaks  and  pines  afford 
pleasant  shade  to  the  commodious  verandas  as  you  sit  and 
enjoy  the  pure,  dry,  invigorating  and  exhilarating  moun- 
tain atmosphere  and  picturesque  scenery  which  surrounds 
you  on  every  side. 

Having  indulged  in  one  of  those  splendid  sulphur 
Hammam  baths,  where  the  skin  is  rendered  soft,  white  and 
pliable  owing  to  the  medicinal  effects  of  the  mineral  ingre- 
dients, you  are  ready  for  dinner,  and  a  good  one  it  was 
during  our  visit  to  the  Geysers  in  1888. 

The  evenings  are  cool,  clear  and  charming,  insuring 
sound  and  refreshing  sleep. 


A   TRIP   THROUGH    GEYSER   CANON 

Bright  and  early  next  morning  we  set  out  for  our  trip 
"over  the  river"  to  his  majesty's  Plutonian  shores.  In 
the  Summer  season  the  best  time  to  start  out  is  from  4:30 
to  5:00  A.  M.,  in  order  that  you  may  perceive  the  full  vol- 
ume of  the  steam  and  sulphurous  vapors  as  they  rise  sev- 
eral hundred  feet  into  the  air.  Later  in  the  morning  the 
sun's  rays  condense  the  vapors  so  that  they  are  not  visible 
as  far  above  the  ground. 

You  are  now  armed  with  a  long  staff,  like  the  pilgrims 
of  old,  and  with  your  guide  you  set  out  to  cross  the  Pluton 
River — this  time  on  a  bridge.  Before  doing  so,  however, 
your  attention  is  called  to  a  cool,  clear  spring,  known  as 
the  "  iron"  spring.  It  is  located  near  the  edge  of  the  Plu- 
ton River,  on  the  same  side  as  the  hotel.  This  iron  spring, 
on  analysis,  is  found  to  contain  valuable  salino-chalybeate 
mineral  ingredients. 


IRON  SPRINGS  143 

"IRON  SPRING" 
LIGHT  SALINO  CHALYBEATE  WATER 
DR.  WINSU>W  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 
Temperature,  72*  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Sulphate traces  Barium  Salts traces 

Potassium  Sulphate traces  Alumina 0.23 

Magnesium  Sulphate.    ...     2.75  Silica 1.44 

Calcium  Sulphate 3.96  Organic  Matter traces 

Ferrous  Sulphate 0.19 

Total  Solids,  8.57 
Gases  Cubic  inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas traces 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 4.26 

This  water  belongs  to  the  light  chalybeate  class  ;  its 
action  is  tonic,  aperient  and  detergent,  of  value  in  anaemia, 
chlorosis  and  wasting  diseases,  torpidity  of  the  bowels  and 
liver,  etc.,  producing  constructive  tissue  metamorphosis. 

Immediately  after  crossing  the  Pluton  River,  a  change 
in  the  atmosphere  becomes  noticeable.  On  the  side  where 
the  hotel  and  resort  with  the  many  picturesque  and  cozy 
cottages  are  built,  the  air  is  pure,  dry  and  invigorating,  on 
the  side  where  Geyser  Canon  is  located,  the  atmosphere  is 
mixed  with  the  perfumes  from  the  interior  realm. 

Near  the  path  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  as  you  proceed 
up  the  canon  is  situated  quite  a  remarkable  spring,  contain- 
ing large  quantities  of  aluminium,  sulphate  magnesia  and 
silicic  acid.  It  is  known  as  the  "Alum  Spring."  Its 
waters  are  really  alumino-ferrugino-sulphurous.  On 
analysis  it  is  found  to  contain  : 

"ALUM"  SPRING 

ALUMINO-FERRUGINO  SULPHUROUS  WATER 
DR.  WINSI.OW  ANDEI  SON,  Analyst,  1888 

Temperature,  98°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal,  contains  ;U.  S.  Gal,  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride traces  Manganesium  Salts traces 

Sodium  Carbonate 0.72  Barium  Salts traces 

Sodium  Sulphate 6.24  Aluminium  Sulphate 57.62 

Potassium  Sulphate traces  Borates 1.20 

Magnesium  Sulphate 23.7(5  Free  Sulphuric  Acid 3.10 

Calcium  Sulphate 2.43  Silica 9.40 

Ferrous  Sulphate 6.25  Organic  Matter traces 

Total  Solids,  110.72 
Gases                                   Cubic  Inches 
Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 6.35 


144  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

This  spring  contains  large  quantities  of  ferruginous 
salts  so  essential  in  the  treatment  of  malarial  toxaemia  and 
blood  glandular  diseases.  The  acid  renders  its  action  tonic 
and  the  magnesium  gives  it  a  pleasant  laxative  effect. 

Following  your  guide,  you  soon  realize  that  you  are 
nearing  the  brink  of  eternity.  You  now  cross  the  "  Devil's," 
or  Geyser,  canon  and  come  to  the  "alum  and  sulphur" 
spring,  having  a  temperature  of  160°  F.  Proceeding  far- 
ther on  you  next  see  the  "  black  sulphur"  springs,  in 
which  we  find  sulphide  of  iron.  The  ground  is  now  getting 
warm  under  your  feet,  and  the  fumes  from  the  "lower 
regions  "  make  you  think  of  the  hereafter,  and  as  you  push 
on,  a  deep  and  steep  ravine  is  entered,  from  which  boiling 
hot  steam  and  gases  escape  in  every  direction  until  you 
feel  awestruck  in  this  strange  place!  Passing  along 
through  the  ravine,  with  the  boiling  water  running  at  your 
feet,  you  enter  "  Proserpine's  Grotto,"  in  which  is  placed 
the  "  devil's  arm-chair."  This  latter  is  a  huge  boulder 
which  nature  has  hollowed  out  in  the  shape  and  form  of  a 
large  parlor  chair.  In  this  you  sit  with  great  solemnity, 
to  make  sure  of  the  benevolent  friendship  of  his  Satanic 
majesty. 

The  next  point  of  interest  is  the  "  Devil's  Kitchen," 
with  warning  signs  of  "danger"  stuck  up  in  every  direc- 
tion. The  country  rock  is  serpentine,  sandstone  and  lime- 
stone, with  igneous  deposits  and  incrustations  of  sulphur, 
soda,  cinnabar,  etc.,  and  as  the  fumaroles,  cracks  and 
fissures  emit  their  boiling  waters  and  vapors  saturated  with 
free  sulphurous,  sulphuric,  hydrochloric  acids  and  carbonic 
anhydride,  all  having  strong  disintegrating  action  on  the 
formation,  everything  is,  in  consequence,  soft  and  yielding. 
The  banks  and  rocks  are  like  clay  and  sand,  easily  dis- 
lodged upon  the  slightest  touch — hence  the  signs  of  danger. 

You  are  now  fairly  in  the  mouth  of  a  boiling,  seeth- 
ing, trembling  and  smoking  Plutonian  realm.  The  ground 
under  your  feet  is  becoming  hotter  and  hotter,  and  the 
sulphurous  fumes  and  vaporous  steam  are  nearly  suffo- 


ALUM  SPRINGS  145 

eating.  Early  in  the  morning  these  vapors  rise  to  a  height 
of  three  hundred  to  five  hundred  feet.  It  is  also  observed 
that  these  wonderful  subterranean  forces  exhibit  more 
activity  at  or  near  the  full  moon. 

In  this  olla  podrida  of  Hadean  liquids  are  several 
interesting  points  and  springs  to  be  observed.  Near  at 
hand  is  a  hot  "Epsom  salt"  spring,  having  a  temperature 
of  150°  F.,  and  over  140  grains  of  magnesium  sulphate  to 
the  gallon  of  water.  Another  boiling  spring  of  "iron  and 
sulphur"  has  a  temperature  of  208°  F.  On  the  right  side  of 
the  path  is  a  large,  black,  sulphurous  spring  continually 
boiling  and  rumbling  as  the  black,  inky  fluid  reaches  the 
bright  dawn  of  day  at  a  temperature  of  162°  F.  It  is  the 
"  Devil's  Inkstand,"  a  hot  sulphurous  iron  and  alum  sul- 
phide and  sulphate  water  which  makes  very  fair  writing 
fluid.  For  this  purpose  it  is  used  at  the  Geyser  hotel, 
where  the  visitor  inscribes  his  name  on  the  register  with 
his  majesty's  ink. 

You  next  come  to  the  "  hot  alum"  spring,  containing, 
as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  analysis,  over  sixty 
grains  of  aluminium  sulphate  to  the  gallon.  It  is  an 
alumino-ferruginous  sulphurous  water. 


GEYSERS— "HOT  ALUM  SPRING" 

ALUMINO-FERRUGINO-SULPHUROUS     WATER 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 

Temperature  /jp9  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Bisulphate 4.92  Magnesium  Borate.... traces 

Sodium  Sulphate 46  Ferrous  Sulphate 7.11 

Potassium  Sulphate traces  Aluminium  Sulphate.. 62. 87 

Magnesium  Sulphate 36.14  Silica 16.43 

Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  127.93 

Sulphuric  Acid  7.02 

Cases                                         Cubic  Inches 
Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 9.37 


146  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

This  spring  water  is  an  excellent  haemostatic  in  hem- 
orrhages of  the  lungs,  etc.  It  is  also  of  service  in  dyspepsia 
and  torpidity  of  the  bowels  and  liver,  its  action  being  laxa- 
tive, tonic  and  astringent,  containing  large  quantities  of  sul- 
phate of  iron  and  aluminium,  so  valuable  for  medicinal 
purposes.  (See  therapeutical  effects  of  mineral  waters  in 
preceding  chapter.) 

As  you  proceed  along  the  not  over  "  straight  and  nar- 
row path,"  it  is  literally  and  practically  important  that  you 
follow  your  guide  and  the  "  narrow  path  "  here,  lest  one 
misstep  hurl  you  into  that  u  undiscovered  country,  from 
whose  bourn  no  traveler  returns."  Innumerable  springs 
and  vents  and  subterranean  outlets  spurt  and  spout  in 
every  direction.  "  Pluto's  Punch  Bowl "  is  a  large  spring 
of  hot  lemonade,  containing  sulphuric  acid  and  sulphates. 
The  "Geyser  Smokestack  "  is  a  large  opening,  from  which 
issue  volumes  of  sulphur-laden  fumes,  which  rise  into  the 
air  for  several  hundred  feet,  where  it  condenses  and  depos- 
its again  on  the  ground  as  water  and  sulphur,  etc. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  springs  in  Geyser  Canon 
is  the  "Witch's  Cauldron,"  a  large,  boiling,  circular  spring 
of  over  seven  feet  in  diameter  and  of  unfathomable  depth. 
The  water  has  a  temperature  of  212°  F.,  and  is  unceasingly 
boiling  and  bubbling.  The  spring  is  a  black,  sulphurous 
fluid  as  black  as  the  inky  cloak  of  Hamlet.  As  the  awe- 
struck tourists  "  round  about  the  cauldron  go"  they  see,  in 
their  imagination,  the  solemn  ghost  of  Banquo  rising  and 
materializing  in  the  fumes  of  the  "charmed  pot,"  and  with  a 
small  stretch  of  the  imagination  you  once  more  see  the 
three  witches  and  hear  their  husky  voices  chanting  the 
solemn  incantation — 

4 '  Round  about  the  cauldron  go  ; 
In  the  poisoned  entrails  throw — 
Toad,  that  under  coldest  stone 
Days  and  nights  has  thirty-one. 
Swelter' d  venom,  sleeping  got, 
Boil  thou  first  i'  the  charmed  pot ! 

Double,  double,  toil  and  trouble  ; 

Fire  burn  and  cauldron  bubble. 


GEYSERS— HOT  ALUM  SPRINGS  147 

Fillet  of  a  fenny  snake 
In  the  cauldron  boil  and  bake  ; 
Eye  of  mewt,  and  toe  of  frog  ; 
Wool  of  bat,  and  tongue  of  dog  ; 
Adder's  fork  and  blind  worm's  sting  ; 
Lizard's  leg  and  owlet's  wing, 
For  a  charm  of  powerful  trouble, 
L,ike  a  hell-broth  boil  and  bubble. 

Double,  double,  toil  and  trouble  ; 

Fire  burn  and  cauldron  bubble." 


On  analysis  this  remarkable  fumarole,  having  its  source 
probably  hundreds  of  feet  below  the  surface,  yields  water 
rich  in  sodium,  calcium  and  magnesium  sulphates. 


GEYSERS— "  WITCH'S   CAULDRON  " 

SALINO-SUIvPHUROUS  WATER 

PROF.  THOS.  PRICE,  Analyst,  1888 

Temperature  212*  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Bisulphate 39.83  Alumina  Sulphate 2.04 

Potassium  Bisulphate 0.42  Alumina 0.27 

Magnesium  Sulphate 9.62  Silicic  Acid 4.37 

Calcium  Sulphate 6.98 

Total  Solids,  63.53 

Gases 
Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen saturated 


Next  comes  the  "  Devil's  Canopy"  and  the  "Geyser 
Safety-valve,"  an  intermitting,  scalding  spring,  which 
ejects  streams  of  boiling  water  to  the  height  of  fifteen  feet; 
then  the  "Devil's  Pulpit,"  a  little  elevation  whei-e  his 
Satanic  Majesty  (presumably)  goes  to  direct  the  workings 
of  his  laboratory. 


148  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

A  little  farther  up  and  to  the  left  are  the  wonderful 
"Steamboat  Geysers,"  which  can  be  heard  a  mile  or  more 
away,  blowing  and  snorting  intermittently  at  high  pressure. 
This  is  seemingly  a  true  geyser.  The  steam  is  so  hot  that 
it  does  not  begin  to  condense  until  it  is  ten  or  fifteen  feet 
from  the  surface.  Tourists  are  very  apt  to  burn  their 
fingers  trying  to  find  out  what  makes  the  noise,  as  the 
steam  is  not  visible.  The  temperature  here  is  214°  F. 

Around  these  hundreds  of  springs  are  incrusted 
deposits  of  crystallized  sulphur,  magnesium,  alum,  etc., 
etc.  In  many  places  one  can  stick  his  alpenstock  into  the 
sides  of  the  banks,  and  immediately  hot  steam  and  vapors 
will  issue. 

You  then  pass  on  to  the  "  Devil's  Gristmill,"  where  a 
large  column  of  steam  escapes  from  a  hole  in  a  rock  with 
so  much  force  that  stones  and  sticks  placed  at  the  orifice 
are  blown  away  like  bits  of  paper.  Loud  subterranean 
noises  are  heard  within  resembling  those  of  a  gristmill, 
hence  its  name. 

Going  still  farther  up,  the  ravine  is  found  to  bifurcate. 
The  left  fork  is  still  active,  having  dozens  of  springs,  with 
temperatures  ranging  from  100°  F.  to  210°  F.  The  right 
fork  is  cool  and  pleasant,  with  several  pure  water  springs. 
Ascending  at  the  bifurcation  some  one  hundred  and  sixty 
feet  you  come  to  an  elevation — a  plauteau  of  smooth,  plas- 
tic clay  stained  with  iron  and  sulphur.  This  clay  has  a 
temperature  of  170°  F.  Along  pole  is  introduced  into  the 
yielding  clay  and  forthwith  issue  hot,  smoking  vapors.  The 
edge  of  this  plateau  is  called  "  Lover's  Leap."  Here  the 
view  of  the  boiling,  seething,  roaring,  steaming,  groaning 
and  bubbling  springs  below  is  one  of  unrivaled  grandeur. 
One  hundred  and  sixty  feet  below  you  and  all  along  the 
"Devil's"  Canon  is  one  mass  of  smoking  fury,  shrill  whis- 
tles, regularly  intermitting  puffs  and  groans,  issuing  from 
the  interior  of  the  earth.  This  sight  alone  is  worth  the 
whole  trip. 


GEYSERS— WITCH'S  CAULDRON  149 

To  the  eastward  is  "Lover's  Retreat,"  a  pleasant  oasis 
in  this  wilderness  of  sulphurous  clouds.  Here  also  is  the 
'  Temperance  Spring," — of  clear  cold  water.  Near  it  is  a 
large  fallen  oak,  which  serves  at  once  for  a  seat,  and  a  knot 
hole  in  one  !of  its  huge  branches  is  known  as  the  "  Post- 
office."  Here  we  leave  our  cards  in  case  civilization  is  never 
reached  again. 

Going  along  the  usual  route,  we  pass  over  the  "  Fire 
Mountain "  with  its  hundreds  of  small  orifices  through 
which  miniature  geysers  issue.  The  temperature  of  this 
ocherous  clay  is  i75°F.  A  little  east  of  this  is  located 
"Alkali  Lake"  and  the  "  Lava  Beds."  Here  the  crust  is  so 
thin  that  stamping  hard  on  it  produces  a  hollow  sound. 
This  is  evidently  an  extinct  volcanic  crater  on  a  small 
scale.  We  now  pass  the  "  Indian  sweat  bath  "  and  come  to 
another  remarkable  spring  known  as  the  "  Devil's  Tea 
Kettle."  This  is  one  of  the  strongest  vapor  springs  on  the 
coast.  The  orifice  is  three  feet  in  diameter,  opening  out  of 
the  side  of  the  mountain  with  a  huge  boulder  overhanging 
it.  The  "  Tea  Kettle  "  spring  is  about  half  a  mile  from  the 
active  springs  in  Geyser  canon.  The  vapor  is  emitted  with 
such  force  that  a  large  bunch  of  brush  placed  in  front  of  it 
is  instantly  swept  away  for  many  feet.  This  steam  is 
above  the  boiling  point  and  is  sulphurous  in  character,  and 
contains  a  large  quantity  of  free  sulphuric  acid.  Formerly 
a  huge  cone  with  a  steam  whistle  attached  to  it  was  con- 
structed over  the  orifice,  but  it  made  such  a  noise  as  to  keep 
the  guests  awake  at  night,  and  was  therefore  taken  down. 

GEYSERS— "DEVIVS  TEA  KETTLE" 

SALINO-ALUMINO-SULPHUROUS 
PROF.  THOMAS  PRICE,  Analyst,  1888 

Temperature,  212^  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Bi  sulphate 98.16  Alumina  Sulphate 31.16 

Magnesium  Sulphate 39.09  Silicic  Acid 12.83 

Calcium  Sulphate 4.36  Free  Sulphuric  Acid 110.64 

Total  Solids,  296.24 
Gases 
Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen saturated 


160  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Your  route  now  lies  along  the  side  of  a  mountain  where 
a  narrow  path  has  been  cut  out  of  solid  igneous  rock. 
Below  you  is  the  Pluton  River,  and  above  you  the  snorting 
geysers.  Issuing  from  the  side  of  the  solid  glass  mountain 
are  two  remarkable  springs — the  "  Hot  Acid  "  and  the 
"  Lemonade,"  whose  waters  are  rich  in  the  potassium  salts 
so  valuable  in  many  conditions  and  diseases.  The  acid 
spring  is  remarkable  for  the  fact  of  its  having  1 54  grains  of 
free  sulphuric  acid  to  the  gallon,  and  the  lemonade  spring 
from  the  fact  that  it  is  one  of  the  few  springs  in  California 
which  has  free  muriatic  acid. 


Analyzing  these  waters  they  are  found  to  contain  : 


GEYSER  SPRINGS 

ACID  WATERS 
PROF.  THOMAS  PRICE,  Analyst,  1888 

LEMONADE  SPRING  HOT  ACID  SPRINO 

Temperature,  103°  F.  Temperature,  iS69  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contaim 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                      Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Bieulphate 53.91  9.62 

Potassium  Bisulphate ~               7.53  1.14 

Magnesium  Sulphate 40.73  91.29 

Calcium  Sulphate 4.44 

Ferric  Sulphate 12.25  16.63 

Alumina  Sulphate 32.02  20.62 

Free  Sulphuric  Acid 31.82  154.37 

Free  Hydrochloric  Acid 1.19 

Silicic  Acid 16.50  21.11 

Boracic  Acid —  strong  traces 

Total 19o.yo  319.^ 

Gases 
Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen saturated 


These  waters  are  among  the  finest  in  the  State  for  dys- 
sepsia,  torpidity  of  the  liver  and  bowels,  malaria,  anaemia, 
and  many  blood,  glandular  and  cutaneous  affections. 

They  are  pleasantly  sour,  and  with  sugar  or  syrup, 
make  one  of  the  nicest  of  lemonades. 


GEYSER  SPRINGS— ACID  WATERS  151 

The  next  place  of  interest  is  the  "Devil's  Oven,"  a 
large  excavation  in  this  silicon  oxide  mountain  where  in 
years  gone  by  this  igneous  rock  was  at  a  white  heat.  All 
over  this  realm  of  subterranean  outlets  the  crust  of  the  earth 
is  covered  with  the  products  of  the  Plutonean  shores — sul- 
phur, iron,  magnesia,  nitre,  alum,  etc.,  etc.  On  again 
reaching  Pluton  River,  several  more  cold  and  hot  springs 
are  seen.  Some  are  sulphureted  and  others  are  ferruginous, 
magnesic  and  aluminic. 

Several  hundred  feet  up  the  Pluton  River  has  been 
constructed  a  large  and  commodious  bathing  establishment, 
which  spans  the  river.  Kvery  facility  for  bathing  has  been 
arranged.  The  hot  sulphurous  vapor  issues  directly  through 
the  side  of  the  mountain,  and  gains  admission  into  suitable 
apartments  where  the  bather  can  enjoy  the  medicinal  effects 
of  the  sulphurous  fumes  and  steam  vapors  at  any  desired 
temperature.  Then  there  is  the  plunge  and  individual  tubs 
and  sweating  chambers,  and  comfortable  dressing-rooms. 
One  half  of  the  bathing  facilities  are  for  ladies  and  the  other 
half  for  gentlemen. 

This  bathing  fluid  is  remarkable  on  account  of  the 
large  amount  of  borates  it  holds  in  solution. 


One  gallon  contains  as  follows : 

GEYSERS— BATHING  WATER 

LIGHT  SALINO-BORIC-SUIvPHUROUS  WATER 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 
Temperature  /j/0  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Sulphate 3.96  Maganesium  Salts traces 

Potassium  Sulphate traces  Ferric  Sulphate 0.25 

Magnesium  Sulphate 0.26  Aluminium  Sulphate...  1.87 

Magnesium  Borate 18.20  Boracic  Acid 0.27 

Calcium  Sulphate 0.73  Silica 7.98 

Calcium  Borate 7.10  Organic  Matter traces 

Total  Solids,  40.62 

Free  Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 27. 90 


162  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

This  is  one  of  the  best  bathing  waters  on  the  coast. 
The  borates  and  sulphates  render  the  skin  soft,  white 
and  pliable,  cleansing  the  7,000,000  little  pores  on  the 
cutaneous  surface  of  an  average-sized  man.  (See  article  on 
bathing  in  front  part  of  book.)  This  water  has  proved 
highly  beneficial  in  the  treatment  of  the  many  cutaneous, 
syphilitic  and  strumous  contaminations,  rheumatism  and 
chronic  joint  troubles,  white  swellings  (synovites) ,  gout  and 
articular  diseases. 

The  water  is  also  used  for  internal  administration.  Its 
action  is  laxative,  diuretic  and  diaphoretic,  effecting  chylo- 
poietic  and  intestinal  tracts  as  well  as  the  kidney  and  skin. 

A  large  swimming  pond  has  been  constructed  by  dam- 
ming the  Pluton  River.  The  water  has  a  temperature  of  75° 
F.,  and  is  a  combination  of  all  the  mineral  spring  waters. 

The  Geyser  Springs,  hot  and  cold,  flow  daily  about 
100,000  gallons.  The  area  covered  is  about  four  hundred 
acres.  Most  of  the  activity,  however,  is  confined  to  the 
"  Devil's"  or  Geyser  Canon,  and  comprises  about  sixty 
acres. 

Many  of  the  springs  resemble  true  geysers,  such  as 
we  have  in  the  u  wonderland  of  America" — Yellowstone 
Park — and  in  Iceland ;  but  scientific  authorities  classify 
our  California  geysers  as  fumaroles  or  openings  and  outlets 
in  a  volcanic  district. 

From  the  following  analyses,  made  by  Prof.  Price  and 
the  writer,  it  will  be  observed  that  at  the  Geysers  can  be 
found  perhaps  a  greater  variety  of  mineral  waters  than  at 
any  other  place  on  the  continent,  or  perhaps  in  the  world. 
The  waters  are  valuable  for  the  many  conditions  noted 
under  the  head  of  "  Therapeutics  of  Mineral  Waters"  in 
a  preceding  chapter,  and  they  cannot  fail  to  attract  atten- 
tion. Extensive  Indian  mud  baths  are  found  near  the 
edge  of  the  river,  between  the  hotel  and  the  sulphur  banks. 


ANALYSES  OF  CALIFORNIA  GEYSERS 


153 


a 

S  fi 

*-i 

s  ^ 

O  K 

O 

5  2 


ti       g 


03       Q 
C«      £ 

s  I 


>s 

•a 

a 
<s 


From    Spout   of     Devil's 
Teakettle      Temp    212° 

;  is  ; 

co    :    .    :  o    :                 '•  *-<      co 

•o 
°°.  "S 

CO 

Fahr  .'  .'.  

I  |S  j 

.    .    :  eo    •    '    •    :      co      I-H 
:    :    :        r    :    :    :             I-H 

rH    iS 

i 

CO 

CO 

Hot     Sulphur    Water   In 
bed   of     Pluton    River, 
little  above  bathhouse. 
Temp.  140"  Fahr  

:    :    :  co 
:    :    :  eo 

CO    cj   ( 
co  -g  g 

oo   %  % 
tl  i 

CO  03 

CO 

CO 

co 

Spring     little   above    In- 
dian   Spring.     Tastes 
very    acid.    Temp.  105y 
Fahr  

:    :    :    : 

oo    ;          -H    ;          oo      oo      10 

••*      .               CO         rH 
;                         ;                            rH 

si 

co   S 

rH    .M 

33 

CO 

IB 
CO 

CO 
CO 

Indian  Spring  near  (Clo- 
verdale  Sulphur  Bank) 

•  co    • 

eo    •          eo    •            •      oo      o 

>o  § 

O 

Supposed  real  Indian 
Mud  Spring.  Temp.lOO" 

:    :  t-    : 

o    :         os    :                 eo      eo 

10    •                  co      eo 

33 

1 

§ 

Indian  Spring.    Temp. 

I  rH    J  os  c 
:  co    :  co  -5 

>      ift               r~                t~       oo    • 

•      co              TP              o      I-H    : 

•a 
eo  ^ 

g 

water  108°  Fahr.  ;  temp.. 

:  o    :  eor- 

*        t^                    iO                    O        O     * 

iQ    ^ 

eo 

Iron  Spring  (north  of  Ho- 

CO 

CO 

rH 

tel).    Temp.  70°  Fahr.  ... 

Spring    on    side    of    Hill 
(near    Pluton    River). 

co 

CO 

O        00                    :Q        i-H        O 
i-i         i-H                        TT1         T-H         CO 

:o   :    : 

•0 

CO 
IO 

Temp.    138°   Fahr.    Eye 
Water  

co 

1-1        O                    iO        O        O 

£  s 

^ 

CO 

From  Geyser  Creek  (below 

'•    •  i—  i 

co:::se>:::o::oo: 

•  o  S 

•   lO      cj 

C<) 

96"  Fahr  

:    :    :  co 

io::;o:::o::o: 

•  CO'    g 

s 

Alum  Spring.    Temp.  136° 

2 

^H                    OS.                    ^*        CO        iO 

oo              -^              co      co      -<f 

CO 
TJ 
CO   <g 
CO  "S 

i-H 

Fahr..  „  

iO 

co               ^4*               i>»      eo      co 

^     rH 

OO 

eo                       <£> 

ta 

CO 

CO 

Acid  Spring.    Temp.  140° 

S    £ 

^               co               co      co      eo 

rH    'S    05 

eo 

CO 

Fahr.  „  

i-H         OS 

-^                     rH                     CO         O         ^ 

i-J   S  *3 

OS 

OS                       rH         CO          IO 
rH 

co  3  ^ 

CO  CO 

CO 

20      eo    ; 

oo    ':       -co    J       •    •    :^<r-    : 

•o 

•  N.    a> 

CO 

Witch's  Cauldron.   Temp. 

T»<      co    : 

OS      •            •  CO      •                         •  O  CO      • 

:eo  ts 

10 

212°  Fahr  

O       Os     • 

co    :       :  os    ;       :    :    :  co  o    : 

:*•'  5 
:       * 

eo 

eo      rH    :    • 

•  co    •          >e>      eo      co 

•o 

OiO    « 

OS 

103°  Fahr 

•    •        •  o    :          eo      co      I-H 

r-.cc'     g 

kO 

M 

U3      . 

i-H     5 

r-t 

CONTENTS  PER 
U.  6.  GALLON  EXPRESSED 
GRAINS 

os    :    :    :    - 

cj  CD  c3     :  o 
-£  <BT3  c3  'C 
,P   w   O  rO   C 
JH  "i?  <3Q  o  & 

:    :    :  os    : 
i   :   :   :.2'55   :   :   :    :  ^   :   : 

oJS    :    ilfll  JJ|     | 

GCQccWcoObQpHa2Ow-<PH 

Hydrochloric  Acid  
Silicic  Acid  
Sulplmreted  Hydrogen... 
Boracic  Acid  

154  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

They  are  sulphurous  and  ferruginous,  and  of  great  thera- 
peutic value  as  soon  as  suitable  bathing  facilities  shall  have 
been  constructed. 

As  the  first  visitors  at  this  California  Hecla  were  at  a 
loss  for  motive  power  to  produce  all  these  boiling,  steaming 
and  spouting  Stygian  sluices,  they  naturally  turned  to 
tneir  early  teachings  for  a  solution  of  the  phenomena.  As 
they  were  all  good  people  and  had  early  been  taught  the 
power  of  his  Satanic  Majesty  located — well  he  used  to 
reside  in  the  infernal  regions,  presumably  in  the  center  of 
the  earth — why  they  most  naturally  gave  him  the  credit  and 
named  the  springs  with  their  present  euphonious  names  of 
"  Devil's"  this  and  "  Devil's"  that,  a  process  of  reasoning 
that  has  been  applied  to  names  given  at  a  more  recent  date. 
In  order  to  be  true  to  nature  we  have  described  the  springs 
with  their  names  as  we  found  them. 

The  owners  of  these  valuable  springs  and  health  resort 
contemplate  making  extensive  improvements  in  the  near 
future.  New  hotels  and  cottages  will  be  erected,  new  and 
complete  bathing  facilities  will  be  constructed,  and  the 
springs  will  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  competent,  gradu- 
ated physician,  who  will  study  the  therapeutical  effects  of 
the  different  springs  and  administer  the  waters  and  prescribe 
the  baths  intelligently. 

The  Geysers  are  wonderful  and  picturesque  exhibi- 
tions of  the  nearly  extinct  volcanic  forces  slumbering 
beneath  the  romantic  "  Devil's  Canon,"  and  the  resort  is 
one  of  the  pleasantest  and  most  salubrious  watering  places 
we  find  on  the  coast,  and  destined  to  become  one  of  the 
world's  greatest  sanitariums. 


LITTLE  GEYSERS 

About  four  miles  farther  up  the  canon  we  find  the 
"  Little  Geysers."  These  are  small  sulphurous,  steaming 
springs  of  no  special  importance. 


OTHER  GEYSERS  155 

69.      OTHER  GEYSERS 

Near  the  mouth  of  Willow  and  Warner  Creeks,  in 
Plumas  County,  are  found  a  number  of  small  geyser 
springs.  The  temperature  is  near  the  boiling  point,  and 
sulphurous  steam  and  vapors  rise  from  twenty  to  fifty  feet 
into  the  air.  The  property  is  unimproved. 


70.      GEYSER  SPRINGS 

Near  Geyser's  Station,  in  Sonoma  County,  are  located 
several  hot  and  cold  springs.  There  is  a  growing  resort 
established  there.  The  waters  are  alkaline,  and  range  in 
temperature  from  55°  F.  to  212°  F.  Collectively  the 
springs  flow  about  1,000  gallons  per  hour.  The  water  is 
also  used  commercially. 


71.      GEYSERS   IN   LONG   VALLEY 

At  the  extreme  western  end  of  Long  Valley  lie  a  few 
spouting  hot  springs.  They  are  on  the  south  branch  of 
Owen's  River  in  Mono  County.  The  property  is  unim- 
proved at  present. 


72.      GEYSER   SPA   OR   SODA   SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  near  Litton's  Station  in 
Sonoma  County,  some  four  miles  from  Geyserville.  There 
is  a  pleasant  resort  on  the  grounds.  The  surrounding 
country  is  picturesque.  The  climate  is  mild  and  salubri- 
ous, and  many  people  go  to  Geyser  Spa  every  year.  The 


166  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

waters  are  highly  esteemed  for  their  antacid,  diuretic  arid 
aperient  properties.  The  following  analyses  are  made  by 
Bauer  or  Price,  I  am  not  certain  which,  and  the  author 
shows  that  the  water  belongs  to  the  light  alkaline  class  : 


GEYSER  SPA 
ALKALINE  AND  CHALYBEATE 

Temperature  not  given 

BAUER  OR  PRICE,  DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSOW, 

Analyst.  Analyst,  1888 
U  S.  gal.  contains         U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 9.96  8.93 

Sodium  Carbonate 4.97 

Sodium   Bicarbonate 23.48  21.16 

Sodium  Sulphate 3.40  2.GO 

Potassium  Carbonate trace 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 9.80  9-03 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.14 

Calcium  Carbonate 4.56  4.90 

Ferrous  Carbonate 3.80  2.09 

Silica 1.80  3.75 

Organic  Matter trace 

Loss...,                                                                             .32  


Total  Solids 57.12  58.57 

Gases 
Carbonated  Acid  Gas not  given  saturated 


73.      GILROY   HOT  SPRINGS 

The  Gilroy  Hot  Springs  are  located  on  the  Coyote 
River,  about  nine  miles  northeast  of  the  town  of  Gilroy,  in 
the  Santa  Clara  Mountains.  They  are  reached  by  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad  to  Gilroy,  and  from  thence  by 
easy  stage  over  a  good  mountainous  road  with  picturesque 
surroundings.  Nestled  in  among  the  mountains  like  a 
fortress  of  old  lie  the  Gilroy  Springs.  The  delicious  atmos- 
phere, rich  in  ozone,  is  daily  brought  from  the  fragrant 
spruce  and  pine  forests  by  the  gentle  zephyrs,  to  insure 
health  and  vigor  to  all  who  breathe  it. 

Gilroy  has  one  main  spring  which  flows  in  great  abund- 
ance. The  temperature  varies  from  108°  F.  to  115°  F. 


157 


This  is  a  light  alkalo-sulphurous  water,  and  is  used  with  con- 
siderable benefit  in  syphilis,  rheumatism,  scrofula  and  gland- 
ular swellings,  chronic  skin  eruptions,  etc.,  etc.  It  is  taken 
internally  in  four  to  eight  ounce  doses  and  acts  kindly 
on  the  liver  and  bowels.  The  water  is  also  used  for  bath- 
ing, for  which  excellent  facilities  have  been  constructed. 


GILROY    SPRINGS 

ALKALO-SULPHURETED 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 

Temperature  no0  F. 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 31.75 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.42 

Sodium  Sulphate 75 

Potassium  Iodide trace 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.16 

Magnesium  Carbonate 2.45 

Magnesium  Sulphate 9.04 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Calcium  Chloride 8.50 

Calcium  Sulphate 2.70 

Ferrous  Carbonate 26 

Ferrous  Oxide trace 

Arsenic trace 

Silica 3.31 

Organic  Matter 52 


Total  Solids,  62.86 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 12.17 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 9.25 


158  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Near  this  hot  sulphur  spring  are  two  cold  sulphur 
springs  flowing  very  much  less.  Some  six  miles  along  the 
mountain  side  is  a  delicious  soda  spring  free  from  sulphur 
and  highly  carbonated. 

The  hotel  is  large  and  commodious.  Every  appoint- 
ment is  complete,  and  guests  are  well  cared  for.  There 
are  several  handsome  cottages  on  the  sunny  slope  of  the 
mountain  for  private  and  family  use. 

Hot  sulphurous  mud  baths  have  recently  been  added, 
which  are  much  used  by  the  rheumatic,  gouty,  syphilitic 
and  strumous,  and  those  having  joint  troubles. 


GILMORE'S   GLEN  ALPINE   MINERAL  SPRINGS  AND  HEALTH 

RESORT 

Back  in  the  mountain  fastnesses,  at  a  distance  of  seven 
miles  from  Lake  Tahoe  and  with  an  elevation  of  6,700  feet, 
are  the  Gilmore  Glen  Alpine  Mineral  Springs. 

The  wild,  rugged  gorge  in  which  they  are  situated 
runs  back  from  Tahoe  a  distance  of  some  ten  miles,  filled 
throughout  its  entire  length  with  varied  scenes  of  beauty 
and  grandeur,  and  terminating  abruptly  in  a  glacial  amphi- 
theater. The  mighty  glacier  which  originated  here  went 
grinding,  crushing  and  cutting  its  way  down,  forming  the 
beds  in  which  now  lie  the  beautiful  lakes,  in  a  chain  of 
which  Tahoe  is  the  last  link.  The  old  glacier  has  written 
its  record  deep  in  the  granite  faces  of  the  majestic  moun- 
tains, which  looked  down  in  silence  upon  that  work  of  the 
terrific  forces  of  nature  still  revealed  in  the  masses  of  giant 
boulders  piled  upon  their  sides,  and  in  the  scratched  or  pol- 
ished surfaces  of  stone  in  the  bed  of  the  canon  below. 

But  there  is  no  suggestion  of  the  chaos  and  desolation 
of  those  days  of  their  birth  in  the  tranquil  bosoms  of  the 
lakes,  which  now  slumber  or  awake  and  sparkle  in  the 
depths  of  the  canon,  where  thick  groves  of  pine,  tamarack, 
spruce  and  silver  fir  cast  deep,  cool  shadows.  The  region 
is  rich  in  exquisite  flowers  and  ferns. 


0 

I 

a 


160 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


These  dimpling  lakes,  with  the  wild  beauty  of  their 
surroundings,  are  sufficient  to  enthral  the  heart  of  him  who 
visits  them,  but  if  he  be  devoted  to  the  rod  and  reel  he  will 
find  an  additional  charm  in  the  swarms  of  speckled  beau- 
ties which  sport  in  the  clear  depths  and  rise  to  his  glanc- 
ing fly. 


YOSKMITK 


First  in  the  chain  of  lakes  is  the  Half-Moon,  which  lies 
with  Lake  Alta  Morris  in  the  amphitheater  at  the  head  of 
the  canon.  Their  outlet  tumbles  down  its  rocky  bed  into 
Lake  Susie,  a  mile  below,  a  picturesque,  romantic  spot. 
Near  by  is  Heather  Lake,  which  needs  a  Scott  to  sing  its 
beauties.  Quantities  of  heather  hand  their  dainty  bells, 
white,  pink  and  purple,  around  its  pebbly  shores,  and  the 


GLEN    ALPINE    FALLS 


162  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

snowbanks  lie  very  near.  The  stream  continues  from  Lake 
Susie,  making  an  abrupt  leap  at  first,  which  forms  the 
beautiful  Glen  Alpine  Falls ;  then  babbling  on  to  feed  Lake 
'84,  less  than  a  mile  below. 

Leaving  that  lake  the  bright  stream  dashes  on,  passing 
the  Glen  Alpine  Springs,  from  which  point  it  can  be 
watched,  as  one  drives  down,  making  its  way  to  another 
haunt  of  the  trout.  There  it  "glides  under  lily-pads"  into 
a  lake  named  Lily,  from  the  abundance  of  its  water-lilies. 

Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  the  gem  of  the  Sierras,  is  just  a 
mile  below  Lily,  and  separated  from  Tahoe  by  a  level  strip 
one  mile  in  width.  The  drive  from  Tahoe  to  the  head  of 
Fallen  Leaf,  winding  around  its  shores,  is  very  beautiful. 
The  early  morning  reflection  here  is  perfectly  enchanting. 

This  region  has  been  opened  to  the  public  with  great 
labor  and  expense  by  the  construction  of  a  wagon  road  as 
far  as  Glen  Alpine  Spiings,  and  mountain  trails  to  all  the 
lakes,  including  a  trail  for  the  ascent  of  Mt.  Tallac,  which 
rears  its  head  10,000  feet  above  the  sea  and  commands  a 
wide  and  magnificent  view  of  the  distant  peaks  and  numer- 
ous lakes. 

The  lakes  have  been  furnished  with  boats  and  stocked 
with  the  finest  trout,  and  black  bass  have  been  added,  mak- 
ing the  Glen  Alpine  fly  fishery  one  of  the  finest,  nor  do  the 
finny  tribes  scorn  a  baited  hook.  Saddle  horses  are  kept 
for  use  on  any  of  the  trails. 

Accommodations  for  guests  have  been  prepared  at  Glen 
Alpine  Springs,  where  those  in  search  of  hea1th  or  pleasure 
may  remain  almost  with  a  certainty  of  gaining  both.  The 
air  possesses  the  quality  of  purity  and  balmiiiess  in  perfec- 
tion, and  the  granite  walls  surrounding  the  Glen  radiate  in 
the  evening  the  heat  which  they  absorb  during  the  day, 
making  the  evening  air  soft  and  dry;  and  frost  is  rarely 
seen  from  the  first  of  June  until  the  first  of  September. 


GILMORE'S  GLEN  ALPINE  SPRINGS  163 

GIL-MORE'S  GLEN  ALPINE  SPRINGS 

CARBONATED  AND  CHALYBEATE 

DR.  WINSU>W  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 

Temperature,  39.6  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 21.17  Ferrous  Carbonate 1.80 

Sodium  Carbonate 32.75  Alumina 1.43 

Potassium  Carbonate trace  Borates trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 9.96  Silica 2.50 

Calcium  Carbonate 45.09  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium  Sulphate 4.10 

Total  Solids,  118.80 
Gases                                   Cubic  Inches 
Free  Carbonic   Acid  Gas 138.36 

The  water  is  pleasant  to  the  taste  and  highly  charged 
with  carbonic  acid  gas.  Its  action  is  gently  aperient  and 
diuretic,  useful  in  dypepsia,  torpidity  of  the  bowels  and  kid- 
ney and  bladder  irritation.  It  is  also  tonic  and  of  value 
where  iron  is  indicated. 

75.    GORDON'S  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

About  half  way  between  Calistoga  and  Lakeport,  in 
Cobb's  Valley,  Lake  County,  lie  Gordon's  Springs.  They 
are  romantically  situated  in  the  heart  of  a  mountain  and 
forest  region.  The  climate,  too,  is  beautiful.  Invalids 
pronounce  it  mild  and  balmy.  During  Summer  months 
the  temperature  ranges  from  72"  to  90°  F. 

The  springs  are  at  an  elevation  of  about  3,000  feet. 
The  principal  spring  flows  about  three  hundred  gallons  per 
hour,  having  a'  temperature  of  100"  F.  The  waters  are 
sparkling  alkaline,  having  antacid  and  aperient  properties. 
For  chronic  albumenurea  and  cystitis  these  springs  have  a 
high  reputation.  In  acid  dyspepsia  the  water  is  recom- 
mended before  meals. 

A  pleasant  resort  has  been  established  in  this  moun- 
tainous region,  and  it  is  worthy  of  remark  that  persons 
suffering  with  chronic  bronchitis,  catarrh,  asthma,  and  early 
stages  of  consumption,  do  well  at  this  altitude  among  the 
pines. 


1G4  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

GORDON'S  MINERAL,  SPRINGS 
ALKALO  SALINE 

Temperature,  100?  F. 
DR  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  TJ.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 20.75  Calcium  Carbonate 11.16 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.19  Calcium  Sulphate 23.46 

Sodium  Sulphate 8.62  Alumina 3.55 

Potassium  Carbonate 73  Silica 2.27 

Magnesium  Carbonate 6.14  Organic  Matter trace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 10.93 

Total  Solids,  90.80 
Gases 
Carbonic  Acid  Gas large  excess 

The  circling  hills  that  guard  Clear  Lake  like  lazy  giants  lie 
Beneath  the  ardent  sunshine,  their  faces  to  the  sky; 
Konocti  sees  across  her  waves  Night's  elfin  shadows  play, 
And  loves  to  catch  and  fling  to  her  the  first  red  lights  of  Day. 

Back  from  the  lake  the  pretty  town  goes  dancing  to  the  hills 

That  greet  her  with  a  gift  of  flowers  and  serenade  of  rills. 

The  wine  of  life  is  in  the  air  that  wafts  the  fragrance  down 

From  resinous  pines  and  odorous  flowers  to  lake  and  shore  and  town. 

Oh  !  fairest  land  beneath  the  sun,  within  whose  border  lies 
The  glory  of  an  emerald  earth  o'erhung  by  sapphire  skies, 
And  where,  likfe  threads  of  finest  gold,  the  yellow  sun-rays  fall — 
Where  Beauty  makes  her  dwelling-place,  and  Heaven  is  over  all. 

— Carrie  Stevens  Walter. 

HARBIN    HOT   SULPHUROUS   AND    MINERAL   SPRINGS 

At  an  elevation  of  about  1,700  feet  above  tide-water,  and 
at  the  base  of  a  spur  of  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains,  in 
Lake  County,  about  twenty  miles  from  Calistoga,  are  located 
these  excellent  springs  and  resort.  It  would  be  difficult  to 
find  a  more  delightful  or  picturesque  spot  so  rich  in  scen- 
ery, mountains  perpetually  clad  in  evergreen  garments  and 
hills  with  verdure  bright  forming  the  background  of  the 
landscape.  Then  we  have  brooks  and  rills,  now  smoothly 
gliding  over  moss-covered  banks  and  now  trickling  down 
silvered  paths  with  pebbles  bright,  forming  miniature  cas- 
cades in  their  ever  restless  pace  to  join  the  broad  Pacific. 


166  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  climate,  too,  is  one  of  the  most  salubrious  in  the 
State,  having  a  mean  thermometric  degree  of  about  70°  F. 
Although  the  climate  and  surroundings  are  exceedingly 
favorable  to  the  healthfulness  and  pleasure  of  visitors  and 
invalids,  the  great  virtue  of  Harbin  lies  in  the  intrinsic 
therapeutic  value  of  the  mineral  springs. 

The  waters  are  sulphurous  and  saline,  the  principal 
spring  flowing  1,500  gallons  per  hour.  There  is  also  a 
smaller  chalybeate  spring  fount,  yielding  only  sixty  gal- 
lons per  hour. 

The  Sulphur  Spring  has  a  temperature  of  122°  F.  For 
this  hot  water  excellent  bathing  facilities  have  been  con- 
structed, and  much  benefit  accrues  in  the  treatment  of 
chronic  rheumatism,  gout,  joint  diseases  and  cutaneous 
affections  by  prolonged  or  frequent  bathing  in  this  water. 

For  internal  administration  the  sulphur  water,  as  well 
as  the  ferruginous  waters,  are  used.  In  torpidity  of  the 
chylo-poietic  and  intestinal  tissues,  dyspepsia,  kidney 
troubles,  etc.,  and  especially  in  glandular  and  skin  dis- 
eases, on  account  of  the  arsenic  present,  the  Harbin  min- 
eral waters  have  proven  of  great  value. 


HARBIN  HOT  SULPHUR  SPRING 

SALINO-SULPHURETED 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 

Temperature  122°  F. 
Flows  1,50^  gallons  per  hour 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 23.05  Calcium  Sulphate 14.63 

Sodium  Carbonate 5.42  Ferrous  Sulphate 1.7o 

Sodium  Sulphate -. 10.19  Arsenious  Salts 0.07 

Potassium  Carbonate 1.74  Alumina 1.60 

Magnesium  Carbonate 6.18  Silica 2.76 

Magnesium  Sulphate 11.94  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium  Carbonate 9.10 

Total  Solids,  88.63 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 4.26 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 11.74 


HARBIN  SPRINGS— "IRON"  SPRING  167 

The  chalybeate  spring  is  clear  and  sparkling  and 
has  a  pleasant  taste.  The  waters  are  tonic,  antacid,  diuretic 
and  aperient,  valuable  in  dyspepsia,  anaemia,  chlorosis, 
chronic  malarial  poisoning  and  wasting  diseases. 

HARBIN  SPRINGS—"  IRON"  SPRING 

LIGHT  CHALYBEATE-CARBONATED   WATER 

DR.  WINSI.OW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  116°  f. 
Flows  60  gallons  per  hour 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 7.50  Magnesium  Sulphate...  6.11 

Sodium  Carbonate 14.22  Calcium   Carbonate....   2.07 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 1.45  Calcium  Sulphate trace 

Sodium  Sulphate 5.25  Ferrous  Carbonate 1.90 

Potassium  Chloride trace  Alumina 73 

Potassium  Carbonate 1.73  Silica 1.41 

Magnesium  Carbonate 4.16  Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  46.53 

Gases                                                    Cubic  Inches 
Carbonic  Acid  Gas 9.34 

The  salino-carbonated  water,  or  soda,  is  a  very  pleasant 
and  palatable  table  water.  It  is  very  gently  laxative,  and 
tonic.  An  excellent  wrater  for  the  dyspepsia  superinduced 
by  a  too  familiar  friendship  with  Bacchus.  It  is  good  in 
morning  vomiting  and  irritative  indigestion.  For  Bright's 
disease  and  irritation  of  the  kidneys  and  bladder,  with 
acidity  of  the  urine,  it  is  highly  recommended. 

HARBIN   SPRINGS— "MAGNESIA"    SPRING 

SALINO-CARBONATED 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  60°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.72  Ferrous  Carbonate. 27 

Sodium  Carbonate 5.17  Arsenic. .y trace 

Sodium  Sulphate 4.32  Alumina 68 

Potassium  Salts 1.05  Lithium trace 

Magnesium  CarbonaU 7.15  Borates trace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 15.92  Silica 2.82 

Calcium  Carbonate 8.43  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium  Sulphate 93 

Total  Solids,  48.46 

Gases                                                  Cubic  Inches 
Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 17.25 


168  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  "  arsenic  "  spring  presents  an  excellent  combina- 
tion for  blood-glandular  disorders,  cutaneous  diseases, 
scrofula,  gout  and  rheumatism.  The  potassium  salts,  iron 
and  arsenic  are  valuable  medicinal  agents.  It  has  car- 
bonic anhydride  enough  to  make  it  palatable.  Its  action 
is  tonic  and  alterative,  laxative  and  diuretic. 

In  syphilitic  and  skin  diseases,  goitre,  swollen  glands, 
etc.,  this  water  has  become  quite  famous. 


HARBIN  SPRINGS— "  ARSENIC  "  SPRING 

SALINO-CARBON  AT  ED 
DR.  WINSI,OW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  go°  F. 
Flows  only  15  gallons  per  hour 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal,  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 9.70  Ferrous  Carbonate 92 

Sodium  Carbonate 7.35  Manganese  Carbonate '.trace 

Sodium  Sulphate trace  Lithium.  trace 

Potassium  Chloride 1.16  Arsenious  Salts 27 

Potassium  Carbonate 3.09  Borates trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 14.76  Alumina 2.20 

Magnesium  Sulphate 3.95  Silica 1.90 

Calcium  Carbonate 6.10  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium  Sulphate 76 

Total  Solids,  52.10 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen traces 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 6.22 

At  Harbin  Springs  we  find  first-class  accommodations, 
a  good  table,  fine  fishing  and  hunting,  with  the  excellent 
climatic  advantages  common  throughout  Lake  County. 

77.       HATCHIN    KAMA    SPRINGS 

This  is  a  salino-alkalo  lake  fed  by  a  number  of  springs. 
It  was  found  four  miles  west  of  Borax  Lake,  southeast  of 
Clear  Lake,  in  Lake  County. 

78.    HENSLEY'S  SPRINGS 

These  are  found  in  Tehama  Count}^,  and  are  strongly 
impregnated  with  iron.  They  are  much  used  locally. 


HIB&S  SODA   SPMNGS 


169 


79.     HIBB'S  SODA  SPRINGS 

These  mineral  springs  are  found  sixty-twc£nriles  north 
of  Redding,  in  Shasta  County.  They  are  reported  as 
pleasant,  sparkling  soda  waters,  gently  diuretic  and  aperi- 
ent, and  of  value  in  kidney  and  bladder  troubles.  The 
waters  are  used  for  miles  around. 


80.       HIGHLAND    SPRINGS 


These  excellent 
springs  are  located 
within  the  edge  of 
the  mountains  from 
Big  Valley,  in  Lake  County,  about 
four  miles  from  Kelseyville  and 
seven  miles  from  Lakeport.  They 
are  reached  by  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad  on  the  south  to  Calistoga,  and  thence  by  stage, 
by  the  Northern  Pacific  ("Donohue  Road")  on  the 
southwest  to  Cloverdale,  and  thence  by  stage  ;  by  stage 
from  Mendocino  County  011  the  north  and  Colusa  County 
from  the  east.  The  drive  by  stage  from  Calistoga 
or  Cloverdale  to  the  springs  is  exceedingly  picturesque. 
Every  turn  presents  something  new  and  interesting.  Here 
and  there  are  seen  the  mountains  thickly  covered  with 
woods.  Here  and  there  are  moss-covered  banks  and  run- 
ning brooks  over  which  hang  huge  ferns  and  shrubbery. 
Now  we  are  on  the  narrow  road  on  the  mountain  side,  sev- 
eral hundred  feet  above  the  river,  and  an  almost  precipitous 
descent  over  the  banks.  With  a  short  turn  we  sweep 
around  the  curve  in  the  road,  and  the  dexterity  with  which 


170 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


the  trained  stage  driver  wheels  his  six-in-hand  around  these 
cuts  and  curves  is  something  marvelous.  At  length  the 
summit  is  gained.  This  is  an  elevation  of  3,200  feet  above 


the  sea  level.  Here  one  sees  one  of  the  grandest  sights 
imaginable.  As  far  as  the  eye  can  reach  in  every  direc- 
tion are  mountains  and  valleys,  peaks  upon  peaks,  moun- 


HIGHLAND  SPRINGS  171 

tain  streams  and  brooks,  forest  and  shrubbery.  The  most 
picturesque  of  all  is  the  view  northward  over  Clear  Lake 
and  Lake  County.  The  lake  itself,  a  magnificent  sheet  of 
water,  is  twenty-five  miles  long  and  six  to  eight  miles 
wide.  It  has  an  altitude  of  1,200  feet,  and  lies  peacefully 
smiling  in  the  embrace  of  the  mountains  on  all  sides,  with 
"  Uncle  Sam's  "  head  above  them  all.  We  see  the  bright 
cultivated  fields  like  a  huge  checkerboard  in  the  valley 
below.  The  gigantic  oaks — the  largest  in  the  State — are 
scattered  here  and  there  to  complete  the  kaleidoscopic 
panorama.  Well  might  this  be  called  the  u  Switzerland  of 
America,"  for  a  more  magnificent  picture  can  scarcely  be 
imagined.  The  descent  to  the  springs  is  made  in  much 
less  than  half  the  time  that  it  takes  to  make  the  ascent, 
and  the  springs  are  soon  seen  lying  in  a  level  sequestered 
spot  surrounded  by  hills,  and  by  trees  of  many  years' 
growth. 

At  Highland's  we  find  a  commodious  hotel  and  many 
elegant  cottages  built  with  a  view  to  health  and  beauty 
combined.  There  is  also  a  livery  stable  at  which  saddle 
horses  and  carriages  may  be  procured  for  the  drives  to 
Lakeport,  Soda  Bay,  Kelseyville,  etc.  A  large  pure  moun- 
tain stream  runs  past  the  hotel,  which  is  well  supplied  with 
fish.  The  climate  is  mild  and  dry,  and  the  air  is  pure  and 
filled  with  ozone  and  scents  from  the  fragrant  woods  and 
plants  which  abound  on  the  grounds.  The  altitude  is  about 
1,700  feet,  and  it  is  claimed  to  be  an  excellent  place  for 
consumptives. 

Mineral  springs  are  usually  abundant  in  Lake  County, 
and  some  of  them  are  of  considerable  therapeutic  value. 
At  Highland's  there  are  some  twenty  springs,  all  of  which 
I  examined  in  1888.  Five  of  the  most  important  are  sub- 
jected to  careful  analyses. 

THE   SELTZER  SPRING 

This  valuable  spring  is  situated  about  five  hundred 
yards  from  the  hotel,  eastward.  It  is  conveniently  cemented 


172  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

and  covered  with  a  summer-house.  The  waters  are  alkalo- 
saline  and  chalybeate,  and  very  efficacious  in  many  diseases 
requiring  antacid,  laxative,  diuretic  and  tonic  properties. 
It  has  been  used  with  much  success  in  dyspepsia,  neuralgia, 
kidney  and  bladder  troubles,  calculi,  etc.,  and  rheuma- 
tism, gout  and  skin  diseases.  This  spring  has  changed 
but  little  in  six  years,  as  seen  by  the  following  analyses  : 

v    HIGHLAND  SELTZER 
ALKALO-SALINE  AND  CHALYBEATE 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON'S  PROF.  RISING'S 

Analysis,  1888  Analysis,  1882 

Temperature  60.4"  F.  Temperature  64. SQ  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                          Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 67  .723 

Sodium  Carbonate 2.06 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 12.72  12.796 

Potassium  Bicarbonate 50  .489 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 33.95  34.872 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 52.25  52.045 

Manganese  Bicarbonate trace  trace 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.43 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 1.267 

Silica 5.13  5.245 

Alumina   1.75  1.565 

Organic  Matter trace  trace 


Total  Solids 110.46  109.002 

Gases                                              Grains  Grains 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 98.41  100.250 

The  "Dutch  or  Ems,"  "  Neptune,"  "Diana"  and  "Magic" 
are  located  on  a  small  bank  across  the  little  stream.  The  dis- 
tance from  the  hotel  westward  is  from  one  hundred  to  two 
hundred  yards.  The  springs  are  all  nicely  cemented  with 
artificial  stone.  They  are  kept  clean  and  inviting.  In 
most  cases  suitable  houses  or  coverings  have  been  con- 
structed. 

The  Dutch  or  Ems  Spring  is  more  diuretic  and  laxa- 
tive than  the  Seltzer.  It  has  a  larger  amount  of  iron  and 
less  strongly  carbonated.  But  little  change  is  observable 
in  six  years. 


173 

HIGHLAND  DUTCH  OR  EMS 

ALKALO-SALLNE 
Total  flow  63  gallons  per  hour 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON'S  PROF.  RISING'S 

Analysis,  1888  Analysis,  1882 

Temperature  77°  F.  Temperature  70.5"  F. 

U.S.  gal .  contains  U.S.  gal .  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.76  1.862 

Sodium  Bicarbonate ...17.50  18.348 

Sodium  Carbonate 2.45  

Potassium  Bicarbonate 78  .770 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 66.55  67.634 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.63 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 57.32  57.302 

Manganese  Bicarbonate trace  trace 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.53 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 1.344 

Silica 7.22  7.126 

Alumina 12  .117 

Organic  Matter traces  trace 


Total  Solids 156.86  154.503 

Gases                               Grains  Grains 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 85.90  87.822 

The  Magic  Spring  is  found  to  be  slightly  more  saline 
and  less  carbonated.  It  is  reported  to  act  like  "magic"  on 
the  liver,  bowels  and  kidneys,  hence  the  name. 

HIGHLAND  MAGIC  SPRING 

ALKALO-SALINE 
Flow  165  gallons  per  hour 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON'S  PROF.  RISING'S 

Analysis,  1888  Analysis,  1882 

Temperature  /9.5°  F.  Temperature  88.4"  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S,  Gal,  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.53  1.290 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 20.13  21.763 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.70 

Potassium  Bicarbonate 51  .544 

Potassium  Carbonate 21 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 70.50  70.243 

Magnesium  Carbonate 27 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 49.06  50.411 

Calcium  Carbonate 73 

Manganese  Bicarbonate trace  trace 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 1.087 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.22 

Alumina 14  .169 

Barium  Carbonate 07 

Borates 28  

Silica 6.40  7.398 

Organic  Matter trace  trace 


Total  Solids 154.75  152.905 

Gases                                     Grains  Grains 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 75.90  74.462 


174  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

HIGHLAND  NEPTUNE  SPRING 

HEAVY    SALINE 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON'S  PROF.  RISING'S 

ANALYSIS,  1888  ANALYSIS,  1882 

Temperature  80.5*  F.  Temperature  81.7°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                      Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.65  1.680 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 21.12  22.100 

Sodium  Carbonate 76  

Potassium  Bicarbonate 78  .803 

Potassium  Carbonate 36  

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 70.09  89.870 

Magnesium  Carbonate 20.52  

Calcium   Bicarbonate 37.80  77.7-"0 

Manganese  Bicarbonate trace 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 1.370 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.67  . 

Barium  Bicarbonate 1.75 

Barium  Carbonate 22 

Lithium  Bicarbonate trace 

Borates 53  

Boracic  Acid .470 

Alumina 1.20  1.370 

Silica 7.96  8.420 

Organic  Matter trace  trace 


Total  Solids 164.65  204.008 

Gases  Grains  Grain! 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 93.U6  94.120 

In  this  analysis  of  Neptune  Spring  will  be  observed 
quite  a  change,  especially  in  the  calcium  salts.  Many  of 
these  cold  carbonated  or  superficial  springs  are  known  to 
change  from  year  to  year,  depending  largely  on  the  rain- 
fall, etc. 

HIGHLAND 

Besides  the  springs  herewith  mentioned,  there  are 
several  others  on  the  premises  not  fully  developed.  Their 
names  are:  "Lime  Kiln,"  "Ladies'  Delight,"  "Small 
Diana,"  Nos.  "i,"  "2,"  "3,"  "4,"  "5,"  "  Minna,"  and  others. 
On  looking  over  partial  analyses  made  by  Mr.  O'Neil,  of 
the  University  of  California,  I  find  their  composition  is  very 
similar  to  those  already  analyzed. 

Highland  Springs  health  resort,  with  its  picturesque 
surroundings  and  excellent  climatic  advantages,  bids  fair 
to  become  one  of  our  most  popular  watering  places  in  the 
State. 


HIGHLAND  DIANA  SPRING 


175 


HIGHLAND    DIANA    SPRING 


HEAVY  SALINE 
Total  flow  116  gallons  per  hour 


DR.  WINSI^OW  ANDERSON, 

Analyst,  1888 
Temperature  82.7°  F. 


Mineral  Ingredients 


U.  S.  Gal.  contains 
Grains 


Sodium  Chloride 1.90 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 23.70 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.4U 

Potassium  Bicarbonate 1.50 

Potassium  Carbonate 18 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 75  52 

Magnesium  Carbouate 3.17 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 69.83 

Manganese  Bicarbonate trace 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.56 

Barium  Bicarbonate 24 

Lithium  Bicarbonate trace 

Alumina 29 

Boracic  Acid 

Borates 56 

Silica 7.17 

Organic  Matter...  trace 


Total  Solids 189.02 

Gases  Grains 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 70.92 


PROF.  RISING, 

Analyst,  1882 

Temperature  84.4°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Grains 

1.899 

24.(  80 


1.466 
78.950 

73.270 
trace 
1.400 

.200 

trace 

.230 

undetermined 


8.079 
trace 

189.574 
Grains 
71.850 


HIGHLAND   SPRINGS 

The  bathing  water  is  artificially  heated.  It  is  found  to 
be  an  alkalo-saline  water,  also  containing  iron. 

The  baths  are  invigorating,  and  have  been  used  for 
rheumatism  and  joint  affections. 


HIGHLAND  BATHING  WATER 
ARTIFICIALLY  HEATED  ALKALO-SALINE 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 


Mineral  Ingredients 


U.  S.  Gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 


U.  S.  Gal.  contains 
Grains 


Sodium  Chlo'ide 2.17 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 1.61 

Sodium  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Bicarbonate 70 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate. ..65. 10 
Magnesium  Carbonate 7.04 


Calcium  Bicarbonate 36.45 

Manganese  Bicarbonate. ..trace 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.75 

Alumina 1.25 

Silica 7.85 

Organic  Matter trace 


Total  Solids,  123.92 
Gases                                                  Grains 
Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas...  63.50 


176 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


HIGH   ROCK   SPRING 

Nine  miles  east  of  Honey  Lake,  in  Lassen  County,  is 
found  an  alkaline  spring  having  a  temperature  of  100°  F. 
The  property  is  unimproved. 

HOOD'S  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  ten  miles  northwest  of  Clo- 
verdale.  The  waters  are  alkaline  and  carbonated.  A  resort 
is  contemplated. 

HOT   BORATE   SPRING 

This  remarkable  spring  is  situated  near  the  town  of 
Lakeport,  and  on  the  edge  of  Clear  Lake.  The  elevation 
is  about  1,200  feet.  The  spring  flows  18,000  gallons  per 
hour,  and  has  a  temperature  of  124°  F.  (July,  1888).  On 
analysis  Hot  Borate  Spring  contains  : 

HOT  BORATE  SPRING 


BORATE  WATER 
Flow  18,000  gallons  per  hour 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON, 

Analyst,  1888 
Temperature  ISJf  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grain* 

Sodium  Chloride 86.42 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 75.40 

Sodium  Biborate 201.75 

Potassium  Iodide 12 

Potassium  Chloride trace 

Potassium  Bromide trace 

Potassium  Bicarbonate „    4.26 

Ammonium  Bicarbonate 96.20 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 73 

Magnesium  Iodide 

Magnesium  Bromide 

Calcium  Sulphate trace 

Alumina 2.04 

Silica 7.96 

Silicic  Acid 

Organic  Matter 9.07 

Matter  Volatile  at  red  heat — 

Total  Solids 483.95 

Gases  Grains 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas ...30.76 


MR.  MOORB, 
Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contain* 
Giain* 

84.62 

76.96 
103.2t 


trace 


107.76 


.09 

trace 

trace 

1.26 

8.23 

65.T7 

447.0S 
Grains 
3637 


HOT  BORAX  SPRING  177 

HOT   BORAX    SPRING 

This  spring  is  remarkable  on  account  of  its  large  value, 
the  excessive  amount  of  ammonium  salts  and  the  large 
quantity  of  borax  present  in  the  water.  Prof.  Whitney 
speaks  of  the  changeableness  of  this  spring,  both  in  its 
flow  and  in  its  ingredients. 

The  water  is  used  in  Lakeport  and  surrounding  coun- 
try for  inflammation  of  the  kidneys  and  bladder.  It  is  also 
claimed  to  have  dissolved  a  stone  in  the  bladder. 


HOT   MUD   SPRINGS 

Extensive  hot  mud  beds  and  springs  are  found  on  the 
banks  of  Shovel  Creek,  in  Siskiyou  County.  The  locality 
is  filled  with  sulphurous  fumes  and  mud,  and  incrustations 
of  native  sulphur  deposits  on  the  cooler  margins  of  the 
springs. 

A  small  resort  has  sprung  up  at  this  place,  and  chronic 
rheumatic  and  crippled  invalids  are  said  to  improve  while 
bathing  in  the  mud. 


HOT    SPRINGS 

Thermal  springs — sulphurous,  calcic,  saline  and  alka- 
line— abound  all  over  the  State.  Many  have  not  been  even 
named  as  yet. 

The  following  list  comprises  a  number  of  the  undevel- 
oped hot  springs  in  California : 


HOT   SODA   SPRINGS 

Near  the  head  of  Battle  Creek,  in  Plumas  County,  are 
located  several  hot  soda  springs.  They  flow  a  large  volume 
and  the  waters  have  a  high  temperature.  No  improve- 
ments. 


178  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

HOT  SPRINGS— ON  PAOHA  ISLAND   IN  MONO  LAKE 
F.  M.  CHATARD,  Analyst 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grammes  per  Litre  Mineral  Ingredients  Grammes  per_Ivitre 

Sodium  Carbonate 0506  Sodium  Chloride 0104 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 0154  Potassium  Chloride 0169 

Calcium  Carbonate 1035  Silica 0178 

Sodium    Sulphate 0799 

Total  Solids  (37  grains  to  gallon)  0.^945 

This  .spring  has  a  temperature  of  110°  F.,  and  is  in  the 
middle  of  Mono  Lake,  which  contains  3,000  grains  of  salt 
to  the  gallon,  while  this  water  has  only  37.88  to  the  gallon. 

HOT  SPRINGS  NOT  NAMED 

Three  miles  east  of  Canby,  in  Modoc  County,  sul- 
phurous. 

In  Modoc  County,  on  the  east  side  of  Middle  Alkali 
Lake,  seven  miles  southeast  of  Cedarville. 

Southeast  of  Lassen's  Peak,  in  Plumas  County,  at 
the  head  of  Warner's  Creek. 

tft  the  base  of  Warner's  range  in  Modoc  County,  at 
the  south  end  of  Lower  Alkali  Lake. 

In  Santa  Barbara  County,  five  miles  south  of  the 
city  of  Santa  Barbara,  are  several  hot  springs  having  a 
temperature  of  112°  F.  to  118°  F.  The  water  is  sulphur- 
eted,  and  a  resort  is  being  built. 

West  Side  of  Lower  ttlkali  Lake  in  Modoc  County. 

Between  Upper  and  Lower  rtlkali  Lakes,  in  Modoc 
County. 

In  Mono  County,  thirteen  miles  west  of  Bridgeport. 

In  Plumas  County  are  several  more  springs.  Some 
are  sulphureted,  others  are  alkaline. 

In  northwest  part  of  San  Diego  County,  at  the  bend 
of  San  Jacinto  River. 

In  Kern  County,  near  Kern  River,  seven  miles  below 
Kernville.  These  waters  are  highly  charged  with  sul- 
phureted hydrogen.  Temperature  127°  F. 

Near  Big  Valley,  in  Lassen  County,  between  •  Clear 
Creek  and  Pitt  River  are  several  springs — mostly  sul- 
phureted. 


HOT  SPRINGS  NOT  NAMED  179 

In  Los  Angeles  County,  about  twelve  miles  northwest 
of  San  Juan  Capistrano,  are  six  alkalo-sulphurous  springs. 
The  temperature  varies  from  123*  F.  to  130°  P. 

Near  the  summit  of  Mt,  Shasta  are  several  hot 
alkaline  springs. 

In  Centura  County,  south  of  Rafael  Peak.  One  of 
the  many  springs  has  a  temperature  of  195°  F. 

In  Mono  County,  two  miles  southeast  of  Bridgeport. 

Wear  Be/lton^  in  Mono  County.  Hot  saline.  Tem- 
perature 138°  F. 

In  Kern  County,  seven  miles  southeast  of  Kernville 
and  five  miles  northwest  of  Havilah. 

In  Long  Valley,  Mono  County,  five  miles  east  of  the 
Geysers.  Temperature  140°  F. 

In  Inyo  County,  west  of  Dry  Salt  Lake,  on  the  Arma- 
gosa  Creek. 

On  the  east  side  of  Hot  Cove,  on  the  Paoha  Island,  in 
Mono  Lake,  Mono  County.  Temperature  110°  F. 

In  21  mad  or  County,  in  a  small  valley  west  of  Mark- 
lee  ville. 

West  of  Panamint,  six  miles,  in  Inyo  County. 

In  Colusa  County,  four  miles  south  of  Bear  Valley. 
Temperature  120°  F.  Saline. 

In  Inyo  County,  on  both  east  and  wes,t  side  of  Owen's 
River,  in  the  valley  south  of  Bishop's  Creek.  Tempera- 
ture i32°F. 

In  Plumas  County,  south  of  Lake  Canon,  near  the 
head  of  Battle  Creek.  The  waters  are  alkaline.  Tempera- 
ture 85°  F. 

In  Modoc  County,  two  miles  north  of  Fort  Bid  well. 

In  Surprise  y alley,  Modoc  County,  east  side  of  Mid- 
dle Alkali  Lake  and  opposite  Cedarville.  Several  springs 
have  a  temperature  of  180°  F.,  and  are  sulphurous. 


A.     12. 


180  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

HOT  SODA  SPRINGS 

Located  in  Plumas  County,  on  Battle  Creek.  Tem- 
perature 196°  to  200°  F.  A  large  volume  of  hot  alkaline 
water  issues  from  the  springs.  The  property  is  not 
improved. 

HOUGH'S  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  pleasantly  located  in  Lake  County, 
on  the  north  fork  of  Cache  Creek,  about  thirty-two  miles 
from  Williams.  The  altitude  is  1,960  feet. 

Route  of  travel:  Take  ferry  and  railroad  from  San 
Francisco  to  Williams,  or  via  Calistoga,  and  thence  by 
stage.  The  waters  are  all  cold,  having  a  temperature  of 
about  60°  F. 

No.  /,  the  main  spring,  contains  magnesia,  soda, 
silica,  alumina  and  ferruginous  salts,  with  an  excess  of 
carbonic  acid  gas.  The  water  is  tonic,  aperient  and 
diuretic. 

No.  2  flows  from  an  artificial  well  dug  about  twenty- 
five  feet  deep.  It  contains  a  stronger  impregnation  of  iron 
and  more  magnesia  salts,  producing  free  evacuations  after 
each  large  draught. 

Jfo.  3,  also  a  well,  twenty-eight  feet  deep,  contains 
some  sulphur,  and  is  much  used  for  cutaneous  and  rheu- 
matic diseases. 

No.  4-  is  a  carbonated  water.  The  resort  is  a  pleasant 
one,  and  gaining  in  public  favor  every  year. 

HOWARD   SPRINGS 

The  Howard  Springs,  some  fourteen  in  all,  are  located 
in  Lake  County,  six  miles  from  Lower  Lake  and  thirty-two 
miles  from  Calistoga.  They  lie  in  a  small  basin,  at  an  ele- 
vation of  2,220  feet,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  hills  cov- 
ered with  luxuriant  vegetation,  flowers  and  sweet  woods. 
The  resort  is  growing  every  year,  and  ample  accommoda- 
tions are  found  for  invalids  and  pleasure-seekers.  Hunting 


HOWARD  SPRINGS 


181 


and  fishing,  the  "California  diamond  fields,"  pine  forests 
and  good  tonic  alkalo-carbonated  waters  are  among  the 
attractions  found  at  Howard  Springs. 

The  springs  consist  principally  of  sparkling  carbon- 
ated waters.  Two  or  three  also  contain  sulphur.  These 
are  used  for  bathing. 

The  carbonated  waters  contain  sodium  chloride,  sodium 
bicarbonate,  magnesia  and  calcium  salts,  with  small  quan- 
tities of  potassa,  silica,  iron  and  alumina,  and  are  heavily 
charged  with  carbonic  acid  gas.  The  springs  are  very  use- 
ful for  many  conditions  requiring  this  class  of  medication. 


ANALYZED  BY  PBOF.  WM.  T.  WENZELL 


The  Excel- 
sior 

The  Twins 

Eureka 

Neptune 

Soda 

Temperature  

75°  Fahr 

102°  Fahr 

110°  Fahr. 

85°  Fahr 

60°  Fahr 

Free  Carbonic  Acid,  per  gal  
Barometric  Pressure  
Solids,  per  gal  : 
Chloride  of  Sodium  

134. 
27.87  in... 

101.67 

77.5 
30.96 

150. 
35.70 

120. 
29  & 

117  cubic 
inches 

9  38  gr 

Chloride  of  Potassium  

1.18 

19.71 

25.65 

14.64 

12  81  gr 

Chloride  of  Lithium  

8.35 

.03 

.09 

.06 

...  er. 

Bicarbonate  of  Soda  

34  10 

7397 

82  35 

37  72  gr 

Bicarbonate  of  Magnesia  

2.81 

114.10 

110.25 

7334 

59  32  gr. 

Bicarbonate  of  Lime  

6.30 

10  88 

5.84 

32.14 

35  62  gr 

Bicarbonate  of  Iron  

1.85 

1.14 

.    ST 

Alumina  ,  

.03 

.15 

.10 

.19 

.13  gr 

Oxide  of  Iron  

4.95 

20 

09  sr 

Silica  

34.10 

9  24 

3  40 

8  34 

6  95  gr 

Organic  Matter  

.14 

.20 

.25 

.20  gr. 

Total  

156  84 

260  50 

268  53 

158.77 

Iu2  28  gr 

INFLAMMABLE   NATURAL   GAS 

In  many  places  all  up  and  down  the  coast  this  product 
is  found,  and  we  are  glad  to  see  that  it  has  already  been 
utilized  for  heating  and  illuminating  purposes.  The  gas 
is  capable  of  lighting  and  heating  many  of  the  health 
resorts  near  which  it  is  found. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  these  natural  inflam- 
mable gas  springs  is  found  at  Byron  hot  springs  (see  Byron 
Springs). 


182  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Another  at  Kelseyville,  the  property  of  Mr.  Young, 
and  described  under  the  head  of  "Young's  Gas  Well." 

On  the  south  side  of  Sulphur  Creek,  three  hundred 
yards  back  from  the  original  Wilbur  springs,  in  Colusa 
County,  is  located  a  large  natural  gas  spring,  which  has 
been  burning  for  years.  The  flame  reaches  up  about  two 
feet  from  the  ground,  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter,  and  burns 
with  a  pale-blue  flame  and  yellow  tips. 

Near  Upper  Lake,  in  Lake  County,  is  another  gas 
spring,  yielding  large  quantities  of  natural  gas. 

Valuable  natural  gas  is  found  in  Colusa,  Los  Angeles, 
Monterey,  San  Joaquin,  San  Mateo,  Santa  Barbara  and 
other  counties. 

An  extensive  utilization  of  natural  gas  is  being  made 
at  the  Crown  Mills,  in  the  San  Joaquin  County.  The 
main  gas  well  is  1,330  feet  deep  and  yields  15,000  cubic 
feet  of  gas  in  twenty-four  hours.  The  gas  is  now  used  for 
heating  the  boilers  in  the  mill,  being  burned  with  a  small 
quantity  of  coal  for  that  purpose.  It  has  also  been  used 
for  illuminating  the  mill,  and  a  great  saving  in  fuel  and 
light  is  reported. 

The  most  productive  gas  well  is  found  near  the  south- 
western edge  of  the  city  of  Stockton.  The  well  has  a 
depth  of  over  2,000  feet  and  produces  from  70,000  to  80,000 
cubic  feet  of  gas  in  twenty-four  hours.  As  the  gas  issues 
from  the  well  it  burns  with  a  slight  empyreumatic  odor, 
undoubtedly  owing  to  the  imperfect  combustion  of  its  car- 
bon. When  burned  in  a  lamp — the  "  Lundgallon,"  spe- 
cially constructed  for  the  purpose — complete  oxidation 
occurs  and  a  good  light  is  produced.  On  analysis  this  gas 
is  found  to  contain : 

Hydrogen  (CH4),  marsh  gas,  the  light  carburetted,  83 
per  cent.,  and  small  quantities  of  hydrogen,  oxygen,  car- 
bonic acid  gas  and  carbonic  oxide  gas. 

The  owners  purpose  laying  pipes  into  the  city  of 
Stockton  in  order  to  supply  it  with  heat  and  light  from 
nature's  laboratory  at  greatly  reduced  rates. 


IODINE  SPRINGS  183 

IODINE  SPRINGS 

These  remarkable  springs  are  located  in  Grizzly 
Canon,  Lake  County.  The  iodine  is  found  in  combination 
with  sodium,  potassium  and  magnesium  in  considerable 
quantities.  The  inhabitants  in  the  neighborhood  speak 
highly  of  the  springs,  and  the  water  is  used  for  miles 
around  for  consumption,^  glandular  swellings,  skin  dis- 
eases, etc.  The  springs  are  in  a  wild,  picturesque  canon, 
and  are  unimproved.  These  iodine  springs  were  analyzed 
by  Hanks  and  Falkenan  several  years  ago  and  pronounced 
remarkable  on  account  of  the  large  amount  of  iodine 
present. 

Iodine,  with  sodium,  potassium  and  manganese,  has 
been  found  in  several  parts  of  the  State,  as  will  be  seen  by 
the  analyses. 

IRON   SPRINGS 

Several  unnamed  ferruginous  springs  are  located  in 
Tehama  County,  some  two  miles  north  of  Tom's  Head 
Mountain.  The  waters  are  said  to  be  strongly  charged 
with  iron  salts  and  carbonic  acid  gas,  as  seen  from  the 
incrustations  around  the  springs. 

Another  iron  spring  is  located  near  the  Huero-Huero 
Rancho.  No  analysis. 

KLAMATH  HOT  SPRINGS 

In  the  northern  county  of  California,  Siskiyou,  some 
eighteen  miles  from  Ager,  and  on  the  Shasta  Division  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  are  located  these  famous 
springs  and  the  sanitarium.  Situated  as  they  are  in  the  wild 
and  picturesque  country  of  Mt.  Shasta  region,  2,700  feet 
above  sea  level,  with  snow-capped  mountain  peaks  and  hills 
clad  in  evergreen  forest  groves,  the  springs  have  become 
noted  for  the  surrounding  scenery  as  well  as  for  the 
therapeutic  properties  of  the  mineral  waters. 

At  Klamath  we  find  ample  accommodations  for  invalids 
and  guests. 


184  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Excellent  bathing  facilities  have  been  added,  so  that 
hot  or  cold  sulphurous  baths  or  hot  steam  baths  may  be 
had  at  the  springs. 

Gunning  and  fishing  may  be  had  in  abundance  in  the 
immediate  vicinity. 

The  waters  are  alkalo-saline  and  sulphurous.  Some 
are  carbonated,  but  most  are  sulphureted.  The  springs 


KI.  \M\TIl    HOT    SPRINGS 


have  already  gained  considerable  celebrit}'  in  the  treatment 
of  chronic  rheumatism,  gout,  white  swelling  of  the  joints, 
glandular  enlargements,  and  chronic  cutaneous  diseases. 
The  saline  and  carbonated  waters  are  used  for  liver  and 
kidney  troubles,  dyspepsia,  etc.,  and  the  sulphur  waters 
and  sulphurous  water  or  steam  baths  for  rheumatism  and 
skin  affections. 


LAKE  TAHOE  OR  CARNELIAN  HOT  SPRINGS 


L85 


LAKE  TAHOE  OR  CARNELIAN  HOT  SPRINGS 

"O,  lovely  lake,  while  life  remains, 

Will  thy  enchantment  hold  my  heart! 
And  song  rehearse  in  willing  strains, 
Lake  of  the  hills  !  how  fair  thou  art ! ' ' 

These  hot  and  cold  mineral  springs  are  located  on 
'Carnelian  Bay,  at  the  northern  end  of  Lake  Tahoe,  in 
Placer  County.  They  form  part  of  the  attractions  of  this 
famous  inland  sea.  They  are  reached  by  railroad  to  Truckee, 
and  then  by  stage  over  a  good  mountain  road  for  about  two 
and  a  half  hours'  drive. 


LAKE  TAHOE. 

r/    Width  12  Miles 
Altitude  6202  feet. 
Depth  ,645  feet.          CALIFORNIA. 


The  scenery  is  grand.  The  Truckee  River  is  crossed 
and  recrossed.  Mountain  sides  and  heights  are  scaled. 
Fertile  valleys,  grazed  by  immense  herds  of  cattle,  are  tra- 
versed. Forests  of  beautiful  pines  and  cedar  rear  them- 
selves at  intervals.  Humming  sawmills  fill  the  air  with 
life,  and  wild,  romantic  views,  greet  one  at  every  turn. 
The  appointments  of  the  resort  are  most  complete  in  every 
detail.  There  are  about  fifty  boiling  and  cold  springs  on 
the  lake  shore.  They  are  well  kept  and  cared  for.  Excel- 
lent bathing  facilities  have  recently  been  erected,  where 


186 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


cold  and  hot  sulphur  baths,  tub  and  plunge,  can  be  taken. 
There  are  also  steani  baths,  and  the  resort  has  become  very 
popular.  The  baths  are  used  with  success  by  the  rheumatic 
and  gouty.  The  waters  are  also  drunk  for  liver  and  kidney 
diseases,  chronic  constipation  and  cutaneous  affections. 


TAHOE    CITY 


The  waters  are  sulphurous  and  saline,  and  a  few  are  car- 
bonated.    They  contain  : 

Sodium  Chloride. 

Calcium  Sulphate. 

Magnesium  Sulphate. 

Silica. 

Organic  Matter. 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen  Gas. 

The  elevation  is  6,250  feet.  Bronchitis,  asthma  and 
consumption  do  well  among  the  pines  at  this  place.  There 
are  splendid  facilities  for  camping,  hunting  and  fishing. 


KELLOGG' 8  SPEINGS  187 

KELLOGG'S  SPRINGS 

These  mineral  springs  are  located  near  Calistoga,  in 
Napa  County.  The  waters  are  saline  and  sulphureted. 
They  are  the  private  property  of  Mr.  Foulkers.  No  develop- 
ment. 

LANE'S  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

Some  thirty-five  miles  east  of  Stockton,  in  Calaveras 
County,  lie  these  springs.  They  are  about  1,000  feet 
above  sea  level  and  surrounded  by  hills  and  vales  and  for- 
ests of  pine.  The  main  spring  flows  fifty  to  seventy-five 
gallons  per  hour  and  the  water  is  alkalo-sulphurous  and 
chalybeate.  The  following  analysis  is  supposed  to  have 
been  made  by  the  San  Francisco  Refining  and  Analytical 
Association  and  sent  to  me  by  the  owner  of  the  springs. 
The  analysis  is  probably  not  correctly  printed  on  the  report 
furnished  the  writer : 

LANE  SPRINGS 
S.  F.  REFINING  AND  ANALYTICAL  ASSOCIATION,  Analysts 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Minetal  Ingredients  Grains 

Carbonate  of  Iron 122.000(?)  Lime  Carbonate 18.012 

Magnesia  Carbonate 38.512  Free  Sulphuric  Acid?  15.237 

Epsom  Carbonate  (?) 29.764  Silica 15.196 

Alumina 2.009  Organic  Matter 2.723 

Soda  Carbonate 8.524 

Total  Solids,  251.977 

Free  Gases                                         Cubic  Inches 
Sulphureted  Hydrogen 105. 

The  water  has  been  in  use  for  several  years  and  is 
said  to  be  beneficial  in  constipation,  dyspepsia,  chronic 
malarial  poisoning,  liver  and  kidney  complaints.  For 
bathing  the  waters  are  artificially  heated. 

LAS   CRUCES   HOT  SPRINGS 

These  hot  sulphur  springs  are  located  in  Santa  Bar- 
bara County,  forty-two  miles  from  the  city  of  the  same 
name.  The  waters  are  saline  and  sulphureted.  The  prin- 


188  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

cipal  spring  flows  five  hundred  gallons  per  hour  and  has  a 
temperature  of  90°  F.  The  waters  are  much  used  locally 
for  skin  diseases. 

LICK    SPRINGS 

These  are  described  under  the  head  of  Tuscan  springs, 
of  which  they  form  the  first  two  or  three.  The  Lick 
springs  were  discovered  in  1856,  and  soon  afterwards  the 
waters  were  subjected  to  chemical  analysis  with  the  result 
of  obtaining  large  crystals  of  borax — the  first  borax  discov- 
ered in  the  State.  These  crystals  are  still  preserved  in  the 
Academy  of  Sciences. 

LITTLE  GEYSER  SPRINGS 

These  consist  of  several  small  jets  of  hot  steam  issu- 
ing through  the  earth's  crust  at  a  temperature  of  190°  F. 
to  200°  F.  They  are  located  three  or  four  miles  below  the 
Geysers,  in  Sonoma  County. 

LITTLE   YOSEMITE  SODA    SPRINGS 

They  are  located  on  the  north  fork  of  Kern  River,  in 
Tulare  County.  The  waters  are  palatable,  alkalo-carboii- 
ated,  impregnated  with  ferruginous  salts.  Used  locally. 

LITTLE  YOSEMITE  SODA  SPRINGS 
OSCAR  LOEW,  Analyst,  1876 

U.  S'.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients                      Grains  Mineral  Ingredients                      Grains 

Sodium  Carbonate 20.97  Sodium  Sulphate trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate...  \  ,ft  n9  Sodium  Chloride 4.68 

Calcium  Carbonate /    '  Silica 7.31 

Iron  Carbonate 92 

Total  Solids,  49.90 
Gases 

Carbonic  Acid excess 

LITTON   SELTZER   SPRINGS 

These  excellent  seltzer  and  soda  springs  are  located 
about  four  miles  north  of  the  city  of  Healdsburg,  in  Sonoma 
County,  on  the  line  of  the  San  Francisco  and  North  Pacific 
Railroad. 


190  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  springs  and  adjoining  property — about  1,000  acres 
— have  been  incorporated,  and  extensive  buildings,  hotels, 
cottages  and  dwellings,  as  well  as  the  improvement  of 
the  springs  and  grounds  are  contemplated.  The  Lit- 
ton Springs  have  gained  in  reputation,  and  much  of  the 
water  is  used  locally  and  commercially.  The  water  is 
slightly  acid  when  freshly  drawn,  but  by  exposure  it  soon 
becomes  alkaline  on  account  of  the  evaporation  of  the  car- 
bonic anhydride.  It  is  much  used  as  an  antacid  in  dys- 
pepsia, and  in  uric  and  lithic  acid  conditions  of  the  urine. 
It  has  also  aperient  and  diuretic  properties.  From  the 
largest  spring  the  flow  is  twenty  gallons  per  hour.  Dur- 
ing the  wet  season  it  increases. 


LITTON  SELTZER  SPRINGS 

ALKALO-CARBONATED  AND  CHALYBEATE 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 

Temperature  62°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  ^Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 79.34  Ferrous  Carbonate 2.14 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 6.26  Alumina 6.81 

Sodium  Carbonate 72,73  Bprates 4.43 

Potassium  Carbonate 3.60  Lithium trace 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 13.90  Ammonia 33 

Magnesium  Sulphate 6.75  Silica 8.09 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 14.05  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium   Sulphate 5.03 

Total  Solids,  223.46 
Free  Gases  Grains 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 375.60 

Several  years  ago  the  following    analysis  was  made  by 
Prof.  Hanks  : 

LITTON  SPRING 

SELTZER 
PROF.  HANKS,  Analyst 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

CarDonic  acid  gas  (combined) 42.96  chlorine 78.38 

Sulphuric  Acid 2.36  Silicic  Acid 2.92 

Oxide  of  Iron 2.85  Lime 4.41 

Magnesia 5.24  Soda 62.19 

Alumina 27.38  Ammonia 27.38 

Potash 27.38  Lithia 27.38 

BoracicAcid 27.38  Organic  Matter 27.38 

Total  Solids,  228.69. 
Gases  Grains 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 383.75. 


LO  WER  SODA  SPRINGS  191 

LOWER  SODA  SPRINGS 

Opposite  the  nioutli  of  Castle  Creek  in  the  Sacramento 
Valley,  and  on  the  Shasta  Scenic  Route  in  Shasta  County, 
are  two  important  soda  springs.  The  upper  one  is  about 
three  and  one-half  miles  farther  up  the  canon,  and  about, 
eight  miles  from  Strawberry  Flat,  at  the  base  of  Mt.  Shasta. 
The  lower  soda  spring  has  an  elevation  of  about  2,100  feet, 
and  the  upper  spring  that  of  2,363  feet.  The  springs  have 
gained  considerable  reputation  among  and  are  resorted  to 
by  many  people  suffering  from  uric  or  lithic  acid,  gravel, 
cystitis,  nephritis,  and  alburninurea.  The  waters  are  alka- 
line and  carbonated,  and  contain  considerable  quantities  of 
iron  salts.  The  temperature  of  the  water  is  52°  F.  The 
surrounding  country  is  wild  and  picturesque,  and  a  public 
resort  has  been  established  for  the  comfort  of  travelers 
from  Mt.  Shasta. 


MADRONE  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  situated  some  twenty-five  miles  south- 
east of  San  Jose,  and  about  five  miles  north  of  Gilroy  Hot 
Springs.  They  are  at  an  elevation  of  about  2,200  feet,  and 
beautifully  located  at  the  foot  of  "Pine  Ridge."  The 
mountain  roads  and  drives  are  in  good  condition,  and  the 
scenery  along  the  route  is  as  fine  as  any  in  the  State.  At 
the  springs  we  find  ample  accommodations,  good  bathing, 
hot  or  cold,  and  pure,  bracing  mountain  air.  The  waters 
are  "  soda"  impregnated  with  iron,  and  surcharged  with 
carbonic  acid  gas.  There  is  also  an  iron  spring,  and  an 
alkalo-chalybeate  spring  containing  arsenic,  and  another 
called  white  sulphur.  The  waters  are  used  in  the  treat- 
ment of  syphilis,  rheumatism,  skin  diseases,  etc.,  etc. 

Route  of  travel  is  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  to 
Madrone  sixty-nine  miles,  and  thence  by  stage  twelve  miles 
to  the  springs. 


192  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

"  MAGNETIC  "  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

These  alkalo-chalybeate  springs  are  found  in  Santa 
Cruz  County  near  Watsonville.  The  waters  are  sold  as  a 
remedy  for  a  great  many  diseases.  No  analysis. 

MARK  WEST  SPRINGS 

This  mineral  water  resort  is  situated  eight  miles  from 
Santa  Rosa,  near  the  famous  "  Petrified  Forest,"  on  Mark 
West  Creek,  in  Sonoma  county.  It  is  reached  by  rail  to 
Calistoga  or  Santa  Rosa,  and  thence  by  easy  carriage  or 
stage  to  the  springs  over  one  of  the  most  picturesque  drives 
in  that  section  of  the  country.  During  my  recent  visit,  I 
observed  that  the  mountains  along  the  road  were  being 
cultivated,  and  beautiful  villas  and  private  mountain  resorts 
were  springing  up  in  all  directions.  Extensive  orchards 
of  prunes  and  other  fruits  have  been  planted,  and  the  whole 
country  is  active. 

The  springs  are  beautifully  located  at  an  elevation  of 
800  feet,  in  a  small  valley  formed  by  the  junction  of  four 
canons.  The  hotel  and  grounds  are  at  the  bases  of  three 
venerable  mountains,  called  "  Mt.  Washington,"  "  Mt. 
Lincoln"  and  "  Mt.  Grant."  The  temperature  of  the  air 
ranges  from  80°  to  90°  F.,  with  pleasant,  cooling  and  brac- 
ing sea  breezes.  The  atmosphere  is  clear  and  dry. 

There  are  excellent  hotel  accommodations  and  several 
cottages  for  family  use.  Hot  sulphur  and  hot  mud  baths 
have  been  constructed  with  every  facility  for  comfort  and 
benefit.  On  the  place  are  several  springs.  One  large  sul- 
phur spring  flows  about  200  gallons  per  hour,  and  has  a 
temperature  of  82°  F.  The  water  is  clear  and  not  disagree- 
able to  the  taste.  Its  composition  is  : 

Sulphate  of  Sodium. 

Sulphate  of  Magnesium. 

Salts  of  Potassium — trace. 

Chloride  of  Sodium. 


MARK   WEST  SPRINGS  193 

Carbonates  of  Sodium,  Potassium  and  Lime,  Silica  and 
Alumina.  It  has  also  gases  of  carbonic  anhydride  and  sul- 
phureted  hydrogen. 

There  is  also  an  iron  spring  containing  carbonate  of 
iron,  soda,  magnesia  and  lime,  with  free  carbonic  acid 
gas.  This  is  a  highly  chalybeate  water,  and  has  success- 
fully treated  many  conditions  requiring  ferruginous  tonics. 
The  flow  of  this  spring  is  600  gallons  per  hour,  and  the 
water  has  a  temperature  of  65°  F. 

The  largest  spring  has  a  flow  of  5,000  gallons  per 
hour;  this  is  a  sparkling  carbonated  water,  very  pala- 
table, and  gently  aperient  in  its  action.  It  is  much  used  in 
dyspepsia  arising  from  too  free  alcoholic  stimulation,  with 
the  concomitant  liver  and  kidney  disorders.  It  is  said  to 
have  vastly  benefited  patients  suffering  from  chronic 
Bright's  disease.  The  iron  spring  is  used  as  a  tonic,  and 
the  sulphur  spring  for  cutaneous  diseases,  rheumatism, 
etc.  The  baths  are  sulphurous. 

Analyses  of  these  waters  can  not  be  made  in  time  for 
publication. 


MATILIJA   HOT  SPRINGS 

They  are  located  six  miles  from  Nordhoff  and  fifteen 
miles  from  San  Buenaventura  in  Ventura  County.  There 
are  twenty-eight  springs  in  all.  They  vary  in  temperature 
from  35°  F.  to  i6oQ  F.  The  average  flow  is  5,000  gal- 
lons per  hour.  Most  of  the  hot  springs  are  sulphureted 
and  much  used  for  syphilitic  contaminations,  strumous  and 
skin  diseases,  rheumatism,  etc.  There  is  a  comfortable 
hotel  and  resort  at  the  springs. 


MINERAL   SPRINGS 

Several  springs  by  this  name  are  found  in  Grizzly 
Canon.  The  waters  are  salino-chalybeate,  and  charged 
with  carbonic  anhydride.  No  improvements. 


194  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

MCCARTHY'S  HOT  SPRINGS 

Near  Day's  ranch,  northeast  of  Fort  Crook  in  Shasta 
County  are  located  these  mineral  springs.  Some  of  the 
water  is  reported  sulphurous  in  character  and  the  other  fer- 
ruginous and  carbonated.  There  is  a  local  resort. 

MILLS'    MINERAL   SPRINGS 

About  one  mile  above  Anderson's  resort  in  Lake 
County  we  find  these  springs.  They  are  four  in  number. 
The  hottest  has  a  temperature  of  170°  F.  The  waters  are 
principally  sulphureted  and  saline,  and  the  resort  is  grow- 
ing every  year.  Good  accommodations  and  splendid  hot 
sulphur  bathing  can  be  found  here.  The  surrounding 
country  also  affords  excellent  sport  with  the  gun  and  rod. 

MINERAL   SPRINGS 

Several  springs,  as  yet  unnamed,  are  known  as  mineral 
springs.  Many  of  them  are  used  locally. 

Some  of  these  are  located  twelve  miles  north  of  Wig- 
ginsville,  in  Siskiyou  County. 

Others  are  found  on  the  east  slope  of  Mt.  Shasta,  in 
Siskiyou  County. 

West  of  Butteville,  in  Siskiyou  County,  are  found 
some  more. 

In  Alpine  County,  on  the  mountain  near  Silver  Lake, 
are  several  cold  soda  springs. 

In  Calaveras  County  are  quite  a  number  of  mineral 
waters,  especially  in  Salt  Spring  Valley.  These  waters  are 
alkaline  and  rich  in  chlorides  and  carbonates. 

On  the  west  shore  of  Mono  Lake  in  Mono  County,  lie 
several  large  calcic  springs. 

In  Los  Angeles  County  on  the  Encino  ranch  are  a 
number  of  warm  alkaline  and  carbonated  springs  having  a 
temperature  of  83°  to  90°  F.  The  waters  are  in  local  use. 

In  San  Bernardino  County,  three  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  Little  Creek  canon  are  some  warm  springs,  tem- 
perature 928  F.  to  958  F. 


MINERAL  SPRINGS— ENC1NO  RANCH  195 

MINERAL  SPRINGS 

ENCINO  RANCH— LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY 
OSCAR  LOEW,  Analyst 

Mineral  Ingredients              Parts  in  1,000  Mineral  Ingredients              Parts  in  1,000 

Sodium  Carbonate 24.31  Silica 11.50 

Magnesium  Carbon  ate....  Phosphoric  Acid trace 

Calcium  Carbonate 32.17  Sulphydric  Acid trace 

Sodium  Sulphate 54.46  Potassium trace 

Sodium  Chloride 2.93  Lithium trace 

Total  Solids,  125.37 
Gases 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas...     In  excess 


MISSION   SAN  JOSE   HOT   SPRINGS 

About  two  miles  southeast  of  the  Mission  San  Jose, 
in  Alameda  County,  are  some  notable  springs.  They  were 
well  known  to  the  early  Mexican  and  Spanish  Fathers. 
There  are  four  of  these  springs  in  use  to-day,  having  a 
temperature  of  80°  F.  The  waters  are  alkalo-saline,  hav- 
ing small  quantities  of  carbonic  anhydride  and  sulphureted 
hydrogen.  Considerable  local  demand  has  been  found  for 
the  waters. 


MONO   BASIN   WARM    SPRINGS 

These  waters  are  chlorinated  and  alkaline,  and  are 
located  on  the  northeast  shore  of  Mono  Lake,  in  Mono 
County.  The  temperature  varies  from  85°  F.  to  90°  F. 
Unimproved. 


MONO  BASIN  WARM  SPRINGS 
F.  M.  CHATARD,  Analyst 

Mineral  Ingredients       Grammes  per  Litre  Mineral  Ingredients            Grammes  per  Litre 

Sodium  Carbonate 0.5972  Sodium  Chloride 2799 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate    .2114  Potassium  Chloride 1203 

Calcium  Car oouate 1475  Alumina 0018 

Sodium  Sulphate 4631  Loss 0158 

Sodium  Silicates 2480 

Total  Solids,  2.0850 

A.  13. 


196 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


MONO   LAKE 

This  remarkable  body  of  water  is  located  near  the 
center  of  Mono  County,  about  ten  miles  south  of  the  town 
of  Bodie.  The  altitude  is  6,730  feet.  The  length  of  the 
lake  is,  from  east  to  west,  about  fourteen  miles  and  its 
greatest  breadth  nine 
miles.  The  lake  has 
been  likened  by  Prof. 
W.  F.  McNutt  (in  his 
article  on  the  mineral 
and  thermal  springs  of 
California,  read  before 
the  Ninth  Internation- 
al Medical  Congress) 
to  the  Dead  Sea  of  the 
Holy  Land.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  Owen's 
Lake  (Hank's).  Atone 
time  Mono  Lake  must 
have  been  much  larger 
than  it  is  at  present, 
which  is  shown  by  the 
large  terraces  on  all 
sides.  The  lake  re- 
ceives much  of  its 
water  and  its  chemical  NEVADA  FALL" 
salts  from  the  rivers  and  creeks  which 
flow  through  volcanic  soil  and  empty 
into  it.  By  evaporation  of  the  water  and 
the  concentration  of  the  salts  deposited 
here  for  many  centuries  the  mineral 
ingredients  will  undoubtedly  prove  valuable  just  as  soon 
as  man  can  separate  and  utilize  them.  (State  Mineralogist.) 

Numerous  springs  are  found  all  over  the  Lake.  The 
most  curious  of  these  are  some  of  the  fresh  water  springs 
holding  in  solution  small  quantities  of  calcium  carbonate, 
which  precipitate  and  deposit  around  the  openings  of  the 


MONO    LAKE 


197 


springs,  forming  irregular  tubes,  clustered  together  in  col- 
umns. These  vase-shaped  structures  are  ten  to  forty  feet 
long,  rising  from  the  bottom  of  the  Lake  upward  and  above 
the  surface.  In  the  center  of  these  columnar  pillars  are 
small  holes,  through  which  flows  this  sweet  water.  These 
overflowing  fountains  have  very  aptly  been  likened  to  the 
sponges  found  in  the  South  Seas  and  known  as  ''Neptune's 
cups."  In  Mono  Lake  we  find  several  islands,  some  two 
or  three  miles  long.  Their  composition  is  of  volcanic 


GEMS   OF   THE   SIERRAS 


material,  and  all  over  the  surface  are  hot  springs  and  jets 
of  hot  steam,  making  the  surrounding  water  quite  warm. 
On  one  or  two  of  these  little  islands  are  small  craters  fifty 
or  more  feet  in  diameter.'  They  are  now  filled  with  water. 
All  around  Mono  Lake  are  unmistakable  evidences  of 
great  volcanic  activity  during  the  tertiary  and  post-tertiary 
periods,  and  undoubtedly  Mono  Lake  itself  is  a  large 
extinct  crater. 


198  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  water,  being  likened  to  the  Dead  Sea,  was  sup- 
posed to  be  destitute  of  life.  This,  however,  has  been 
proved  to  be  an  error.  There  are  found  small,  curious, 
wormlike,  minute  organisms,  plainly  visible  to  the  naked 
eye,  in  the  water  near  the  surface.  They  seem  to  swim  on 
their  backs,  and  resemble  the  oars  of  a  Venetian  gondola 
or  that  of  the  Argo,  noted  in  ancient  mythology  (Hanks). 
It  is  extraordinary  that  a  water  so  constituted  has  vivifying 
power  enough  to  sustain  even  these  minute  organisms,  as 
there  is  found  to  be  nearly  3,000  grains  of  solids  in  each 
gallon.  The  larvae  of  these  animals  are  thrown  upon  the 
shores  of  the  lake  by  the  waves,  and  there  accumulate  in 
large  quantities.  Here  the  Indian  gathers  them,  and  when 
dried  they  form  one  of  the  delicacies  of  the  red  man, 
who  is  said  to  delight  in  them,  as  did  the  good  people 
delight  in  the  locusts  and  honey  in  the  days  of  yore.  The 
scenery  in  and  around  Mono  Lake  is  grand,  and  well  worth 
the  trip.  Situated  as  it  is  at  so  high  an  elevation,  and 
surrounded  on  all  sides  by  snow-capped  mountains,  a  pict- 
ure is  presented  to  which  only  an  artist  could  do  justice. 

The  water  itself  is  more  like  a  bitter  brine  to  the  taste 
than  mineral  water.  Its  action  is  excessively  diuretic, 
even  in  small  quantities. 

On  analysis  this  "  Dead  Sea"  water  is  found  to  contain  .. 
MONO  LAKE 

CHLORINATED,  ETC. 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1887 
Temperature  63°  to  80.5°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains. 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 795.24  Calcium  Chloride..  1075.55 

Sodium  Carbonate 26.40  Calcium  Carbonate 

Sodium  Sulphate 17.10  Calcium  Sulphide.. 

Sodium  Phosphate 5.93  Calcium  Sulphate.. 

Potassium  Chloride 281.17  Ferrous  Carbonate. 

Potassium  Carbonate 10.60  Alumina 26.63 

Potassium  Phosphate 3.05  Borates 19.75 

Magnesium  Chloride 365.60  Silicates 9.62 

Magnesium  Carbonate 9.45  Organic  Matter 24.60, 

Magnesium  Sulphate 127.50 

Total  Solids,  2915.16 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 17.16 

Free  Sulphurated  Hydrogen 62 


52.76 

trace 

57.07 

7.14 


MONO    LAKE  199 

The  composition  will  probably  vary  in  different  locali- 
ties, being  influenced  by  the  proximity  of  the  different 
springs. 

MONO  L A KE— ANALYSIS 
T.  M.  CHATARD,  Analyst 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grammes  per  I,itre  Mineral  Ingredients  Grammes  per  I,itre 

Sodium  Carbonate 19.49  Sodium  Chloride 18.22 

Magnesium  Carbonate 36  Potassium  Chloride 2.23 

Calcium   Carbonate 68  Silica 28 

Sodium  Sulphate 10.07  Loss 32 

-Sodium  Biborate 20 

Total  Solids,  51.85 


MONO  LAKE— ANALYSIS 
I.  R.  MURPHY,  Analyst 

"Mineral  Ingredients  Per  Cent  Mineral  Ingredients  Per  Cent 

Boracic  Acid large  traces  Sodium  Chloride 5.854 

Carbonic  Acid abundant  Potassium  Chloride 1.581 

(free?) Calcium  Chloride 2.630 

Hydrosulphuric  Acid. ..abundant  Magnesium  Chloride 8.206 

(free?) Calcium  Sulphate 402 

Phosphoric  Acid traces  Calcium  Sulphide traces 

Silica traces  Magnesium  Sulphide traces 

Total  Solids 18.673 

Pure  Water...,  ,     81.327 


Total  ...................................  100.000 


Compare  Mono   Lake  with  the  waters  of  the  Dead  Sea 
and  Great  Salt  Lake  found  elsewhere. 


MONTECITO  HOT  SPRINGS  -miax^  ^u. 


A  LETTER  FROM  THE  ABLE  PEN  OF  REV.  A.  H.  CARRIER. 

Everyone  in  Santa  Barbara  knows  something  of  the  hot  springs, 
Montecito.  Not  every  one  has  learned  the  charm  of  the  place  by  per- 
sonal observation  and  experience.  At  an  elevation  of  1,460  feet  above 
the  sea  in  the  heart  of  the  most  picturesque  ravine  with  mountain  walls 
rising  almost  perpendicularly  around,  with  an  opening  toward  the 
ocean  and  its  outlying  islands  so  that  these  seemed  framed  into  a  pict- 
ure of  extraordinary  beauty,  the  place  itself  is  unparalleled  in  its 
attractions  by  any  spot  along  the  line  of  our  coast. 


200  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Winding  around  the  spurs  of  the  mountain  a  walk  from  the  hotel, 
so  well  graded  at  present  that  an  invalid  would  find  no  difficulty  on  it, 
leads  to  the  famous  I/>okout  Point  from  which  the  long-reaching  valley 
and  the  Pacific  beyond  are  seen  stretching  at  one's  feet.  Santa  Barbara 
seems  so  near  that  you  feel  that  you  could  signal  to  your  friends. 

To  one  who  cares  to  climb,  the  peak,  1,500  feet  above,  as  I  can 
testify,  is  exceedingly  grand  in  its  combination  of  mountains,  of  deep 
ravines,  of  distant  peaks,  of  the  San  Rafael  range,  of  the  coast  line 
from  Hueneme  to  Gaviota,  together  with  the  boundless  expanse  of  the 
ocean.  The  scene  suggests  the  famous  view  from  the  Righi  and  from 
Mount  Pilatus  in  Switzerland,  with  the  added  sublimity  in  this  case  of 
the  vast  Pacific. 

As  a  sanitarium  the  Hot  Springs  afford  what  one  might  travel  far 
to  discover.  The  water  issuing  from  the  rocks  at  1208  Fahrenheit, 
charged  with  sulphur  and  other  minerals,  is  Nature's  own  healing 
remedy,  efficacious  to  a  high  degree  in  complaints  of  a  rheumatic 
nature.  Almost  instant  benefit  is  experienced  by  many  persons  from 
the  combined  external  and  internal  use  of  these  waters.  The  sense  of 
rest  after  fatigue  from  these  baths  is  something  marvelous. 

These  hot  springs  are  located  five  miles  from  Santa 
Barbara  City  in  the  same  county.  The  waters  are  sulphur- 
ous and  nearly  all  boiling  hot.  A  resort  is  being  erected 
for  the  treatment  of  invalids.  Also  suitable  bathing  facili- 
ties are  being  provided. 


MOUNTAIN   GLEN   HOT  SPRINGS 

Some  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Santa  Barbara  are 
found  these  springs.  They  are  mostly  sulphurous,  and 
have  a  temperature  from  60°  to  100°  F.  There  is  a  local 
resort. 

MUD  SPRINGS 

Extensive  hot  mud  springs  are  situated  fifteen  miles 
northeast  of  Honey  Lake,  in  Lassen  County.  The  property 
is  unimproved. 

Also  on  Antelope  Creek,  about  ten  miles  east  of  Red 
Bluff,  in  Tehama  County,  is  another  region  of  hot  mud 
springs.  No  analysis  and  no  improvements. 


NAPA  SODA  SPRINGS 


201 


NAPA    SODA    SPRINGS 

These  celebrated  mineral  springs  are  charmingly 
located  on  the  southwestern  slope  of  the  Coast  Range, 
about  fifty  miles  from  San  Francisco  and  six  miles  from 
Napa  City.  The  elevation  is  about  1,000  feet  above  the 
sea. 

They  are  reached  by  ferry  and  rail  to  Napa  City  and 
thence  by  easy  carriage  to  the  springs.  This  drive  from 
Napa  to  the  springs  is  exceedingly  pleasant.  You  pass 
neat  and  cozy  farmhouses  and  homes,  green  pastures  and 


NAPA   SODA   SPRINGS 


well-tilled  fields,  orchards,  vineyards  and  groves.  The  air 
is  fragrant  with  the  perfumes  of  wild  and  cultivated  flow- 
ers and  resonant  with  the  harmonious  songs  of  a  thousand 
birds.  One  feels  envious  of  the  quiet  and  peaceful  rural 
life  when  thus  contrasted  to  the  busy  whirl  of  the  western 
metropolis. 

As  you  speed  along,  "  Napa  Resort"  is  seen  in  the  dis- 
tance, looming  up  like  an  ancient  fortress  along  the  Rhine. 
At  the  end  of  a  short  hour  you  arrive  at  the  Rotunda 
Hotel.  Here  the  scenery  is  charming;  a  thousand  feet 
above  the  valley  and  at  the  head  of  the  canon,  you  have 


202  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

full  command  of  the  country  for  miles  around.  Looking 
southward  over  the  beautiful  valley  of  Napa  County,  one 
sees  a  landscape  which  has  probably  never  been  surpassed 
for  beauty,  one  which  forever  remains  fresh  in  his  memory. 
The  green  fields,  cultivated  farms,  orchards  and  vineyards, 
gardens  and  houses,  checkered  here  and  there  in  an  irreg- 
ular manner,  with  their  straight  and  winding  lanes,  creeks 
and  rivers,  with  groves  of  stately  oaks,  and  in  the  distance 
the  San  Francisco  Bay,  glistening  and  rippling  in  the  sun's 
rays,  blend  to  make  a  harmonious  whole,  to  which  only  the 
trained  pencil  or  brush  can  do  justice.  To  the  westward 
may  be  seen  the  great  Pacific,  guarded  by  its  sentinel,  Mt. 
Tamalpais,  and  the  many  ^ranges  of  mountains  and  hills. 
To  the  eastward  Mt.  Diablo  looms  up  in  the  distance,  half 
veiled  in  violet  mists.  To  the  north  we  see  Mt.  St.  Helena 
and  the  Coast  Ranges  with  their  rich,  alluvial  valleys. 

The  local  picture  of  Napa  Soda  Springs  is  scarcely 
less  interesting.  We  find  groves  of  oaks  gracefully  fes- 
tooned with  immortal  mistletoe,  the  tall  and  stately  pine 
and  the  eucalyptus  globulus.  We  also  find  the  Italian 
cypress,  the  palm,  the  olive,  the  fig  and  the  orange  tree, 
the  odorous  California  buckeye  and  the  fragrant  laurel,  the 
maple  and  the  madroiia,  and  tangled  copses  of  flowering 
shrubbery  everywhere. 

Lawns  and  flower-beds,  cultivated  and  natural,  with 
the  many  shady  nooks  and  cozy  outlets — combined  nature 
and  art — produce  as  lovely  a  spot  as  the  tired  business  man 
with  his  family,  or  the  invalid  with  his  many  ailments, 
could  possibly  find.  The  climate  is  warm,  dry  and  salu- 
brious, and  the  resort  has  the  mountain  air  and  the  sea 
breezes  as  well. 

The  mineral  springs  are  among  the  most  noted  in  the 
State.  They  number  twenty-seven  in  all,  with  an  average 
daily  flow  of  about  4,000  gallons.  The  temperature  of  the 
water  ranges  about  65°  F.  to  68°  F.  The  main  spring,  the 
Pagoda,  from  which  most  of  the  commercial  Napa  soda  is 
obtained,  had  a  temperature  in  1888  of  67.7°  F.  This  is  an 


NAP  A  SODA— "PAGODA  SPUING"  203 

alkalo-chalybeate  water  strongly  charged  with  carbonic 
anhydride,  delightful,  clear  and  sparkling,  and  has  an 
agreeably  pungent  taste. 

Over  the  Pagoda  spring,  engraved  on  a  marble  tablet, 
is  the  following  invocation,  &fac  simile  of  one  inscribed  by 
Imperial  decree  above  the  springs  at  the  famous  Carlsbad, 
in  Bohemia: 

'  To  suffering  man  from  Nature's  genial  breast 
A  boon  transcendent  ever  mayst  thou  flow  ; 
Blest  holy  fount :  still  bid  old  age  to  know 
Reviving  vigor,  and  if  health  repressed 

Fade  in  the  virgin's  cheek,  renew  its  glow 
For  love  and  joy  ;  and  they  that  in  thy  wave 
Confiding  trust  and  thankful  lave, 
Propitious  aid,  and  speed  the  stranger  band, 
With  health  and  life  renewed,  unto  their  native  land." 


NAPA  SODA— PAGODA  SPRING 
ALKALO-CHALYBEATE 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1888 
Temperatute  67.7°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S,  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 7.14  Calcium  Bicarbonate 78 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 12.95  Calcium  Carbonate 9.55 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.10  Ferrous  Carbonate 7.90 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.62  Silica 74 

Potassium  Bicarbonate trace  Alumina 57 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate.  ..  3.04  Organic  Matter trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 21.76 

Total  Solids,  67.15 

Gases                                                      Cubic  Inches 
Free  Carbonic  Acid 143.62 

Over  this  spring  is  built  a  beautiful  pagoda,  sup- 
ported by  solid  stone  pillars  and  resting  upon  a  tesselated 
marble  floor.  A  natural  stone  basin  has  been  artistically 
arranged,  through  which  the  sparkling  soda  bubbles  in  all 
its  freshness. 


204  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

NAPA  SODA— "IRON  SPRING" 

ALKALO-CHALYBEATE 

PROF.  LANZWURT,  Analyst,  1870 

Temperature  68°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                            Grains  Mineral  Ingredients            Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 5.20  Calcium  Carbonate 10.83 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 13.12  Ferrous  Carbonate 7.84 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.84  Silica 62 

Magnesium  Carbonate 26.12  Alumina 60 

Total  Solids,  66.17 

Gases 
Free  Carbonic  Anhydride undetermined 


NAPA    SODA 

The  "  Lemon  Spring,"  or  the  natural  Napa  soda  lem- 
onade, flows  considerably  less  than  the  Pagoda  Spring.  The 
water,  however,  is  even  more  valuable  as  a  tonic,  containing 
more  ferruginous  salts.  The  lithium  makes  it  beneficial  in 
kidney  diseases.  Otherwise  the  water  is  very  similar  in  its 
aperient  and  diuretic  properties,  as  may  be  seen  from  the 
following  analysis : 


NAPA  SODA  SPRING— "  LEMON  SPRING" 

ALKALO-CHALYBEATE  WATER 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  66.9"  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                           Grains  Mineral  Ingredients             Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 4.72  Calcium  Carbonate 8.97 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 15.24  Ferrous  Carbonate 8.11 

Sodium  Carbonate 4.65  Lithium trace 

Sodium  Sulphate 76  Boracic  Acid trace 

Potassium  Salts traces  Alumina 74 

Magnesium  Carbonate 25.19  Silicates 83 

Magnesium  Sulphate trace  Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  69.21 

Gases                                                Cubic  Inches 
Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 95.79 


NAP  A   SPRINGS 


205 


NAPA    SPRINGS 

The  many  other  mineral  springs  at  Napa  Soda  resort 
are  very  similar  in  composition.  The  waters  are  all  alkalo- 
chalybeate,  clear,  cool  and  sparkling. 

Napa  Soda  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  beverage.  It  is  sold 
in  every  city  and  town  on  the  coast,  and  is  one  of  the  pleas- 
antest  summer  drinks  we  have. 

The  water  is  an  efficient  aid  to  digestion,  being  antacid 
and  tonic.  When  taken  in  the  morning  before  breakfast  its 

action  is  gently 
aperient.  The 
ferruginous  salts 
held  in  solution 
by  the  carbonic 
acid  gas  are  val- 
uable in  anaemia 
and  chlorotic  con- 
ditions, malarial 
toxaemia  an  d 
many  disorders 
requiring  iron  for 
the  constructive 
metamorphosis  of 
red-blood  corpus- 
cles. Much  ben- 
efit  is  derived 
from  a  course  at 
the  springsin 
Bright's  disease  of  the  kidneys  and  chronic  cystitis,  in 
acid  conditions  of  the  blood  and  urine,  dyspepsia  and 
indigestion,  etc.,  etc.  The  Napa  Soda  Springs  have  also 
proved  beneficial  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  and  sub- 
acute  metritis  and  ovaritis,  and  this  water  is  better  borne 
by  the  stomach  in  these  and  the  many  allied  uterine  com- 
plications than  almost  any  other  chalybeate  tonic. 


PAGODA   SPUING 


206  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

In  the  many  cystic  and  nephritic  disorders  found  on  this 
coast  these  alkalo-carbonated  and  chalybeate  waters  have 
been  found  of  great  value. 

The  resort  is  open  all  the  year  round.  The  excellent 
climate,  the  high  and  dry  location  and  the  elegant  accom- 
modations add  greatly  to  the  comforts  of  the  health  and 
pleasure  seeking  public. 

The  Rotunda  Hotel  is  a  magnificent  structure.  It  is 
built  of  solid  stone  masonry,  quarried  in  one  of  the  adja- 
cent mountains  on  the  extensive  grounds.  The  rock  is 
white  and  soft  when  first  exposed  to  the  atmosphere,  but 
it  rapidly  parts  with  its  moisture  and  becomes  harder  and 
harder  the  longer  it  remains  in  the  air.  The  rotunda  is 
a  circular  building,  towering  up  seventy-five  feet  into  the 
air  and  surmounted  by  a  huge  glass  cupola  which  reflects 
the  rays  of  the  sun  for  miles  around. 

The  structure  is  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  in  diam- 
eter, and  its  interior  is  a  fine  work  of  mechanical  art.  The 
court,  or  grand  central  parlor,  is  about  one  hundred  feet  in 
diameter,  handsomely  furnished  and  lighted  by  a  large  gas 
chandelier  of  forty  lights.  Surrounding  the  parlor  is  a 
promenade,  and  exterior  to  this  again  are  arranged  apart- 
ments for  guests,  single  and  in  suits.  From  this  building 
the  entire  extensive  grounds  and  landscape  may  be  sur- 
veyed. 

Picturesquely  arranged  on  different  portions  and  eleva- 
tions of  the  premises  are  located  the  many  handsome  edi- 
fices belonging  to  Napa  Springs,  the  most  of  which  are 
built  of  stone,  and  have  gas  and  running  water  in  every 
room.  There  is  the  "Club  House,"  in  which  are  found  all  the 
various  amusements,  billiard  tables,  bowling-alleys,  baga- 
telle tables,  etc.,  for  the  use  of  the  guests.  The  "  Tower 
House,"  "  Ivy  House,"  The  "  Bellevue,"  "  Garden  House," 
"Music  Hall,"  "Bottling  House,"  and  cottages  are  all  at 
the  disposal  of  the  guests,  as  also  lawn  tennis  and  croquet 
grounds  beautifully  situated. 


NAPA    SPRINGS  207 

The  waters  are  bottled  fresh  from  nature's  subterranean 
laboratories  at  the  springs,  and  only  natural  mineral  waters 
and  gases  are  sent  from  the  Soda  Springs. 

The  dining  hall  deserves  a  passing  notice,  not  only  on 
account  of  its  external  architectural  beauty,  but  for  its 
excellent  interior  contents.  The  cuisine  is  in  charge  of  an 
experienced  chef  and  the  table  (Thole  is  superior,  consisting 
of  pure  fresh  milk,  butter  and  eggs  of  country  production, 
fresh  vegetables  and  fruit  from  the  gardens  and  orchard  on 
the  place,  and  the  most  nourishing  and  appetizing  foods 
with  all  the  delicacies  of  the  season. 

The  extensive  grounds  cover  over  a  thousand  acres  of 
hills  and  valley.  The  place  is  also  well  supplied  with 
springs  of  fresh  water,  rippling  over  rocks  and  rills  forming 
cascades  and  mountain  streams  which  play  over  the  peb- 
bles or  gently  glide  along  the  moss-covered  banks.  There 
are  also  splendid  facilities  for  hot  and  cold  Napa  Soda  baths 
in  tub  or  plunge,  and  a  swimming-bath  measuring  150  feet 
in  length  by  50  feet  in  width,  with  water  varying  from  4 
to  10  feet  in  depth. 

Our  sojourn  at  this  resort  during  1888,  although  nec- 
essarily brief,  was,  nevertheless,  exceedingly  pleasant,  and 
we  do  not  hesitate  in  pronouncing  Napa  Soda  Springs  one 
of  the  most  delightful  and  salubrious  watering-places  on 
the  Pacific  Coast. 


NEWSOM'S  ARROYO  GRANDE  SPRINGS 

About  14  miles  south  of  San  Luis  Obispo  lie  these 
springs.  They  are  reached  by  rail  to  Arroyo  Grande  and 
thence  by  easy  stage  or  by  drive  from  Nipomo.  The  situa- 
tion is  a  pleasant  one  at  an  altitude  of  about  400  feet.  The 
grounds  and  springs  are  well  kept.  The  ocean  beach  road 
affords  one  of  the  finest  drives  in  that  section  of  the  country. 
At  the  beach,  swimming,  fishing,  and  clamming  are  always 
in  order.  The  hotel  and  cottages  are  pleasantly  situated 
and  afford  good  accommodations  for  guests.  The  climate 


208  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

is  one  of  almost  perpetual  sunshine  with  occasional  spring 
and  fall  rains.  On  the  place  are  three  principal  springs 
whose  waters  range  in  temperature  from  40°  F.  to  100°  F. 
and  flow  the  enormous  amount  of  49,000  gallons  per  hour. 
The  waters  are  salino-sulphureted  and  have  gained  con- 
siderable reputation  in  the  treatment  of  old  chronic  rheu- 
matism and  gout,  catarrhal  affections  of  the  bladder  and 
bowels,  skin  diseases,  etc.  For  uterine  troubles  the  hot 
sulphurous  douche  has  been  of  great  benefit. 

Warm  and  hot  plunge  and  tub  bathing  facilities  have 
been  constructed  for  the  use  of  guests. 


NEWSOM'S  ARROYO  GRANDE  SPRINGS 

LIGHT  SALINO-SULPHURETED 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON 

Analyst,  1888  Unknown  Analyst 

Temperature  100.5°  F.  Temperature  ioo9  F, 

U.  S.  gal.  contains         U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Constituents                                                                     Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 4.10  4.16 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.75 

Sodium  Sulphate 3.92  4.06 

Potassium  Carbonate 15 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.90  2.99 

Magnesium  Carbonate 6.41  6.61 

Magnesium  Sulphate 2.47 

Calcium  Carbonate 8.25  10.62 

Calcium  Sulphate 76  .64 

Ferrous  Carbonate 3.98  4.15 

Alumina 33  .03 

Silica 2.03  2.30 

Organic  Matter 27  .52 


Total  Solids 37.32  36.08 

Gases  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inche* 

Free  Carbonic  Anhydride....  14.90  12.13 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 3.56  3.72 


NEW  ALMADEN  VICHY  SPRINGS. 

These  springs  are  situated  in  the  Coast  Range  of  mount- 
ains, about  60  miles  south  of  San  Francisco.  They  are 
near  the  New  Almaden  Mines  in  Santa  Clara  County.  The 


NEW  ALMA  DEN  VICHY  SPRINGS  209 

climate  is  lovely  and  mild  during  the  whole  year.  At  the 
springs  has  been  erected  a  pretty  little  resort,  which  is 
growing  in  favor.  The  water  is  a  heavy  alkalo-chalybeate 
strongly  charged  with  carbonic  acid  gas. 

NEW  ALMADEN  VICHY  SPRINGS 

VICHY— AIvKAI/)— CHALYBEATE 

Unknown  Analyst 

Temperature  63°  F. 

IT.  S.  Gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 32.16 

Sodium  Carbonate 200.12 

Magnesium  Sulphate 12.00 

Calcium  Carbonate 32.00 

Calcium  Sulphate 40.20 

Iron 4.08 

Carbonic  ]Acid 112.08 

Silica traces 


Total 432.64 

Recently  the  springs  have  ceased  to  flow,  owing  to  the 
deep  workings  of  the  Almaden  quicksilver  mines. 

On  analysis  this  water  is  found  to  contain — 
NICHOLAS     SPRINGS 

SAUNO-CHALYBEATB 
DR.  WiNStow  ANDERSON  BAUMGARTHN 

Analyst,  1888  Analyst. 

Temperature  63.5°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.14  .10 

Sodium  Sulphate 11.90  12.08 

Magnesium  Sulphate 103.62  105.09 

Calcium  Sulphate 43.07  49.34 

Calcium  Carbonate 7.55 

Ferrous  Sulphate 7.96 

Ferric  Sulphate 10.91 

Ferrous  Carbonate 2.43 

Silica 6.09  6.41 

Borates 81  

Organic  Matter 24  


Total  Solids 184.81  183.93 

Gases                                                    Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inche« 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 17.90  undetermined 


210  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

NICHOLAS   SPRINGS 

They  are  located  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  on  Mr.  B.  C. 
Nicholas'  Ranch. 

The  water  contains  large  quantities  of  Epsom  salts  and 
iron  salts. 

OJAI  HOT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  beautifully  situated  in  Waterfall 
Canon,  about  five  miles  from  the  prosperous  village  of 
Nordhoffand  fifteen  miles  from  Ventura,  in  Ventura  County. 
The  route  is  to  Ventura  by  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  and 
thence  by  stage.  The  altitude  at  the  springs  is  about  1,000 
feet.  Good  accommodations  are  afforded  at  the  growing 
resort  and  the  vicinity  boasts  of  fine  fishing,  hunting  and 
scenery. 

The  springs  flow  about  50,000  gallons  per  hour  and 
have  a  temperature  ranging  from  60°  F.,  to  74  to  104°  F. 
Several  of  the  springs  are  carbonated  and  others  are  sul- 
phureted. 

The  "Fountain  of  Life"  spring  is  a  cool  soda;  "St. 
Jacob's  Well"  is  also  cool  and  carbonated.  One  large  spring 
was  discovered  by  a  man  named  Adam  and  the  most  natural 
thought  for  an  Adam  to  have  was  of  his  tempter  "  Eve,"  so 
he  named  this  water  the  "  Mother  of  Eve."  It  is  soft  and 
heavily  charged  with  sulphates  and  sulphureted  hydrogen, 
and  although  the  water  tastes  well  enough,  its  smell  is  any- 
thing but  agreeable.  The  water  has  a  reputation  for  whiten- 
ing and  softening  the  skin  and  improving  the  complexion. 

These  Ojai  waters  contain :  sodium,  potassium  and 
magnesium,  carbonates  and  sulphates,  calcium  and  ferrous 
carbonates,  silicates,  carbonic  anhydride  and  sulphureted 
hydrogen  gases. 

Many  people  go  there  who  are  stiff-jointed,  rheumatic 
and  gouty,  or  affected  with  skin  diseases,  etc.  They  are  all 
reported  as  receiving  great  benefit. 


OWEN'S  LAKE  211 

OWEN'S  LAKE 

This  second  "  Dead  Sea"  in  California  is  located  at  the 
southern  end  of  Owen's  Valley  in  Inyo  County.  It  is 
eighteen  miles  long  and  ten  miles  wide  and  its  waters  are 
highly  chlorinated  and  alkaline. 

On  analysis  the  lake  water  yields,  according  to  Chem- 
ist Philips  of  London : 

OWEN'S  LAKE. 

PBOF.  PHILIPS,  London,  Analyst 
Temperature  Not  Given 

Imperial  Gallon 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Chloride  of  Sodium 2942.15 

Sulphate  of  Soda 956.80 

Carbonate  of  Soda 2914.43 

Sulphate  of  Potash 35.74 

Silicate  of  Potash. 139.54 

Organic  Matter 16.94 

Total  Solids...  ..  7005.60 


The  most  important  of  the  auxiliary  attractions  of  San 
Jose  is  the  Lick  Observatory  on  the  summit  of  Mount 
Hamilton.  A  few  years  ago  James  Lick,  a  wealthy  citizen 
of  San  Jose,  gave  his  entire  property,  consisting  of  nearly 
five  millions  of  dollars,  to  philanthropic  institutions  and 
and  works  of  public  improvement  in  the  State.  The  most 
important  of  these  bequests  was  that  of  $750,000  for  the 
establishment  of  an  astronomical  observatory  on  Mount 
Hamilton,  which  was  to  be  equipped  with  the  most  powerful 
telescope  in  the  world.  Mount  Hamilton  is  located  in  the 
range  of  mountains  east  of  the  valley,  and  is  twenty-six 
miles  distant  from  San  Jose.  It  stands  4,443  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  in  an  atmosphere  cloudless  during  the  entire 
year.  From  its  summit  there  is  an  unbroken  horizon,  while 
its  latitude  is  favorable  for  the  most  important  observations. 
The  county  of  Santa  Clara  has  constructed,  at  an  expense 
of  about  $100,000,  a  magnificent  road  to  the  top  of  the 
mountain.  This  road  is  of  easy  grade,  finely  constructed, 
and  furnishes  a  beautiful  drive.  The  scenery  along  the 

A.  14 


212 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


route  is  unsurpassed  for  beauty  and  grandeur.  The  work  on 
the  observatory  and  adjacent  buildings  has  been  completed 
and  the  placing  of  the  crown  disc  for  the  great  thirty- 
six-ineh  telescope  (the  largest  in  the  world)  has  been  accom- 
plished. The  buildings  and  instruments  now  completed 


and  in  position  are  the  observer's  house,  and  the  thirty-six- 
inch  telescope,  the  transit  house,  the  photo-heliograph  and 
photograph  house,  the  north  dome  and  the  fifteen-inch 
equatorial  refractor,  the  meridian  circle  house  and  the  six 


LICK  OBSER  VA  TOR  Y  213 

and  one-half  inch  meridian  circle ;  many  auxiliary  instru- 
ments, such  as  chronometers,  sidereal  clocks,  etc.,  and  a 
number  of  portable  telescopes.  The  dome  which  covers  the 
great  telescope  is  made  of  steel  plates  ;  it  is  seventy-five 
feet  in  diameter,  and  weighs  about  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
two  tons. 

PACIFIC  CONGRESS  SPRINGS  AND  SANITARIUM 

These  famous  mineral  springs  are  located  in  the  Coast 
Range  of  mountains,  about  twelve  miles  southwest  of  San 
Jose,  in  Santa  Clara  County.  They  are  so  named  from  the 
similarity  which  exists  between  the  waters  of  these  springs 
and  those  of  the  noted  Congress  Springs  at  Saratoga,  New 
York. 

Santa  Clara  Valley  is  celebrated  for  its  excellent  climate 
and  dry,  pure  and  invigorating  atmosphere,  a  place  admi- 
rably suited  for  a  health  and  pleasure  resort  where  the  cares 
of  a  busy  life  may  be  forgotten  for  a  while,  and  where  one 
can  bask  in  the  sunny  smiles  and  breathe  the  perfumed  air, 
and  admire  the  picturesqueness  of  the  place. 

A  large  and  commodious  hotel  and  several  cottages 
have  been  established  at  an  elevation  of  seven  hundred  and 
thirty  feet  above  the  sea  level.  Excellent  bathing  facilities 
for  hot  and  cold  mineral  baths  have  also  been  constructed. 
Some  one  hundred  feet  farther  up  the  mountain  side  are 
the  springs — purposely  so  arranged  in  order  to  give  the 
guests  a  little  walk  to  and  from  the  springs. 

The  drives  in  and  about  Congress  Springs  are  among 
the  finest  in  the  State,  everything  is  first  class,  entertaining 
and  pleasing,  and  thousands  of  people  go  there  yearly  for 
their  health  and  recreation. 

Route  of  travel — the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  to  Los 
Gatos,  and  thence  by  stage  or  carriage  to  the  springs. 

There  are  several  springs  on  the  premises,  which  flow 
in  great  profusion .  The  waters  belong  to  the  alkalo-chaly- 
beate  class,  so  valuable  for  table  purposes.  Their  action  is 


214  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

mildly  aperient  (from  the  presence  of  the  Glauber's  and 
Epsom  salts),  diuretic  from  the  large  amounts  of  carbon- 
ates, and  antacid  from  carbonic  acid  gas,  which  forms  alka- 
line carbonates  with  metallic  bases.  The  waters  are  also 
largely  tonic  and  ferruginous  from  the  large  quantity  of 
iron  salts. 

PACIFIC  CONGRESS  SPRINGS 

ALKALO-CHALYBEATE 

Temperature  50°  F. 
DR.  WINSI,OW  ANDERSON  BAUER  OR  THAYER 

Analyst,  1888  Analyst 

U.  S.  Gal.  Contains         U.  S.  Gal.  Contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride ....  115.76  119.15 

Sodium  Carbonate 120.42  123.35 

Sodium  Sulphate 12.95  12.14 

Potassium  Carbonate 2.06  

Magnesium  Carbonate 26.34  

Magnesium  Sulphate 14.17  

Calcium  Carbonate 16.03  17.29 

Calcium  Sulphate 14.19  

Ferrous  Carbonate 13.87  14.03 

Alumina.. 4.50  

Silica,  Alumina  and  Magnesia 49.98 

Silica 3.98  

Organic  Matter trace  

Total  Solids 334.27  335.94 

Gases                                                      Cuoic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 44.17  Not  Determined 

This  water  has  gained  considerable  celebrity  in  the 
treatment  of  anaemia,  dyspepsia,  liver  and  kidney  troubles, 
irritability  of  the  bladder,  rheumatism,  gout  and  cutaneous 
affections.  The  waters  are  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  coast 
and  are  extensively  used. 

THE  VALLEY  OF  PALMS 

NO   SUCH  CLIMATE  OR  SCENERY  ELSEWHERE  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES 

Hundreds  of  lofty  palms,  with  slender  trunks  tower- 
ing seventy-five  to  one  hundred  feet  in  the  clear  atmosphere, 
crowned  with  magnificent  clusters  of  fruit  from  ten  to  twelve 


216  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

feet  in  length.  A  hot  mineral  spring,  fed  from  a  natural 
well  reaching  far  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  and  whose 
waters  have  for  years  been  known  as  a  specific  for  rheuma- 
tism and  all  kinds  of  blood  diseases.  A  fertile  soil,  whose 
genial  properties  cause  fruits  and  vegetables  to  ripen  a 
month  and  more  in  advance  of  any  other  part  of  the  State. 
A  balmy  climate  where  frost  and  fog  are  practically  unknown 
and  where  the  most  delicate  invalid  finds  a  canvas  shelter 
comfortable  the  year  round.  Beautiful  mountain  streams 
pouring  their  wealth  of  water  from  the  melting  snows  into 
the  valley.  In  the  background  a  lofty  mountain  range, 
towering  over  two  miles  into  the  blue  ether.  All  this,  and 
more,  too,  go  to  make  up  the  principal  natural  advantages 
which  the  visitor  finds  at  Palm  Valley,  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  San  Diego  County.  This  remarkable,  and  in  many 
respects  incomparable,  valley  lies  at  the  foot  of  the  south- 
eastern slope  of  the  grand  San  Jacinto  Range,  and  a  few 
miles  from  the  valley,  called  the  San  Gorgonio  Pass,  which 
separates  the  range  mentioned  from  the  San  Bernardino 
Mountains.  For  ages  this  valley,  with  its  wonderful  hot 
springs,  or  Aguas  Calientes,  has  been  known  to  the  aboriginal 
inhabitants,  and  they  have  been  accustomed  to  resort  hither 
for  the  cure  of  their  various  ailments  by  bathing  in  the 
health-giving  waters.  Their  legends  of  this  region  are 
numerous  and  interesting,  including  that  of  Tah-Quish,  the 
demon  of  the  mountains  and  the  beautiful  White  Spirit, 
who  is  the  guardian  angel  of  the  spring.  From  the  very 
earliest  occupation  of  the  white  settlers  in  California  these 
springs  have  been  well  and  favorably  known.  People  from 
every  direction  flocked  hither  for  the  certain  cure  of  mani- 
fold diseases  which  followed  bathing  in  the  waters.  Grad- 
ually, a  few  white  settlers  have  made  homes  here,  and  they 
learned  by  experiment  the  remarkable  fact  that  fruits  and 
vegetables  would  mature  here  at  least  six  weeks  earlier  than 
in  the  earliest  regions  of  other  parts  of  the  State.  Taking 
the  fertile  soil,  the  marvelous  climate  and  the  wonderful 
springs,  here  was  a  combination  of  advantages  which  could 


THE  VALLEY  OF  PALMS  217 

not  fail  to  be  of  the  greatest  value.  A  couple  of  years 
since,  some  capitalists  secured  possession  of  several  thou- 
sand acres  of  land,  constructed  a  stone-paved  canal,  ten 
miles  long  by  which  the  water  of  Whitewater  River  was 
diverted  upon  the  Palm  Valley  lands,  and  then  established 
a  settlement  here  which  is  manifestly  destined  to  take  a 
front  rank  among  the  health  resorts  of  the  world.  They 
have  also  planted  a  tract  of  one  hundred  and  forty  acres 
with  choice  oranges  and  made  many  other  improvements. 
Consumptives,  rheumatics  and  other  sufferers  find  almost 
immediate  relief  in  the  pure,  dry  air  of  Palm  Valley,  and 
the  list  of  cures  that  have  been  effected  here  is,  indeed, 
marvelous. 

PAERT'S  HOT  SPRINGS 

Near  Benton,  in  Mono  County,  lie  several  hot  springs. 
The  waters  are  salino-sulphurous  and  used  locally.  No 
analysis. 

PARAISO  HOT  SPRINGS  AND  SANITARIUM 
These  famous  mineral  springs  are  picturesquely  situ- 
ated in  their  mountainous  retreat  in  the  Coast  Range,  about 
one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  San  Francisco  and  seven 
miles  south  of  Soledad,  Monterey  County.  They  are  of 
easy  access  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  to  Soledad  and 
thence  by  stage  or  carriage  over  a  charming  mountainous 
drive  to  the  springs. 

The  Paraiso  mineral  springs  have  gained  considerable 
celebrity,  having  been  located  by  the  Franciscan  fathers  in 
1790.  The  resort  is  charmingly  located  in  a  grotto  guarded 
by  three  high  mountains  on  as  many  sides,  covered  with 
groves  of  trees  and  mountain  shrubbery,  forming  an  excel- 
lent background  to  our  beautiful  landscape.  See  illustration. 
Below  the  resort,  and  for  miles  beyond,  is  the  fertile 
valley,  traversed  by  the  grand  Salinas  River  and  Arroyo 
Seco,  and  the  far-away  Gabilan  Mountains  — altogether 
forming  a  picture  which  only  a  Bierstadt  could  delineate. 


218 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


The  climate  belongs  to  that  smiling  sunny  south,  whose 
atmosphere  is  redolent  with  the  perfumes  from  the  sweet- 
scented  woods  and  the  pine-laden  forests,  where  the  ozone 
and  gentle  sea  breezes  are  wafted  across  the  mountains  to 
invigorate  the  fortunate  dwellers. 

At  the  springs  are  the  cultivated  grounds  and  gardens, 
orchards  and  flowers  so  pleasing  at  a  mountainous  resort. 


PARAISO  HOT  SPRINGS 


Here  we  find  the  many  romantic  nooks  and  commanding 
outlooks,  the  winding  paths  and  sequestered  retreats  leading 
up  and  down  the  mountain  sides.  "Mussel  Peak"  and 
the  shaded  "  Lovers'  Walk,"  with  the  bright  silvered  streams 
below,  gliding  noiselessly  on  to  the  briny  deep,  afford 
ample  food  for  the  imagination  and  excellent  exercise  for 
the  body. 

The  commodious  hotel  and  cottages  are  of  recent  con- 
struction, and   combine  all    the  luxury   and    comfort  with 


PARAI80  HOT  SPRINGS  AND  SANITARIUM  219 

convenience  and  wholesomeless  that  can  be  found  any- 
where. The  elevation  is  about  fourteen  hundred  feet  above 
the  sea  level.  The  temperature  is  equable  and  the  air  dry, 
pure  and  balmy.  Many  consumptives  and  asthmatics  do 
well  at  these  springs. 

There  is  also  abundant  fishing  and  hunting  in  the 
immediate  vicinity. 

During  the  early  days  of  California  the  friars  at  the 
"  Old  Mission  of  Soledad,"  near  the  Salinas  River,  used  to 
go  up  to  the  springs  and  receive  the  sick,  who  bathed  and 
drank  the  water  and  carried  much  of  it  with  them  for 
medicinal  purposes.  They  named  it  the  Water  of  Paradise. 

On  the  premises  are  several  valuable  springs,  flowing 
about  2,000  gallons  per  hour,  consisting  of  "sulphur," 
"soda,"  and  "  iron  waters." 

The  Hot  Sulphur  spring  has  a  temperature  of  100°  F. 
Others  range  in  temperature  from  105°  F.  to  118°  F. 

The  following  analysis  is  from  the  principal  sulphur 
spring  at  Paraiso. 

PARAISO  HOT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 
DR.  WINS^OW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 
Temperature,  114°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.Gal.  containa 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grams  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 2.76  Calcium  Carbonate 89 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.15  Calcium  Sulphate 4.40 

Sodium  Sulphate 37.10  Ferrous  Oxide 73 

Potassium  Sulphate 83  Silica 2.55 

Magnesium  Carbonate 6.09  Organic  Matter 7.35 

Magnesium  Sulphate 2.19 

Total  Solids,  66.04 

Gases  Cubic  inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 2.04 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 9.25 

This  water  forms  one  of  the  best  bathing  mediums 
found  on  the  coast. 


220  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  Great  Paraiso  Hot  Soda  or  "  Carslbad  of  America" 
is  found  upon  careful  chemical  analysis  to  yield — 

PARAISO  SODA  SPRINGS 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 
Temperature,  u8°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal,  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 3.37  Calcium  Carbonate 1.30 

Sodium  Carbonate 5.06  Calcium  Sulphate 6.45 

Sodium  Sulphate 34.60  Ferrous  Carbonate 89 

Potassium  Chloride 32  Alumina 56 

Potassium  Sulphate trace  Silica 2.90 

Magnesium  Carbonate 75  Organic  Matter 4.15 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.10 

Total  Solids,  61.45 

Gases                                                Cubic  Inches 
Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 2.95 

This  water  is  found  to  be  very  similar  to  the  noted 
Carlsbad  of  Austria,  and  of  great  value  in  rheumatism,  gout, 
liver  and  kidney  affections  and  chronic  skin  diseases. 

The  waters  at  Paraiso  Springs  have  been  found  of 
great  service  in  chronic  rheumatism  and  arthritic  affections, 
joint  diseases,  syphilitic  and  scrofulous  contaminations  and 
chronic  skin  diseases. 

The  soda  and  sulphur  waters  are  tonic,  antacid,  laxa- 
tive, diuretic  and  detergent  and  much  prized  in  dyspepsia, 
torpidity  of  liver  and  intestines,  glandular  swellings,  and 
for  kidney  and  bladder  diseases. 

Thousands  of  visitors,  invalids  and  pleasure-seekers, 
visit  Paraiso  Springs  yearly  and  the  superiority  of  the  min- 
eral springs,  the  excellence  of  the  climate  and  the  pictur- 
esqueness  of  the  location  bid  fair  to  make  Paraiso  resort  one 
of  the  most  prominent  mineral  watering-places  on  the  Coast. 

PASO  ROBLES  SPRINGS 
See  El  Paso  Robles. 

PEARSON'S  SPRINGS 

These  are  situated  one  and  a  half  miles  from  Blue  Lakes 
and  fourteen  miles  from  Lakeport  in  Lake  County.  They 


PEARSON'S  SPRINGS  221 

are  reached  by  railroad  to  Calistoga  and  thence  by  stage. 
The  springs  lie  in  an  elevated  valley  about  six  hundred 
feet  wide  with  large  mountains  on  each  side.  There  are 
five  important  springs  at  Pearson's.  One  is  known  as  the 
"  Gas  Spring"  on  account  of  the  large  amount  of  carbonic 
acid  gas  which  constantly  bubbles  up.  The  water  is  a  cool 
salino-chalybeate,  having  gently  cathartic  and  diuretic 
properties  combined  with  antacid  and  tonic.  Then  there  is 
a  "  Sulphur  and  Soda,"  and  a  plain  "  Soda"  spring,  and  the 
old  "Bartlett." 

The  waters  are  used  for  liver  and  kidney  diseases, 
malarial  toxaemia,  catarrhal  affections,  etc. 

The  water  is  artificially  heated  for  bathing  purposes. 

PETROLEUM  SPRINGS 

Throughout  the  State  a  large  number  of  valuable 
petroleum  springs  have  been  discovered,  several  of  which 
are  worked  to  good  advantage.  In  Alameda,  the  first  one  was 
discovered  in  1868,  at  the  time  of  the  great  earthquake,  on 
Mr.  Brown's  ranch,  about  four  miles  east  of  the  town  of 
Livermore.  After  one  of  the  shocks,  a  large  subterranean 
explosion  was  heard  which  displaced  large  masses  of  con- 
glomerate rock  and  coarse  sandstone.  Simultaneously,  a 
spring  of  water  commenced  to  flow  near  the  point  of  the 
explosion.  As  the  water  issued  from  the  crevice  it  was 
observed  to  be  covered  with  traces  of  petroleum.  Inflamma- 
ble gas  also  bubbled  up  through  the  water.  This  suggested 
the  idea  of  prospecting  for  oil  and  gas  in  the  vicinity. 
Accordingly,  a  drill  hole  was  sunk  about  ten  feet  near  t  he 
center  of  the  spring.  Immediately  a  dark  tarry  looking  oil 
escaped.  Later  on  (1875)  a  well  was  bored  near  the  spring 
to  a  depth  of  forty-five  feet,  and  water  and  petroleum  com- 
menced to  flow.  In  1886  several  other  wells  were  sunk, 
one  to  a  depth  of  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  feet,  and  con- 
siderable oil  and  water  continues  to  flow  with  bubbles  of 
inflammable  gas. 


222  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

A  large  natural  petroleum  well  is  located  in  the  ocean 
about  one  and  one-half  miles  from  the  shore  and  about  ten 
miles  west  of  Santa  Barbara.  Its  productiveness  must  be 
large,  as  the  ocean  water  for  miles  around  is  covered  with 
the  floating  oil.  Ventura  County  is  known  as  the  "oil 
county  of  California."  From  this  natural  petroleum  county, 
in  1888,  were  shipped  226,050  barrels  of  oil.  The  wells 
are  from  a  few  feet  in  depth  to  several  hundred,  and  in 
one  case  1,400  feet.  The  crude  oils  are  refined  at  Santa 
Paula,  yielding — 

Illuminating  oil  Inflammable  gas 

Domestic  fuel  Distillates 

Wood  oils  Neutral  oils 

Lubricating  oils  Malta  (Bitumen) 

Petroleum  is  found  in  Santa  Cruz,  Humboldt,  Santa 
Clara,  Los  Angeles,  San  Mateo,  Mendocino,  Santa  Barbara, 
San  Benito,  Monterey,  San  Luis  Obispo  and  other  counties 
in  the  State,  and  is  forming  one  of  our  many  valuable 
industries. 

PIEDMONT  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  in  Alameda  County,  some 
three  miles  from  Oakland,  and  have  gained  considerable 
local  reputation  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism,  jaundice, 
liver  and  kidney  and  stomach  troubles. 

The  nearness  of  the  resort  to  the  city  makes  it  espe- 
cially valuable  to  business  men,  who  can  stay  at  the  springs 
at  night  and  return  to  San  Francisco  for  business  during  the 
day.  The  resort  and  grounds  are  well  kept.  The  hotel  is 
convenient  and  commodious.  The  atmosphere  is  pure  and 
refreshing,  with  the  tonic  sea  breezes  from  the  bay.  The 
situation,  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Berkeley  hills,  com- 
mands one  of  the  most  picturesque  views  over  the  San 
Francisco  Bay  and  the  Golden  Gate  that  can  be  found  any- 
where on  the  the  coast. 


PIEDMONT  SPRINGS  223 

PIEDMONT  SPRINGS 

CHALYBEATE  AND  SULPHUR  WATERS 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  58°  F.  Temperature  60"  F. 

IRON  SPRING  WHITE  SULPHUR 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 5.10  7.91 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 11.70  9.40 

Sodium  Carbonate 0.52  6.20 

Potassium  Carbonate 3.15  .76 

Potassium  Iodide trace  trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 6.37  3.17 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.03  17.80 

Calcium  Carbonate 2.13  3.32 

Calcium  Sulphate 1.60  7.09 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.73  trace 

Alumina 45  trace 

Borates 5.23  1.90 

Silicates 4.19  5.06 

Organic  Matter trace  trace 

Total  Solids 43.20  62.61 

Gases  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 7.25  4.60 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen trace  9.25 

These  analyses  show  that  the  waters  are  valuable  as 
tonics,  antacids,  diuretics  and  aperients,  and  of  value  in 
dyspepsia,  constipation,  anaemia,  rheumatism,  liver  and 
kidney  troubles. 

PIRU  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

Located  in  Ventura  County  are  a  number  of  undevel- 
oped mineral  springs.  The  Piru  is  one  of  these. 

RUBICON  SODA  SPRINGS 

These  excellent  mineral  soda  springs  are  romantically 
situated  in  the  beautiful  Garden  Valley,  on  the  Rubicon 
River,  some  eleven  miles  west  of  Lake  Tahoe.  Everything 
surrounding  them  partakes  of  the  picturesque — the  tall 
mountains  covered  with  groves  of  pine  and  spruce  and 
capped  by  old  century  cedars.  Here  and  there  are  traces 
of  the  slow  yet  persistent  march  of  huge  glaciers  of  bygone 


224  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

days ;  here  and  there  are  seen  the  volcanic  sentinels  in 
the  form  of  huge  granite  pillars  silently  watching  the 
Rubicon  as  its  bright,  silvered  stream  silently  glides  along 
the  moss-covered  banks.  The  hillsides  are  covered  with 
sweet-scented  shrubbery,  and  the  valley  with  flowers, 
imparting  their  fragrant  aromas  to  the  ozonized  mountain 
atmosphere — a  most  valuable  combination  for  consump- 
tives, asthmatics,  persons  suffering  with  chronic  bronchitis, 
catarrh,  etc.,  etc. 

The  owner  of  this  beautiful  mountainous  resort  is 
erecting  commodious  accommodations  for  guests  and 
visitors. 

The  mountains  afford  ample  opportunity  for  exercise 
with  the  gun,  as  the  river  does  with  the  rod. 

The  atmosphere  is  bright,  clear,  pure  and  invigorating, 
imparting  new  life  to  the  overworked  brain  and  under- 
worked body  of  busy  city  life. 

The  mineral  springs  themselves  belong  to  the  alkalo- 
carbonated  class  of  waters,  so  valuable  in  the  treatment  of 
the  many  diseases  noted  under  that  chapter  (quod  vide), 
such  as  dyspepsia  and  gastric  catarrh,  torpidity  of  the  liver 
and  constipation  of  the  bowels,  Bright's  disease  of  the  kid- 
neys, inflammation  of  the  bowels  and  bladder,  etc.,  etc. 
For  a  tonic  the  waters  are  excellent.  Their  action  is  also 
diuretic,  detergent,  aperient  and  antacid. 

They  are  located  at  an  elevation  of  6,200  feet  above 
the  sea  level,  and  are  pure,  clear  and  sparkling,  containing, 
besides  the  mineral  ingredients,  large  quantities  of  car- 
bonic acid  gas,  so  useful  in  the  treatment  of  stomachic 
disorders. 

New  and  excellent  roads  have  been  built,  and  the  trip 
to  Rubicon  Soda  Springs  is  full  of  picturesqueness  and 
romance  as  the  waters  are  full  of  health-giving  and  restor- 
ative qualities. 


SALT  LAKE  225 

SALT  LAKE 

There  is  quite  a  body  of  water  known  as  Salt  Lake  in 
Mono  County,  east  of  the  geysers  and  located  in  Long 
Valley.  The  water  is  slightly  charged  with  the  chlorides  of 
sodium,  magnesium  and  calcium. 

SALT  SPRINGS 
Unnamed  and  undeveloped.     Situated  : 

On  the  south  side  of  Mokelumne  River,  some  six  miles 
south  of  Silver  Lake,  in  Calaveras  County. 

In  Inyo  County,  north  of  Inyo  Range  and  east  of  Black 
Mountain. 

In  Trinity  County,  eighty  miles  from  Red  Bluff,  on  a 
branch  of  Strong  Creek. 

On  the  east  side  of  Panamint  Valley,  in  Inyo  County. 
In  Tehama  County,  on  Salt  Creek. 

On  the  east  side  of  Death's  Valley,  in  Inyo  County, 
eight  miles  south  of  the  bend  of  Furnace  Creek. 

Near  the  Armagosa  Mines,  in  San  Bernardino  County. 
In  Alameda  County,  northeast  of  Patterson's  Pass. 

SALT  WELLS 

In  San  Bernardino  County  there  are  a  number  of  salt 
wells,  located  between  Borax  Flats  and  Indian  Wells,  in 
Salt  Wells  Valley.  The  waters  are  heavy,  chlorinated  and 
saline.  A  few  are  reported  to  be  carbonated. 

Salt  deposits  and  salt  mountains  are  numerous  on  this 
coast. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  HOT  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  in  San  Bernardino  mount- 
ains and  county.  Some  confusion  has  arisen  about  the 
identity  of  these  springs  and  the  Arrowhead  Hot  Springs, 


FALLS  NEAR  SAN  BERNARDINO 


SAN  BERNARDINO  HOT  SPRINGS  227 

in  the  same  county.  The  Arrowhead  Springs  are  situated 
some  fourteen  miles  farther  inland  and  at  a  greater  alti- 
tude, over  2,000  feet,  and  near  the  mountain,  with  the  space 
denoted  "Arrowhead." 

The  San  Bernardino  Springs  (altitude  i,6ou  feet)  are 
hot,  having  a  temperature  of  100°  F.  and  175°  F.,  and  the 
waters  are  largely  calcic  and  earthy.  Like  most  springs 
they  have  acquired  some  local  repute,  and  are  used  for 
drinking  and  bathing  purposes. 


SAN  BERNARDINO  HOT  SPRINGS 

CALCIC  AND  SALINE 

No.  i  No.  2 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                       Parts  in  100,000  Parts  in  100,000 

Sodium  Chloride 12.80  13.40 

Sodium  Sulphate 81.70  80.20 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.30  trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate trace  trace 

Calcium  Carbonate 10.70  11.00 

Ferrous  Carbonate trace  trace 

Silica 20.50  22.40 

Total  Solids 128.00  127.00 

No.  i  is  the  large  spring  in  front  of  the  hotel,  and  No. 
2  is  the  spring  about  two  hundreds  west  of  the  hotel.  The 
analyses  were  made  by  Oscar  Loew. 


SAN  JUAN  CAPISTRANO  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  light  carbonated  and  much  used  in 
the  southern  portion  of  the  State.  They  lie  in  San  Ber- 
nardino County,  near  Capistrano. 

SAN  JUAN  CAPISTRANO   SPRINGS 

Mineral  Ingredients                     Parts  in  100,000  Mineral  Ingredients         Parts  in  100,00 

Sodium  Chloride 10.53  Calcium  Carbonate trace 

Sodium  Carbonate 11.10  Magnesium  Carbonate.trace 

Sodium  Sulphate trace  Lithia trace 

Potassium  Carbonate trace  Silica 7.66 

Total  Solids,  29.29 
A.  15 


228  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

For  cystic  and  renal  troubles  this  water  has  been  found 
beneficial.  The  above  analysis  was  made  by  Oscar  L/oew 
in  1876. 

SAN  MARCOS  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

These  sulphur  waters  are  found  seven  miles  northwest 
of  Santa  Barbara,  in  the  same  county.  They  have  a  tem- 
perature of  120°  F.,  and  are  used  locally  for  skin  diseases, 
etc. 

SAN  JUAN  HOT  SPRINGS 

These  springs,  like  the  San  Marcos,  have  attained 
some  celebrity  in  the  treatment  of  syphilis  and  cutaneous 
diseases.  No  analysis. 


SAN  RAFAEL  SPRINGS 

The  water  is  slightly  saline  and  carbonated,  and  used 
locally  to  a  limited  extent.  The  springs  are  situated  near 
the  town  of  San  Rafael,  in  Marin  County. 


SANTA  BARBARA  HOT  SPRINGS 

These  famous  hot  sulphurous  and  soda  springs  are 
situated  in  the  beautiful  Santa  Ynes  Mountains,  six  and  a 
half  miles  northeast  of  Santa  Barbara  city.  The  springs 
are  picturesquely  located  amid  the  forest-covered  mountains 
at  an  elevation  of  1,450  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

Excellent  accommodations  have  been  provided  at  the 
springs,  and  the  resort  is  rapidly  becoming  celebrated. 

On  the  premises  we  find  some  thirty  mineral  springs, 
some  of  which  are  sulphurous,  others  saline  and  chalybeate, 
ranging  in  temperature  from  99°  F.  to  122°  F.  Seven  of 
the  principal  springs  are  used  for  drinking  and  bathing 
purposes. 


230  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

On  careful  chemical  analysis  No.  i  and  No.  2  and  the 
Sulphur  Spring  yield : 

SANTA  BARBARA  "SULPHUR  SPRINGS" 
CARBONATED  AND  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

~  „  r   .     ,     .    1Q-A  DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON 

OSCAR  LOEW,  Analyst,  1876  Analyst,  1888 

No.  i  No.  2                       U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                     Parts  in  100,000  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 8.7  7.6                                1.74 

Sodium  Carbonate 29.6  24.8                                2.17 

Sodium  Sulphate 5.0  trace                               14.92 

Potassa trace  trace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 7.75 

Calcium  Sulphate trace  trace                                6.03 

Aluminium  Sulphate 2.90 

Arsenic trace 

Silica 4.2  6.0                                1.18 

Sulphuric  Acid trace 

Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids 47.5  38.4  35.95 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Anhydride trace  trace  19.14 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen trace  trace  9.16 

These  waters  are  of  great  value  in  the  treatment  of 
rheumatism,  gout,  joint  affections,  Bright's  disease,  liver 
trouble  and  bladder  irritation.  Being  antacid,  considerable 
benefit  may  be  derived  from  the  waters  in  dyspepsia  and 
acid  conditions  of  the  blood  and  urine. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  benefit  accrues  from  bathing  in 
the  sulphurous  and  saline  waters,  especially  in  syphilitic 
and  scrofulous  contaminations,  glandular  enlargements  and 
chronic  skin  diseases. 

At  the  time  the  country  was  under  Spanish  control  a 
commission  was  sent  out  to  report  on  these  hot  springs. 
The  waters  were  highly  recommended  by  them  for  many 
diseases,  particularly  skin  diseases.  Since  that  time  thou- 
sands of  visitors  and  invalids  have  used  the  waters  with 
decided  benefit. 

Recently  a  large  and  commodious  hotel  and  a  spacious 
Pagoda  bath-house,  with  stained  glass  and  every  modern 
facility,  have  been  constructed. 


SANTA  BARBARA  l<  SULPHUR  SPRINGS"  231 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  waters  resemble  much  the 
famous  Hot  Springs  in  Arkansas.  The  resort  is  a  growing 
one  and  deserves  success. 

SANTA  ROSA  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS  AND  RESORT 

The  Santa  Rosa  Springs  are  pleasantly  situated  about 
two  miles  from  the  town  of  Santa  Rosa  in  Sonoma  County. 
The  surrounding  country  is  delightful  and  the  climate  is 
beautiful.  At  the  springs  we  find  a  growing  resort;  good 
accommodation  and  a  well-kept  and  thriving  place. 

The  springs  flow  in  abundance,  having  waters  of  the 
light  salino-sulphurous  class.  The  waters  are  mostly  sul- 
phuretedand  cold,  having  temperatures  from  59°  F.  to  62°  F. 

The  principal  spring  is  found  to  contain  on  analysis  : 

SANTA   ROSA  SPRINGS 
LIGHT-SALINO-SUIvPHUROUS 
DR.  WINSWW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1886 
Temperature  60.4°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 5.72  Calcium  Sulphate 1.40 

Sodium  Carbonate 2.19  Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Sodium  Sulphate 6.90  Alumina 93 

Potassium  Carbonate 63  Borates trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 75  Silica 1.16 

Magnesium  Sulphate 9.07  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium   Carbonate trace 

Total  Solids,  28.75 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 4.16 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 6.47 

The  action  of  this  water  is  slightly  aperient  and  diuretic, 
acting  on  the  stomach,  liver  and  intestinal  tract.  It  is  use- 
ful in  congestion  of  the  liver  due  to  malarial  poisoning  and 
in  rheumatism,  kidney  and  bladder  troubles,  and  skin 
diseases. 

Excellent  bathing  facilities  have  recently  been  con- 
structed, the  water  being  artificially  heated. 


SANTA   YSABEL  COLD  AND  HOT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS  233 

SANTA  YSABEL  COLD  AND  HOT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

Several  of  the  most  valuable  mineral  springs  in  the 
State  are  located  two  and  a  half  miles  southeast  of  Paso 
Robles  on  the  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  and 
are  known  as  the  "  Santa  Ysabel  Springs." 

They  are  picturesquely  situated  in  a  small  canon  about 
one  mile  east  of  the  Salinas  River.  Surrounded  on  all  sides 
are  the  rolling  hills  covered  with  groves  of  gigantic  oaks, 
towering  pines  and  clustering  manzanitas,  which  shade  the 
many  cozy  nooks  and  commanding  outlooks  on  the  premises. 
The  hillsides  are  clad  in  luxuriant  foliage,  sweet  scented 
shrubbery  and  a  profusion  of  flowers  of  many  hues,  which 
are  all  pleasing  to  the  eye  and  render  the  bright,  pure  and 
invigorating  mountain  air  redolent  with  fragrance.  As  you 
sit  at  these  yet  undeveloped  fountains,  viewing  the  charming 
scenery  and  breathing  the  tonic  ozonized  mountain  atmos- 
phere, mixed  with  the  sweet  and  fragrant  aromas  of  the  flora, 
the  mountain  stream  glides  along  its  silvered  path  amid 
fern  laden,  moss  covered  banks  with  here  and  there  a  rip- 
pling miniature  cascade,  and  as  the  birds  are  chirping  and 
singing  their  happy  notes,  a  feeling  of  luxurious  content- 
ment fills  your  very  soul  and  you  regret  you  cannot  remain 
forever  in  this  paradise. 

' '  Not  a  cloud  in  all  the  sky, 
Save  a  few  light  fleeces, 
Which  here  and  there,  half  mist,  half  air, 
Like  foam  on  the  ocean  go  floating  by." 

The  climate  belongs  distinctively  to  that  smiling  sunny 
south  where  the  air  is  balmy  and  the  thermometer  ranges 
from  about  60°  F.  to  75°  F.  all  the  year  around. 

The  springs  themselves  are  located  in  the  center  of  a 
large  tract  of  land,  at  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet  above  the 
sea,  and  distant  from  the  coast  about  thirty  miles.  The 
soil  is  unusually  rich  and  fertile,  producing  every  known 
variety  of  fruit  as  ascertained  from  the  U.  S.  experimental 
station  close  by. 


SANTA  YSABEL  COLD  AND  HOT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 


235 


The  main  warm  sulphur  spring,  u  No.  i  "  is  situated 
near  the  side  of  the  road  in  this  beautiful  little  canon.  It 
is  six  feet  long  and  four  feet  wide  and  flows  the  enormous 
amount  of  20,000  gallons  per  hour.  The  waters  are  clear 
and  sparkling,  lightly  sulphureted  and  freely  carbonated, 
having  a  temperature  of  96.3°  F.  Subjecting  this  spring  to 
a  careful  chemical  analysis,  it  is  found  to  contain  : 

SANTA  YSABEL  WARM   SULPHUR  SPRING   No.  i. 

SALINO-SUIvPHURETED 
DR.  WINS^OW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1886 

Temperatttre  96.3°  F. 
Flows  20,000  gallons  per  hour 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 18.10 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 29.04 

Sodium  Carbonate 6.91 

Sodium  Sulphate 7.25 

Sodium  Iodide trace 

Potassium  Bromide trace 

Potassium  Iodide trace 

Potassium  Chloride trace 

Potassium  Carbonate 83 

Magnesium  Carbonate 6.16 


U.  S.  gal.  contain* 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Magnesium  Sulphate...  4.85 

Calcium  Carbonate 2.45 

Calcium  Sulphate 2.32 

Manganese  Carbonate..    .13 

Ferrous  Carbonate 98 

Borates trace 

Alumina 73 

Barium  Salts trace 

Silica 1.68 

Organic  Matter trace 


Total  Solids,  81.43 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 4.65 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 11.75 

From  this  analysis  it  will  be  observed  that  the  water  is 
very  similar  to  the  famous  Arkansas  Springs.  For  cen- 
turies this  and  the  other  springs  have  been  used  by  the 
Indians  and  early  Mexicans  and  Spanish  settlers  and  Fran- 
ciscan Fathers,  who  both  drank  and  bathed  in  the  water. 
Tradition  tells  us  that  they  traveled  hundreds  of  miles  to 
reach  the  springs  where  marvelous  cures  were  made;  facts 
substantiated  through  the  personal  experience  of  the  pres- 
ent inhabitants. 

The  waters  are  tonic,  antacid,  diuretic,  aperient  and 
alterative,  acting  on  the  organs  of  secretion  and  excretion, 
stimulating  the  process  of  eliminating  the  morbific  and 
deleterious  agencies  of  tissue  metamorphosis,  thereby  puri- 
fying the  blood  and  establishing  healthy  normal  action  of 
all  the  organs. 


SANTA  YSABEL  RANCH  HOUSE  AND  ADOBE  RUINS 


VIEW  FROM  SUMMIT  OF  HILZ,  BACK  OF  RANCH  HOUSE 


SANTA   YSABEL   WARM  SULPHUR  SPRING  No.  2  237 

No.  2.  Warm  Sulphur  Spring.  This  spring  lies  a 
few  feet  east  of  No.  i  and  a  little  nearer  the  road.  On 
analysis  it  is  found  to  be  very  similar  in  composition. 

No.  2.     SANTA  YSABEL 

SALINO-SULPHUROUS 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON  Analyst,  1886 

Temperature  96.2°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal,  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                     Grains  Mineral  Ingredients                   Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 18.07  Magnesium  Sulphate...   4.76 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 29.02  Calcium  Sulphate 2.31 

Sodium  Carbonate 6.83  Calcium  Carbonate 2.50 

Sodium  Sulphate 7.30  Manganese  Carbonate..      .12 

Sodium  Iodide trace  Ferrous  Carbonate 95 

Potassium  Iodide trace  Alumina 71 

Potassium  Bromide trace  Borates trace 

Potassium  Chloride trace  Barium  Salts trace 

Potassium  Carbonate 81  Silica 1.65 

Magnesium  Carbonate 6.15  Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  81.18 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 4.60 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 11.68 

No.  3  is  a  warm  sulphur  mud  spring  situated  a  few 
feet  west  of  No.  i. 

No.  3.     WARM  SULPHUR   MUD   SPRING 

SALINO-SULPHUROUS  MUD 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1886 

Temperature,  958  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 17.10  Magnesium  Sulphate....  3.94 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 27.04  Calcium  Carbonate 2.45 

Sodium  Carbonate 7.06  Calcium  Sulphate 2.35 

Sodium  Sulphate 7.25  Manganese  Carbonate...    .36 

Sodium  Iodide trace  Ferrous  Carbonate 63 

Potassium  Iodide trace  Alumina 65 

Potassium  Bromide trace  Borates trace 

Potassium  Chloride trace  Barium  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Carbonate 43  Silica 6.32 

Magnesium  Carbonate 5.73  Organic  Matter 76 

Total  Solids,  82.07 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 4.71 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 7.10 


WARM  SULPHUR  MUD  SPRING  No.  3  239 

The  hot  sulphurous  mud  is  excellent  for  bathing  pur- 
poses, as  indeed  are  the  other  warm  sulphur  springs. 
Extensive  facilities  for  this  purpose  will  be  constructed  in 
the  near  future  and  many  cases  of  rhenmatism,  gout,  gland- 
ular enlargements,  chronic  joint  diseases  and  cutaneous 
affections  may  hope  for  much  relief  by  prolonged  bathing 
in  these  sulphurous  water  and  mud  baths. 

About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  farther  up  the  little  canon 
are  located  the  cold  or  white  sulphur  springs.  They  bubble 
up  in  many  places  over  an  area  of  some  several  hundred 
feet.  The  temperature  varies  from  56°  F.  to  60°  F.  and 
the  flow  is  not  nearly  so  extensive  as  it  is  in  the  warm 
springs.  The  cold  or  white  sulphur  waters  are  also  tonic, 
antacid,  and  alterative,  and  in  a  less  marked  degree  laxa- 
tive and  diuretic.  In  other  respects  they  resemble  the 
warm  sulphurous  water,  excepting  that  they  are  much 
lighter.  The  following  analyses  are  of  the  two  principal 
(Nos.  i  and  2)  springs  located  near  the  road. 


SANTA  YSABEL  SPRINGS 
(Nos.  1  and  2  Cold  or  White  Sulphur  Springs) 

LIGHT  ALKANO-SULPHURETED 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON 

Analyst,  1889  Analyst,  1889 
Temperature  59°  F.                                        Temperature  59.2°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 11.47  11.50 

Sodium  Carbonate 13.16  13.09 

Sodium  Sulphate 5.10  5.07 

Sodium  Iodide trace  trace 

Potassium  Iodide trace  trace 

Potassium  Bromide trace  trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 7.41  7.37 

Magnesium  Sulphate 4.05  4.00 

Calcium  Carbonate 1.09  1.06 

Calcium  Sulphate 2.90  2.95 

Manganese  Carbonate 34  .35 

Ferrous  Carbonate 25  .26 

Alumina 83  .84 

Silica 1.17  1.20 

Organic  Matter trace  trace 


Total  Solids 47.78  47-69 

Gases  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen 3.24  3.25 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas...  ,.  11.41  11.30 


STREAM  ABOVE  YSABEl,  I,AK8 


SANTA   YSABEL  SPRINGS  241 

From  the  mineral  ingredients  these  hot  and  cold  sul- 
phurous waters  exhibit  on  analysis,  we  pronounce  them  of 
great  therapeutic  value,  especially  in  chronic  rheumatism, 
chronic  arthritis,  scrofula  and  glandular  enlargements  and 
chronic  cutaneous  diseases.  For  torpidity  of  the  liver 
and  bowels,  dyspepsia,  and  catarrhal  affections  of  the  kidneys 
and  bladder,  experience  teaches  us  that  this  class  of  water 
promises  much  relief  and  assists  materially  the  internal 
medication  in  effecting  a  cure. 

Persons  suffering  with  consumption,  chronic  bronchitis, 
asthma,  catarrhal  affections  of  the  naso-pharynx,  etc.,  may 
expect  to  do  well  in  a  climate  so  mild  and  exhilarating  and 
by  the  use  of  the  sulphurous  steam  and  waters. 

The  mineral  springs  and  surrounding  country  are 
owned  by  a  San  Francisco  syndicate.  Extensive  improve- 
ments have  already  begun,  good  roads  and  building  sites 
for  hotels  and  cottages  are  laid  out  and  a  depot  landing 
selected.  A  large  mountain  lake  is  in  course  of  construction, 
which  will  be  from  800  to  1,000  feet  long  by  several  hundred 
feet  broad.  On  its  waters  will  be  several  pleasure  boats. 
About  one  hundred  feet  above  it  on  a  pleasant  plateau, 
having  a  commanding  view  over  the  entire  Salinas  Valley, 
will  be  reared  a  large  and  commodious  hotel,  surrounding 
it  will  be  built  several  cozy  cottages  for  private  and  family 
use.  Excellent  facilities  for  hot  sulphurous  steam,  water 
and  mud  bathing  will  be  arranged  at  the  principal  springs. 
Within  a  short  distance  of  the  hotel  will  be  convenient 
railroad  facilities. 

With  the  natural  advantages  of  climate,  soil  and  pic- 
turesque surroundings  and  the  excellent  mineral  waters 
and  pure  mountain  streams,  Santa  Ysabel  Resort  promises 
to  be  one  of  the  pleasantest  inland  watering  places  in  that 
section  of  the  country. 

The  Santa  Ysabel  Resort  will  be  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  a  sufficient  guarantee  that  it  will 
be  a  well-kept  and  properly  conducted  place,  where  families 


242 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


may  be  sent  unattended  with  perfect  safety.  There  will  be 
no  saloons  or  whisky-shops  and  the  surroundings  will  be 
eminently  proper. 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS 

In  Inyo  County  at  the  south  end  of  Funeral  Range  and 
a  little  south  of  Death's  Valley  are  located  these  pleasant 
springs.  The  immediate  neighborhood  of  Funeral  Range 


REMAINS  OF  PREHISTORIC  DAM  WITH  CROSS-SECTION 

and  Death's  Valley  need  not  detract  from  the  resort  which 
is  in  every  way  a  good  one  and  constantly  growing  in  pop- 
ularity. 

SARATOGA  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

These  Saratoga  Springs  are  located  in  Lake  County, 
about  fourteen  miles  from  Lakeport.     The  waters  are  cold 


SARATOGA  MINERAL  SPRINGS  243 

and  contain  sulphur,  magnesia,  soda  and  iron.  There  is  a 
growing  resort  on  the  place,  where  visitors  may  enjoy  the 
beautiful  mountain  scenery  in  the  vicinity,  as  well  as  the 
water. 

SEIGLER'S  SPRINGS 

These  noted  springs  are  located  at  the  foot  of  Seigler 
Mountain  at  an  elevation  of  2,372  feet  above  the  sea,  in 
Lake  County.  They  are  near  Adam's  and  Bonanza  Springs. 
Seigler  Springs  lie  in  Seigler  Valley,  which  is  about  one 
and  a  half  miles  long  by  half  a  mile  in  width.  The  sur- 
rounding country  with  the  excellent  drives  afford  magnifi- 
cent views  and  recreation  compared  with  the  narrow  limits 
of  the  ordinary  city  life.  There  are  found  twenty  or  more 
springs  containing  soda,  magnesia,  iron  and  arsenic.  The 
flow  approximates  3,000  gallons  per  hour. 

The  "Arsenic"  Spring  has  a  temperature  of  96°  F.  and 
is  much  used  for  syphilis,  scrofula  and  cutaneous  diseases. 

The  Soda  Spring  is  alkaline  and  carbonated  and  is  a 
delicious  drinking  water.  This  has  been  used  with  much 
success  in  Bright's  disease,  bladder  troubles,  etc. 

The  Magnesia  Spring  is  strongly  charged  with  Kpsom 
salt  and  carbonic  acid  gas.  A  glassful  before  breakfast 
insures  an  easy  and  painless  evacuation. 

The  Sulphur  Spring  is  mostly  used  for  bathing  and  for 
lung,  liver  and  rheumatic  troubles. 

Accommodations  are  good  and  one's  time  can  be  very 
pleasantly  spent  in  this  mountainous  resort,  where  one  feels 
freed  from  all  the  toils  and  cares  of  the  world. 


SHAKER'S  HOT  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  in  Lassen  County  at  the 
north  end  of  Henry  Lake.  The  waters  are  thermal,  having 
a  temperature  of  210°  F.  and  contain  salines  and  sulphates. 
There  is  a  local  resort. 

A  16. 


244  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

SHAKER'S   HOT  SPRINGS 

F.  W.  CLARKE,  Analyst,  1883 

Temperature  210°  F. 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grammes  per  I,itre  Mineral  Ingredients     Grammes  per  lyitre 

Sodium  Sulphate 0.4715  Sodium  Chloride 0.3266 

Calcium  Sulphate 0409  Potassium  Chloride 0180 

Magnesium  Sulphate 0020  Silica 1008 

Sodium  Silicate 0613 

Total  Solids  (50.18  grains  to  gallon) 1.0211 


SHASTA  SODA 

These  soda  springs  are  located  on  Shasta  scenic  route 
in  Siskiyou  County.  They  are  carbonated  and  ferruginous 
and  much  prized  by  travelers. 

SIMMON'S  HOT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

These  sulphurous  waters  have  gained  more  than  a 
local  reputation  in  the  alleviation  of  chronic  rheumatic 
troubles.  They  are  located  in  Sulphur  Canon,  near  Wilbur 
Springs  in  Colusa  County.  The  waters  have  a  temperature 
of  170°  F.  and  are  highly  charged  with  sulphureted  hydro- 
gen. Extensive  improvements  are  reported. 

SKAGGS'  HOT  SPRINGS 

These  excellent  springs  are  located  in  Sonoma  County,  in 
the  Coast  Range,  eight  miles  west  of  Clairville,  twenty  miles 
east  of  the  coast  and  fourteen  miles  northwest  of  Healds- 
burg.  The  locality  is  picturesque  and  salubrious,  surrounded 
by  the  many  huge  mountains  covered  with  rich  California 
verdure.  The  resort  is  of  easy  access  by  the  S.  F.  &  N.  P. 
Railroad  to  Clairville  and  thence  by  stage  eight  miles. 
The  comfort  of  the  guests  at  the  hotel  is  well  looked  after 
and  everything  is  first  class. 

There  are  four  principal  springs  at  Skaggs',  flowing 
about  1,000  gallons  per  hour.  The  waters  are  thermal, 


8KAQOS1  HOT  SPRINGS 


245 


alkalo-chalybeate  having  a  temperature  from  120°  F.  to 
140°  F.  The  main  spring  is  located  in  the  dry  bed  of  Dry 
Creek,  a  tributary  of  Russian  River.  The  water  is  agree- 
ably pungent  to  the  taste  and  clear  and  sparkling  as  it 
issues  forth  from  mother  earth. 


SKAGGS'  SPRINGS 
ALKALO-CARBONATED  (HEAVY) 


DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON 
Analyst,  1888 

Temperature  128.5°  F- 


PROF.  HILGARD 
Analyst, 


U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal,  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                   Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 5.54  5.900 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 159.03  161.270 

Sodium  Biborate 24.19  26.470 

Sodium  Iodide 13  trace 

Potassium  Chloride 34  .200 

Potassium  Sulphate 94  .260 

Potassium  Iodide , trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 11.46  11.113 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.27  

Calcium  Carbonate 3.75  2.197 

Ferrous  Carbonate 62  .054 

Barium  Carbonate 25  .240 

Strontium  Carbonate trace  .024 

Lithium  Carbonate trace  .060 

Alumina trace  .004 

Silica 8.83  7.023 

Organic  Matter trace  

Total  Solids 216.35  214.815 

Gases                                                           Cubic  Inches 
Free  Carbonic  Anhydride 124.25  Not  Determined 


SODA  BAY 

This  natural  curiosity  is  situated  on  the  west  shore  of 
Clear  Lake  and  consists  of  a  large  spring,  several  feet  in 
diameter,  from  which  a  large  quantity  of  water  rises.  It  is 
so  heavily  charged  with  natural  carbonic  acid  gas  as  to  raise 
the  waters  as  it  bubbles  up  nearly  a  foot  from  the  surface 


246  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

of  the  water,  giving  the  spring  the  appearance  of  active 
ebullition.  The  water  is  alkaline  and  stained  with  ferru- 
ginous salts.  It  also  contains  soda,  lime  and  magnesia,  etc. 

SODA  LAKE 

On  the  Mojave  River  and  in  the  Saline  Flats  in  San 
Bernardino  County  is  located  this  saline  and  soda  lake. 

SODA  LAKE 

(Saline  Flats  on  Mojave  River  ) 
OSCAR   L,OEW,    Analyst,   1876 

Parts  in  Parts  in 

Mineral  Ingredients  100,000  Mineral  Ingredients  100,000 

Sodium  Sulphate 63.1  Phosphoric  acid trace 

Calcium  Sulphate 21.2  Potassium trace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 8.5  Lithium trace 

Sodium  Chloride 170.8  Organic  Matter 19.0 

Silica trace 

Total  Solids,  282.6 


SODA  POND 

In  Mono  County,  just  north  of  the  Salt  Lake,  in  Long 
Valley,  is  situated  quite  a  large  soda  pond.  The  water  is 
said  to  consist  largely  of  carbonates  of  soda  in  solution. 


SODA  SPRINGS 

Unclassified  and  undeveloped.  Situated  in  Tuolumne 
County,  uine  miles  west  of  Tuolumne  River,  west  of  Mono 
Pass. 

Three  miles  northwest  of  little  Shasta  in  Siskiyou 
County. 

Near  Shasta  County  line  on  the  Sacramento  River,  in 
Siskiyou  County. 

On  a  branch  of  McCloud  River  in  Shasta  County, 
east  of  Lower  Soda  Springs. 


SODA  SPRINGS  247 

the  bifurcation  of  McCloud's  River  in  Shasta 
County. 

East  of  Volcano  Springs  in  San  Diego  County. 
$Lt  Soda  Bar,  two  miles  from  the  Oregon  line  in  Sis- 
kiyou  County. 

In  San  Diego  County  southwest  of  Volcano  Springs. 


CLEAR  LAKE 


On  the  LinTcville  Yreka  Road,  in  Siskiyou  County. 
In  Lake  County,  eight  miles  east  of  Clear  Lake. 

In  Inyo  County,  east  side  of  Death's  Valley  and  eight 
miles  below  Salt  Springs. 

All  the  soda  springs  are  cold  and  the  waters  are  alkaline 
carbonated.     No  analysis. 


248  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

SPRINGS   OF  DOS  PAI.MAS 
OSCAR  Lcmw,  Analyst 

Mineral  Ingredients  Parts  in  100,000  Mineral  Ingredients  Parts  in  100,000 

Calcium  Carbonate trace  Silica trace 

Calcium  Sulphate 32.6  Phosphoric  Acid trace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 31.0  Manganese trace 

Sodium  Chloride 230.8 

Total  Solids,  294.4 

The  Dos  Palmas  Springs  are  located  in  Coahuila  Val- 
ley in  San  Diego  County.  The  waters  are  chlorinated, 
having  temperatures  from  82°  F.  to  92°  F.  The  waters  are 
used  locally  for  kidney  and  bladder  troubles. 


STEAMBOAT  SPRINGS 

In  Plumas  County,  southeast  of  Lassen's  Peak,  are 
located  a  number  of  boiling  springs,  which  spout  and  puff 
as  they  issue  from  the  earth's  crust.  No  analysis. 


STEWART'S  HOT  SPRINGS 

These  are  located  in  Warm  Spring  Valley  in  Modoc 
County  and  are  attracting  considerable  attention.  No  anal- 
ysis in  time  for  this  article.  An  analysis  of  all  the  springs 
will  be  made  as  soon  as  possible. 

SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

Unclassified.  Located  in  Tehama  County,  four  miles 
southwest  of  Tom's  Head  Mountain. 

West  of  San  Fernando  Peak  in  Ventura  County. 
Santa  Cruz  County  has  several  hot  sulphurous  springs, 
seven  miles  east  of  Watsonville. 

On  Brown's  Creek  in  Shasta  County  and  southeast  of 
Douglas  City. 

West  fork  of  south  branch  of  the  Sacramento  River, 
Shasta  County. 


SULPHUR  SPRINGS  249 

Move  mouth  of  Castle  Creek  in  Shasta  County. 
In  Modoc  County,  three  miles  north  of  Canby  in  Black 
Canon. 

One  mile  northeast  of  <Buena  Yista  Lake  and  thirty 
miles  south  of  Tnlare  Lake  in  Kern  County. 

In  Kern  County  ten  miles  west  of  the  southern  shore  of 
Tulare  Lake. 

On  the  south  side  of  San  Fernando  Mountain  in  Los 
Angeles  Co.     (Analysis.) 

In  Siskiyou  County,  eight  miles  north  of  Blake  Butte, 
in  the  southern  part  of  Shasta  Valley. 

Twenty  miles  from  San  Miguel  Mission,  seven  miles 
north  of  the  county  line,  in  Monterey  County. 

In  Mohawk  Valley  in  Plumas  County. 

In  San  Bernardino  County,  near  Dry  Lake. 

Northeast  of  San  Luis  Mountains  is  San  Luis  Obispo 
County. 

Ten  miles  northeast  of  San  Miguel  Mission  is  San 
Luis  Obispo  County. 

In  Inyo  County,  six  miles  south  of  McComrich's  well, 
in  Desert  Valley. 

South  of  Resting  Spring  in  Inyo  County, 


SULPHUR  SPRING 

( South  side  of  San  Fernando  Mt. ) 

OSCAR  I,OEW,  Analyst 

Parts  in  Parts  in 

Mineral  Ingredients  100,000  Mineral  Ingredients  100,000 

Sodium  Carbonate 6.21  Phosphoric  Acid trace 

Calcium  Carbonate 50.60  Sulphohydric  Acid 5.00 

Sodium  Sulphate 23.87  Potassium trace 

Sodium  Chloride trace  Lithium trace 

Alumina trace  Iron trace 

Silica trace  Manganese trace 

Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  85.68 
Gases 
Carbonic  Acid  Gas In  Excess 


250  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

SUMMIT  SODA  SPRINGS 

Near  the  summit  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  are 
located  these  famous  soda  springs.  They  are  of  easy  access 
by  the  Central  Pacific  Railway  to  Summit  Station  and 
thence  by  stage  or  carriage  some  twelve  miles  to  the  springs 
in  Placer  County. 

The  drive  is  a  beautiful  one,  winding  along  through 
scenes  of  mighty  grandeur,  over  mountains  and  down  val- 
leys, surrounded  by  lofty  mountains  covered  with  evergreen 
groves  of  pines  and  spruce  and  cedars  and  perpetually 
donned  with  snowy  caps.  Here  and  there  are  the  deep 
ravines,  covered  with  picturesque  foliage,  then  mountainous 
peaks  which  seem  to  reach  into  the  skies.  Now  we  gain 
the  summit  and  the  magnificent  view  of  the  high  Sierras  is 
unobstructed  for  miles  around.  Here  the  imposing  majesty 
of  the  Creator  is  felt  in  all  His  sublimity. 

The  springs  themselves  (see  illustration)  are  located 
in  an  expansion  at  the  head  of  the  deep  canon  along  which 
winds  one  of  the  forks  of  the  American  River.  The  sur- 
roundings are  exceedingly  picturesque.  The  air  is  pure, 
dry  and  invigorating,  and  cool  and  pleasant  during  the 
heated  Summer  season.  The  altitude  is  6,009  ^eet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea — an  excellent  place  for  persons  suffering 
with  bronchial,  catarrhal  and  asthmatic  affections. 

At  the  springs  the  accommodations  at  the  hotel  and 
cottages  are  superior — bathing  facilities  have  been  added, 
and  everything  is  convenient  and  pleasant. 

The  hills  are  well  stocked  with  wild  game  and  the 
rivers  are  filled  with  mountain  trout,  affording  all  the  sport 
with  the  gun  and  rod  that  may  be  desired. 

For  a  man  worn  out  with  the  mental  strain  of  business 
cares  who  seeks  rest  for  his  brain  and  invigorating  exercises 
for  his  body,  no  more  delightful  place  than  Summit  Soda 
Springs  and  health  resort  can  be  found. 


SUMMIT  SODA  SPRINGS  251 

On  analysis  the  Summit  Soda  yields : 

SUMMIT  SODA  SPRING 
ALKALO-CHALYBEATE  WATER 

DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON  J.  F.  RODOLPH 

Analyst,  1888  Analyst,  1878 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 26.18  26.22 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 4.11 

Sodium  Carbonate 5.75  9.50 

Potassium  Carbonate 82  trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 4.05  4.20 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 38.93  43.20 

Calcium  Carbonate 6.55 

Ferrous  Oxide 1.75 

Ferrous  Carbonate 2.70 

Borates trace  — • 

Alumina  1.13  1.75 

Silica 1.94  2.06 

Organic  Matter trace  

Total  Solids 92.16  88.68 

Gases                                                      Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

187.25  186.35 


Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas j     Saturated 

The  water  is  antacid,  diuretic,  aperient  and  tonic  ;  most 
excellent  in  the  treatment  of  dyspepsia,  torpidity  of  liver  and 
bowels,  Bright's  disease,  irritation  and  stone  in  bladder,  etc. 

Comparative  Table  of  Analyses  of  the  different  drink- 
ing waters  used  in  some  of  the  larger  cities  in  America, 
including  Lake  Tahoe's  waters  : 

ANALYSES  DRINKING  WATERS 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Total  Solid  Ingredients                    Grains  Total  Solid  Ingredients                 Grains 

Lake  Tahoe 3.00  Detroit  River  (Detroit) 5.72 

Lake  Cochituate  (Boston) 3.37  Ohio  River  (Cincinnati) 6.74 

Mill  River  (New  Haven) 4.00  Hudson  River  (Albany) 7.24 

Lake  Ontario,  (Rochester) 4.16  Lake  Michigan  (Chicago) 8.01 

f  Brookline.  )  Croton  River  (N.  Y.  City) 10.60 

Jamaica  Pond  j  fioston j    4.40  Spring  Valley  Water  (S.  F.)...11.20 

Schuylkill  River  (Phila.) 5.50 

This  shows  that  Lake  Tahoe  is  the  purest  and  best 
water  available  in  America  for  drinking  purposes  and  that 
Spring  Valley  water  is  the  worst  in  use  in  any  large  city. 
Let  us  have  water  from  Lake  Tahoe  by  all  means. 


LAKE  TAHOE  253 

LAKE  TAHOE 

My  soul  bowed  down  in  wondering  humble  awe, 
When  first  thy  peaks  and  waterfalls  I  saw  ; 
And  every  hour  but  shows  how  vain  'twould  be 
For  my  frail  mind  to  hope  to  picture  thee. 
Thy  spell  shall  live  and  those  who  view  thee  now 
Have  passed  with  ages  'neath  thy  mighty  brow, 
And  like  thy  mists,  in  gorgeous  gleamings  curled, 
Our  names  have  melted  from  this  changing  world. 

— Mrs.  Jean  Bruce  Washburn 

TAHOE  SPRINGS  ON  LAKE  TAHOE 

These  are  located  near  the  State  line.  They  are 
described  under  the  head  of  Lake  Tahoe  or  Carnelian 
Springs. 

Lake  Tahoe  itself  is  a  magnificent  sheet  of  water  located 
most  picturesquely  among  the  snow-capped  Sierras  at  an 
elevation  of  6,250  feet.  It  is  about  20  miles  long  and  12 
miles  wide  and  has  an  average  depth  of  1,500  feet.  Lake 
Tahoe's  water  is  exceptionally  pure.  On  analysis  it  is 
found  that  one  gallon  does  not  yield  more  than  three 
grains  of  solids,  whereas  Spring  Valley  in  San  Francisco 
shows  over  nine  grains  of  foreign  matter  to  the  gallon.  It  is 
hoped  that  the  day  may  come  when  we  shall  enjoy  "Tahoe's" 
pure  water  for  drinking  purposes  in  San  Francisco. 

TEMESCAL  HOT  SPRINGS 
Located  in  San  Diego  County.     Used  locally. 

TASSAJARA  HOT  SPRINGS 

At  the  head  of  Arroyo  Seco,  in  Monterey  County,  are 
located  these  hot  saline  and  sulphurous  waters.  The 
Spanish  and  the  aborigines  in  the  vicinity  frequented  these 
springs  for  many  years  and  were  apparently  much  benefited. 
No  analysis ;  used  locally. 


254  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

THERMAL  ACID  SPRINGS 

These  remarkable  springs  are  found  in  the  Caso  Range, 
twelve  miles  east  of  Little  Owen's  Lake  and  sixteen  miles 
southeast  of  Olamoha,  in  Inyo  County. 

The  country  for  miles  around  the  springs  is  rich  in 
pure  crystallized  sulphur,  having  no  doubt  been  ejected  by 
the  sulphurous  laden  steam  in  the  form  of  sulphurous  anhy- 
dride (SO2).  On  being  exposed  to  the  atmosphere  and 
surrounding  products  of  sulphureted  hydrogen  (H2S),  the 
sulphur  was  deposited  pure  and  water  liberated. 

SO2  +  2H2  S  =  2H2  O  +  38. 

This  is  probably  the  explanation  of  the  formation  of 
these  large  sulphur  banks. 

The  water  now  flows  through  the  small  crevices  and 
fissures  accompanied  by  sulphurous  steam  and  vapors  in 
rather  limited  quantities. 

On  analysis  the  waters  are  found  to  contain : 
THERMAX  ACID  SPRINGS 

Unknown  Analyst 

Mineral  Ingredients  Parts  per  1,000  Mineral  Ingredients       Parts  per  1,000 

Sodium  Sulphate 2.5  Sulphuric  Acid 78.4 

Potassium  Sulphate 15.1  Nitric  Acid trace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 15.3  Chlorine trace 

Calcium  Sulphate 1.2  Ammonia .trace 

Aluminium  Sulphate 127.0  Lithium trace 

Ferric  Sulphate 33.2 

Parts 

Total  Solids 272.7 

Water  pure 727.3 

Total 1,000.0 

This  water  is  not  much  used  as  far  as  the  writer  can 
learn,  nor  does  he  know  to  whom  to  give  credit  for  the 
above  analysis.  Well  diluted  and  properly  administered 
this  acid  sulphate  water  ought  to  be  valuable  in  many  con- 
ditions requiring  tonic  and  astringent  remedies. 

The  sulphur  banks  will  also  prove  of  commercial  value 
in  time. 


THERMAL  SPRINGS  255 

THERMAL  SPRINGS 

Unnamed  and  unimproved.     Located  on  Battle  Creek 
some  five  miles  above  Morgan's  Ranch  in  Plumas  County. 
In  Inyo  County,  opposite  Black  Rock,  on  Owen's  River. 
Wear  the  mines  of  Darwin  in  Inyo  County. 
Ten  miles  east  of  Telescope  Peak  in  Inyo  County. 

TOLENAS  SPRINGS 

These  noted  springs  are  located  about  five  miles  north 
of  the  town  of  Suisun  in  Solano  County,  adjoining  the 
famous  Tolenas  onyx  quarries  on  the  Tolenas  or  Armijo's 
Rancho.  They  are  easily  reached  by  rail  from  San  Fran- 
cisco or  Sacramento  to  Suisun  and  then  by  easy  stage  over 
a  good  level  road. 

The  resort  is  at  an  elevation  of  1,235  ^ee^  an(^  is 
pleasantly  located.  The  view  from  the  springs  is  quite 
extensive.  On  a  clear  day  the  State  capital,  Suisun  Bay  and 
Valley,  Gordon,  Wooden,  Blmira,  etc.,  may  easily  be  seen. 
There  are  nineteen  springs  in  all  at  Tolenas,  flowing 
between  six  hundred  and  seven  hundred  gallons  per  hour. 

The  temperature  varies  from  60°  F.  to  65°  F. 

\ 

TOLENAS 

ALKALO-SALINE  AND  CHLORINATED 
DR.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON  J.  HBWSTON,  JR. 

Analyst,  1888  Analyst 

Temperature  61.5°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 194.16  215.92 

Sodium  Carbonate 46.93  53.36 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 6.45 

Sodium  Biborate 19.13  20.56 

Potassium  Chloride 6.47  5.68 

Potassium  Iodide 1.75  2.08 

Magnesium  Carbonate 11.58  10.88 

Calcium  Carbonate 49.80  48.32 

Ferrous  Carbonate 89  .64 

Alumina 1.10  .96 

Silicates 1.92  1.60 

Organic  Matter trace 


Total  Solids 340.18  360.00 

Gases  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inchei 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas...,  ..  31.27  33.73 


256  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

These  springs  have  had  a  local  reputation  for  over 
thirty  years  and  of  late  the  water  has/  been  bottled  and 
sold  extensively  all  over  the  State.  The  resort  is  also  in 
a  flourishing  condition,  which  indicates  public  appreciation. 

The  water  is  indorsed  by  many  who  have  used  it.  In 
chronic  skin  affections,  eczema,  scrofula,  and  syphilitic 
contaminations  the  water  seems  to  do  well.  Chronic  gastric 
disturbances,  kidney  and  bladder  disease's  improve  under 
the  use  of  the  Tolenas  Soda.  The  water  is  gently  aperient 
and  strongly  diuretic. 

TULE  RIVER  SODA  SPRINGS 

On  the  south  fork  of  the  Tule  River  a  little  east  of 
Porterville  in  Tulare  County  lie  a  number  of  cold  soda 
springs.  The  waters  are  much  used  locally  and  a  resort  is 
contemplated.  No  analysis  at  present. 

TUSCAN  OR  LICK  SPRINGS 

These  springs  are  located  about  nine  miles  northwest 
of  Red  Bluff  on  the  Sacramento  River  in  Tehama  County. 
They  are  reached  by  stage  from  Red  Bluff. 

The  springs  lie  in  the  center  of  a  rough  and  rugged 
country  showing  signs  of  extinct  volcanic  action,  at  an  ele- 
vation of  about  six  hundred  feet.  In  this  volcanic  region 
of  Tuscan  are  upwards  of  one  hundred  springs.  Three 
only  are  in  active  use  and  are  known  as  the  "  Red"  Spring, 
the  "  White"  Spring  and  the  "  Black"  Spring.  The  "  Red" 
Spring  was  analyzed  by  Dr.  F.  W.  Hatch  several  years  ago, 
and  contains : 

TUSCAN  RED  SPRINGS 

Temperature  78°  F.  to  80°  F. 

Sulphuric  Acid  Carbonic  Acid 

Hydrochloric  Acid  Bicarbonate  of  Iron 

Lime  Potassium  Chloride 

Sodium  Chloride  Magnesia 

Lithia  Alumina 
Iodine 


TUSCAN  OR  LICK  SPRINGS  257 

The  "  White"  and  the  "  Black"  have  not  been  analyzed. 
The  waters  are  saline  and  sulphurous  and  have  proved 
efficacious  in  rheumatism,  constitutional  syphilis,  glandu- 
lar disorders,  etc.  The  waters  resemble  somewhat  the 
famous  Blue  Lick  Springs  of  Kentucky. 

They  act  as  a  diuretic  in  small  quantities  and  laxative 
in  larger  ones.  Excellent  bathing  facilities  have  been 
arranged  for  hot  and  cold  baths  and  many  people  make  pil- 
grimages yearly  to  this  volcanic  resort. 

The  waters  cannot  be  analyzed  in  time  for  issuance  in 
this  work. 


DOOLAN'S  UKIAH  VICHY  SPRINGS  AND  HEALTH  RESORT 

About  thirty-two  miles  from  Cloverdale  and  three  short 
miles  from  Ukiah,  county  seat  of  Mendocino,  are  located 
the  Doolan  Vichy  Springs.  They  lie  nestled  among  the 
enchanting  hills  which  fringe  the  boundary  line  of  L,ake 
and  Mendocino  counties.  They  were  formerly  reached  by 
a  drive  from  Cloverdale  or  Calistoga,  but  now  the  springs 
are  of  much  more  easy  access  by  the  picturesque  and  inter- 
esting route  of  the  new  San  Francisco  and  North  Pacific 
Railroad  which  runs  to  Ukiah. 

Nature  could  not  have  done  more  for  this  natural  san- 
itarium than  it  has.  From  April  to' November  the  climate 
is  delightfully  balmy  and  the  atmosphere  is  pure,  clear  and 
invigorating.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  are  excellent  fish- 
ing and  gunning.  The  resort  is  rapidly  growing  and 
commodious  accommodations  can  be  found.  Bathing  facil- 
ities are  claimed  to  be  superior.  The  waters  are  gaining 
in  celebrity  in  cases  of  gout,  rheumatism,  scrofula  and 
chronic  kidney  and  bladder  troubles  and  cutaneous  diseases. 

Bathing  in  the  Vichy  renders  the  skin  soft  and  clear 
and  very  soon  heals  up  any  skin  irritation. 

The  waters  belong  to  the  alkalo-carbonated  class  and 
are  clear  and  sparkling  and  of  an  agreeably  pungent  taste. 


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Magnesium  Bicarbonate  (Mg(HCO3)2)  

Barium  Bicarbonate  (Ba(HCO3)2)  

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DOOLASTS  URIAH  VICHY  SPRINGS 


259 


Their  action  is  almost  identical,  as  indeed  is  their  chemical 
composition,  with  the  noted  Kms  on  the  Lahn;  Fachingen 
of  Nassau,  Germany  ;  and  Vichy  of  Grande  Grille,  France. 
From  the  following  chemical  analysis,  made  in  1888,  it 
will  be  observed  that  the  waters  from  the  Doolan  Vichy  are 
heavily  charged  with  carbonic  acid  gas  and  carbonates  and 
that  they  contain  some  iron  and  potassium  salts. 


Solid  Ingredients  in 
One  Gallon  of  231  inches 
in  Grains 

Doolan'sUkiah 
VICHY 
of  California 

analyzed  by 
DR.  ANDERSON 

Temp.  pj°  F. 

VICHY 
France 
Grande  Grille 

analyzed  by 
BOQUET 

Temp.  105.8°  F 

FACHINGEN 
Nassau 
Germany 

analyzed  by 

FRESENIUS 

Temp,  not  given 

EMS  ON 
THE  IvAHN 
Germany 

analyzed  by 

FRESENIUS 

Temp,  us9  F. 

Sodium  Chloride  

28  60 

32  80 

36  48 

62.16 

Sodium  Carbonate  

195.52 

208.00 

155.84 

84.24 

Sodium  Sulphate  

.36 

18  32 

1.12 

trace 

Sodium  Phosphate  

6.24 

.41 

Potassium  Chloride  

.09 

Potassium  Carbonate  

trace 

16  32 

Potassium  Sulphate  

trace 

3.03 

Magnesium  Carbonate  

19.75 

11.04 

10.85 

6.80 

Calcium  Carbonate  

18.14 

18.48 

16.09 

10.00 

Ferrous  Carbonate      

.07 

.16 

.64 

.16 

Strontium  Carbonate    

.08 

trace 

trace 

Barium  Carbonate  

trace 

Lithium  Carbonate      

trace 

Borates  

trace 

Arseniates  

.08 

\luminates  

trace 

trace 

trace 

Silica  

5.92 

.40 

2.09 

2.88 

Total  

268.45 

311.88 

223.52 

169.27 

Gases,  cubic  inches 

224.75 

14.74 

263.76 

54.24 

For  an  antacid,  tonic,  aperient,  diuretic  and  alterative 
mineral  water  the  Ukiah  Vichy  ranks  among  the  finest  on 
the  Coast.  They  have  proved  highly  beneficial  in  Bright's 
disease,  torpidity  of  the  bowels  and  liver.  For  dyspepsia 
and  acid  conditions  of  the  urine  and  the  blood  they  are 
excellent. 

The  waters  are  soon  to  be  sold  commercially. 

Owing  to  recent  developments  the  flow  has  increased 
enormously,  flowing  now  about  20,000  gallons  per  hour. 

On  the  premises  are  numerous  springs  which  will  soon 
be  developed  and  analyzed. 


A    17 


260  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

UPPER  SODA  SPRINGS 

These  excellent  mineral  springs  are  situated  at  an 
elevation  of  2,363  feet,  in  Siskiyou  County  on  the  Shasta 
scenic  route  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  They  are 
beautifully  surrounded  by  the  almost  precipitous  walls  of  the 
Sacramento  Canon,  mountain  streams  and  immense  forests 
of  pine,  fir,  spruce,  cedar, 'etc.,  and  some  of  the  grandest 
scenery  in  the  Sierras.  Bver  watching  is  Mt.  Shasta,  with 
its  snow-capped  apex  and  bountifully  fertile  base.  Here 
and  there  are  the  enormous  granite  shafts,  rising  hundreds 
of  feet  into  the  atmosphere.  The  projecting  rocks  and 
huge  boulders  seemingly  almost  ready  to  fall  and  dash 
headlong  down  the  canon. 

At  the  springs  is  a  very  quiet,  commodious,  comfort- 
able, good,  old-fashioned  hotel  with  large  airy  verandas. 
Plenty  of  room  for  everybody  both  inside  and  outside. 

The  mineral  water  belongs  to  the  Alkalo-carbonated 
or  soda  class,  sparkling  and  effervescing,  exceedingly  pal- 
atable and  wholesome. 

//  contains  chlorides  of  soda  and  potassa,  carbonates  and 
bicarbonates  of  soda,  magnesia,  potassa,  iron,  lime,  man- 
ganese, sulphates  of  soda  and  magnesia  (Glauber's  and 
Epsom  salts)  and  a  large  quantity  of  free  carbonic  acid  gas. 

These  springs  have  become  famous  in  the  treatment 
of  uric  acid  and  lithic  acid  diatheses,  gravel  and  calculi, 
inflammation  and  irritation  of  the  bladder  and  kidney,  etc. 

The  water  acts  as  an  aperient,  diuretic,  tonic  and 
anticid,  and  is  of  great  value  in  acid  conditions  of  the  stom- 
ach, blood  or  urinary  secretions. 

VALLEJO  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

Near  Vallejo  in  Solano  County  are  located  several  sul- 
phur springs,  which  are  used  considerably,  locally.  The 
temperature  ranges  from  80°  F.  to  90°  F.  The  waters  act 
well  on  torpid  portal  circulation. 


VOLCANIC  MINERAL  SPRINGS  261 

VOLCANIC  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

In  Death's  Valley,  Inyo  County,  are  located  several 
remarkable  springs.  One  of  these  was  analyzed  by  Prof. 
Price  several  years  ago  and  found  to  contain  over  4,000 
grains  of  solids  in  a  gallon.  The  water  is  "chlorinated 
and  alkaline,  containing,  presumably,  both  sulphureted 
hydrogen  and  carbonic  acid  gas. 

VOLCANIC  MINERAL  SPRINGS 
PROP.  PRICE,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1840.72  Organic  Matter 13.48 

Sodium  Carbonate 1724.11  Iodine traces 

Sodium  Sulphate 651.02  Bromine traces 

Sodium  Sulphide 46.34  Iron traces 

Potassium  Chloride 132.30  Boracic  Acid traces 

Magnesia  and  Lime traces  Phosphoric  Acid traces 

Silica 14.28 

Total  Solids,  4422.25. 

Gases  not  determined 

The  water  is  not  used  to  any  extent. 


VOLCANIC  SPRINGS 

Several  other  volcanic  springs  are  located  near  Vol- 
canic Station  on  the  line  of  the  S.  P.  R.  R.  in  San  Diego 
County.  The  waters  are  reported  to  be  sulphurous. 


WARM  SPRINGS 

Unnamed,  and  not,  or  little,  improved.  Located  in 
Kern  County  near  the  head  of  Walker's  Basin. 

In  Modoc  County i  ten  miles  west  of  Alturas,  in  Warm 
Spring  Valley. 

On  the  east  side  of  Pitt  River  on  Hot  Creek  and  north 
of  Round  Valley  in  Modoc  County. 


262  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Twelve  miles  southwest  of  Camp  Cody  in  San  Bernar- 
dino County. 

Near  Little  Owen's  Lake. 


WARM  SPRING,  NEAR  LITTLE  OWEN'S  LAKE 
OSCAR  LOEW,  Analyst,  1876 

Mineral  Ingredients  Parts  in  100,000  Mineral  Ingredients  Parts  in  100,000 

Sodium  Chloride 26.9  Calcium  Carbonate 12.0 

Sodium  Carbonate 45.2  Magnesium  Carbonate.,    trace 

Sodium  Sulphate 8.0  Silica trace 

Potassa trace  Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  parts  92.1 

In  Inyo  County,  nine  miles  from  Amargosa  mines. 
In  Lassen  County,  southwest  of  Pittville. 

These  springs,  and  many  others  of  which  I  cannot 
obtain  any  reliable  information,  are  warm  and  sulphurous 
in  character.  A  few  are  reported  calcic  and  alkaline. 
Their  temperature  varies  from  85°  to  132°  F. 


WARM  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

In  Kern  County  on  Posa  Creek,  near  Simmis  Valley, 
are  found  a  number  of  warm  springs,  with  temperatures 
from  74°  to  90°  F.  The  waters  are  used  locally  for  rheu- 
matism and  cutaneous  affections. 


WARNER'S  RANCH  SPRINGS 

These  are  situated  some  thirty  miles  from  San  Diego 
in  San  Diego  County.  These  springs  are  also  spoken  of 
as  Aguas  Calientes  by  the  Spanish,  although  not  identical 
with  the  Aguas  Calientess  described  under  that  head. 


WARNER'S  RANCH  SPRINGS  263 

The  flow  of  Warner's  Springs  is  about  1,500  gallons 
per  hour.  The  temperature  is  from  74°  to  142°  F.  The 
waters  are  sulphurous  and  saline  and  much  resorted  to  by 
the  inhabitants  of  that  section  of  the  country.  Their  great 
reputation  is  the  treatment  of  syphilis  and  chronic  skin 
diseases.  A  pleasant  little  resort  has  been  established  on 
the  place  and  a  great  many  people  go  there  to  bathe  and 
drink  the  waters. 


WATERMAN'S  SPRINGS 

These  mineral  springs  are  located  about  a  mile  west  of 
Arrowhead  in  San  Bernardino  County.  They  are  the  pri- 
vate property  of  Mr.  Waterman,  who  prizes  them  highly. 
A  description  for  publication  is  not  obtainable. 


WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

These  excellent  springs  and  resort  are  located  about 
two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  St.  Helena  in  Napa  County. 
They  are  of  easy  access  by  ferry  and  rail  via  Napa  City  to 
St.  Helena  and  thence  by  carriage.  The  resort  is  well-kept, 
commodious  and  pleasant.  The  grounds  are  handsomely 
laid  out  and  ornamented  with  shrubbery  and  evergreens, 
orchards  and  flowers. 

The  White  Sulphur  comprise  nine  springs  with  tem- 
peratures from  69°  F.  to  142°  F.  The  waters  are  light, 
sulphureted  and  alkaline  and  are  much  extolled  by  a  great 
many  who  have  used  them.  They  seem  very  well  adapted 
to  the  treatment  of  rheumatism  and  joint  complications  both 
by  way  of  bathing  and  for  internal  use ;  also  for  congestion 
and  inaction  of  the  chylo-poetic  viscera,  glandular  swellings 
and  cutaneous  affections. 


264 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


ANALYSES  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS. 


MINERAL  INGREDIENTS 

No.  2. 
PROF.  I,E  CONTE'S 
Analysis,  1871 
Temp.  89.6a  F. 
U.  S.  Gal.  contains 
Grains 

No.  5 
DR.W.ANDERSON'S 
Analysis,  1888 
Temp.  77.8°  F. 
U.  S.  Gal.  contains 
Grains 

in         <a 

M           S 

is*'* 

•8:-|8J 

*PpS 

S^rf 
*     & 

No.  7 
PROF.  LE  CONTE'S 
Analysis,  1871 
Temp.  69.8°  F. 
U.  S.  Gal.  contains 
Grains 

No.  9 
DR.W.ANDERSON'S 
Analysis,  1888 
Temp.  69J  F. 
U.  S.  Gal.  contains 
Grains 

Sodium  Chloride  

21  72 

22.36 

23.41 

14  23 

11.91 

Sodium  Carbonate  

.09 

2  14 

Sodium  Sulphate  

8.26 

10-60 

11.33 

12.84 

7.15 

Magnesium  Chloride  

.87 

1.41 

2.22 

.65 

.45 

Magnesium  Carbonate  

.62 

.75 

.56 

4.36 

2.70 

Calcium  Chloride  

1.32 

.93 

.86 

.78 

.35 

Calcium  Carbonate  

1  25 

1.87 

245 

5  56 

5.82 

Calcium  Sulphide  

.53 

trace 

Sodium  Sulphide  

2.65 

.76 

1.85 

1.62 

trace 

Alumina  

.23 

.62 

Silica  

.62 

1.43 

Organic  Matter  

trace 

trace 

Total  Solids  

36  69 

40.15 

42.68 

40  04 

32.57 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY 

1.00026 

1.00038 

1.00040 

L00038 

1.00023 

Gases 
Sulphureted  Hydrogen  

Cubic  In. 
6  15 

Cubic  In. 
5  19 

Cubic  in. 
4  25 

Cubic  In. 
trace 

Cubic   In. 
trace 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS. 

Located  in  tfmador  County,  two  miles  north  of  Ply- 
mouth. 

In  Inyo  County,  at  the  edge  of  Panamiiit  Range,  12 
miles  north  of  Panamint. 

In  the  town  of  Santa  Rosa,  in  Sonoma  County,  used 
locally. 

In  Tehama  County,  southwest  of  Red  Bluff,  in  Bear 
Gulch.  • 

These  waters  are  heavy  and  light,  salino-sulphurous  and 
sulphureted.  Some  are  reported  to  have  large  excess  of 
sulphureted  hydrogen  and  others  both  carbonic  acid  gas 
and  sulphureted  hydrogen. 

In  Santa  Rosa  the  water  is  used  by  most  of  the  inhabit- 
ants for  bathing,  facilities  having  been  constructed  for 


WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS  265 

hot  steam,  hot  tub  and  plunge  baths.  It  is  observed  that 
these  hot  sulphur  baths  are  excellent  for  incipent  colds  and 
rheumatism  and  in  many  cases  of  chronic  rheumatic 
troubles. 

WILBUR  SPRINGS. 

These  mineral  springs  are  located  thirty  miles  from 
Colusa  in  Colusa  County.  They  are  pleasantly  situated  and 
have  acquired  considerable  reputation  from  their  therapeutic 
properties.  At  the  springs  are  good  accommodations  in 
the  hotel  and  cottages  and  excellent  camping  facilities. 
The  resort  is  reached  by  railroad  to  Williams  and  thence  by 
stage.  The  waters  are  hot  and  sulphureted,  containing : 

WILBUR  SPRINGS 

THERMAL  SALINO-SULPHURETED  WATER 
DR,  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 19.75  Calcium  Carbonate...  8.44 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.40                       Calcium  Sulphate 20.62 

Sodium  Sulphate 26.19                       Ferrous  Sulphate 4.16 

Potassium  Chloride 46                       Alumina 3.93 

Potassium  Iodide 75                       Silicates 6.95 

Magnesium  Carbonate 5.10                        Organic  Matter 1.74 

Magnesium  Sulphate 22.90 

Total  Solids,  124.39 

Gases                                   Cubic  Inches 
Sulphureted  Hydrogen 43.97 

WITTER'S  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

These  mineral  springs  are  pleasantly  located  in  Lake 
County,  about  one  mile  east  of  Pearson's  Springs,  five  miles 
from  Upper  Lake  and  three  miles  from  Blue  Lake. 

The  resort — a  growing  one — is  picturesquely  located, 
having  good  views  of  the  lakes,  valleys  and  mountains  in 
the  vicinity. 

The  resort  comprises  a  good  commodious  hotel,  several 
cottages  and  excellent  bathing  facilities  for  hot  and  cold 
mineral  baths. 


266  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  springs  are  all  cold  and  flow  about  sixty  gallons  per 
hour.  They  are  at  an  elevation  of  i  ,800  feet.  There  are  cold 
soda  and  iron  springs  and  cold  sulphur  springs.  The  prin- 
cipal water  is  known  by  the  very  emphatic  if  not  euphonious 
name  of  "  Dead  Shot,"  having  reference  to  the  action  of 
the  water  on  the  diseases  for  which  it  is  recommended. 
These  are  :  liver  and  kidney  diseases  and  bowel  disorders. 
The  water  contains: 

WITTER'S  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

"DEAD  SHOT"  ALKALO  SULPHUROUS 

DB  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst 

Temperature  59. 3V  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride .''...  17.42  Ferrous  Carbonate 1.17 

Sodium  Carbonate 5.96  Manganese  Carbonate      .86 

Sodium  Sulphate 11.50  Alumina 1.65 

Potassium  Carbonate 3.15  Borates 42 

Magnesium  Carbonate 7.10  Silica 6.33 

Magnesium  Sulphate 20.62  Organic  Matter 76 

Total  Solids,  76.94 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 7.65 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 5.25 


YOUNG'S  NATURAL  GAS  WELL  AND  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

These  natural  wonders  are  on  the  property  of  Mr  W. 
G.  Young  and  are  located  on  the  eastern  edge  of  Kelsey- 
ville,  on  a  little  elevated  ground  about  three  miles  south  of 
Clear  Lake.  The  surroundings  are  picturesque,  lying,  as 
they  do,  just  within  the  lower  extremity  of  Big  Valley  and 
near  the  base  of  "  Uncle  Sam"  Mountain.  The  country  is 
fertile  and  the  land  valuable,  being  among  the  best  in  Lake 
County.  The  climate  of  Lake  County  is  noted  the  world 
over  for  its  salubriousness,  the  air  being  mild,  dry  and 
balmy. 

The  elevation  at  the  gas  well  is  about  1,500  feet,  giving 
a  commanding  view  to  the  surrounding  country  ;  and  well 
may  Lake  County  be  called  the  "Switzerland  of  America," 


YOUNG'S  NATURAL  GAS"  WELL 


267 


for  a  more  picturesque  view  could  not  be  found  than  that  of 
Clear  Lake,  lying  in  the  embrace  of  the  surrounding  moun- 
tains peacefully  smiling  on  the  outstretched  and  prolific 
valley  with  its  gigantic  oaks,  the  largest  in  the  State,  and 
old  Uncle  Sam,  like  an  ancient  guardian,  watching  the 
beautiful  landscape. 


GAS  WELL  AT  KKLSEYVILLE  ON  THE  PROPERTY  OF  W.  G.  YOUNG 
Prom  a  Photograph  by  G.  E.  Moore,  Lakeport 

In  1888  Mr  Young  bored  a  well  for  gas.  When  down 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty-eight  feet  a  large  volume  of 
water  and  gas  rushed  out  with  considerable  force.  The  well 
is  now  ejecting,  and  has  been  so  continuing  from  the  time 


268  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

it  was  bored,  a  large  stream  of  mineral  water  aud  gas,  which 
rises  into  the  air  to  a  height  of  about  forty  feet,  fron  sev- 
enty to  eighty  times  every  minute.  For  a  moment  it  stops 
and  then  conies  another  violent  ejection  in  a  true  Geyser 
style.  The  flow  is  about  6,000  gallons  per  hour  and  the 
water  has  a  temperature  of  76°  F. 

Within  a  year  it  is  estimated  that  over  5,000  people 
visited  this  natural  wonder,  the  only  one  in  the  State  of  its 
kind.  The  water  has  been  extensively  used  by  the  inhab- 
itants of  Kelseyville  and  surroundings,  who  pronounce  it 
excellent  for  the  liver,  kidney  and  bowels. 


YOUNG'S  GAS  WELL 

ALKALO-SALINE  AND  FERRUGINOUS  WATER 
DK.  WINSLOW  ANDERSON,  Analyst,  1889 

Temperature  76°  F. 

U.  S.  Gal.  contains  U.  S.  Gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 15.76  Manganese  Carbonate..     .18 

Sodium  Carbonate 36.5-5  Ferrous  Carbonate 4.95 

S  >dium  Sulphate 19.16  Barium  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Carbonate 3.40  Lithium  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Iodide 78  Borates 3.12 

Magnesium  Carbonate 7.14  Alumina 5.18 

Magnesium  Sulphate 21.90  Silicates 6.45 

Calcium  Carbonate 6.36  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium  Sulphate 9.72 

Total  Solids,  140.62 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 9.60 

Petroleum  and  Carburetted     / 
Hydrogen  (inflammable  gas)\~ 

This  water  contains  all  the  elements  to  make  it  valu- 
able therapeutically.  Its  action  is  tonic  and  anticid,  of  great 
value  in  dyspepsia ;  it  is  aperient  or  laxative  according  to 
the  amount  taken,  acting  on  the  liver  and  bowels ;  it  is  also 
diuretic  from  the  carbonates  and  would  be  of  value  in 
Bright's  disease  of  the  kidneys,  inflammation  of  the  bladder, 
in  acid  conditions  of  the  urine,  etc.,  etc.  We  understand 
that  the  owner  contemplates  erecting  a  first-class  health  and 
pleasure  resort  on  the  premises.  Bathing  facilities  would 


YOUNG'S  GAS  WELL  269 

also  be  of  considerable  importance,  as  the  water,  heated, 
would  be  very  useful  for  rheumatism,  chronic  joint  diseases, 
white  swellings,  scrofula  and  chronic  cutaneous  diseases, 
and  glandular  enlargements. 

Several  inflammable  gas  wells  are  also  found  on  the 
grounds — (see  article  in  book,  "Inflammable  Natural  Gas"). 
One  of  these  is  about  fifty  feet  west  of  the  spring,  and  during 
our  visit  in  1888  the  gas  was  ignited  and  burned  with  a 
pale  blue  flame  and  yellow  tips,  giving  forth  empyreumatic 
odors,  probably  due  to  the  incomplete  oxidation  of  the  car- 
bon products.  This  can  easily  be  remedied  by  using  suit- 
able burners.  The  gas  is  largely  light  carburetted  hydrogen 
(CH4)  and  of  considerable  value  in  an  economic  point  of 
view  as  the  whole  of  Kelseyville  and  a  large  resort  besides 
could  easily  be  lighted  and  heated  by  the  natural  product 
from  Nature's  chemical  laboratory. 

Several  other  minor  gas  wells  are  also  found  on  the 
premises  and  it  is  contemplated  to  utilize  this  valuable  pro- 
duct. 

ZEM  ZEM  SPRINGS 
(MEANING  "  HOLY  WELL  IN  MECCA  ") 

These  mineral  springs  are  located  on  the  southeastern 
side  of  Clear  Lake,  in  Lake  County.  The  waters  have  a 
temperature  of  64°  F.,  and  contain: 

Soda,  alumina,  magnesia,  silica,  etc.  The  waters  are 
highly  carbonated. 

There  is  a  small  resort  at  the  springs. 

For  dyspepsia  and  kidney  diseases  the  waters  seem  to 
be  beneficial.  For  rheumatism  and  diseases  of  the  liver, 
the  springs  have  some  notoriety.  Analysis  said  to  have  been 
made  by  Dr.  Boon. 

Sulphur 50  parts  in  1,000 

Iron 27  parts  in  1,000 

Magnesia 28  parts  in  1,000 

Solid  Matter 105  parts  in  1,000 


270  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

1 '  Tired  of  its  own  bright  charms,  the  golden  day 
Rests  in  the  arms  of  evening;  all  is  still; 
Nor  leaf,  nor  flower  moves,  lest  the  spell  might  break 
Which  holds  the  Earth  bound  fast  in  twilight  chains. 
From  yonder  hawthorn  tree  some  leaf-hid  bird 
Breathes  to  the  dying  day  a  soft  farewell, 
That,  mingling  with  the  stillness,  seems  to  weave 
Into  the  silence  threads  of  melody. 
Wild  roses,  since  the  dawn,  have  deeply  blushed 
Beneath  the  sun's  warm  kisses;  now  at  Eve 
Faint  odors,  passing  sweet,  possess  the  air — 
Rich  incense  offered  to  the  Queen  of  Night  ! 
For  lo!  a  silvery  light  falls  all  around, 
As  up  the  violet  heavens  a  pale  young  moon 
Climbs  high  and  higher  still. 

A  low-voiced  breeze, 
Rising  with  balmy  sigh  amid  the  hills, 
Comes  ling'ringly  adown  the  rocky  glen, 
Floats  o'er  the  uplands,  kisses  every  flower, 
And  whispers  that  the  fair,  sweet  Day  is  dead  ! 
Now  restful  thoughts  and  carlm  enter  the  heart, 
And  soothe  the  tired  brain;  as  from  on  High 
A  blessing  falls  on  everything  below: 
Cool  shades  to  Evening — rest  and  peace  to  Man." 


OREGON  MINERAL  SPRINGS  271 

The  following  analytical  tables  of  all  the  important 
mineral  waters  in  the  world  are  arranged  alphabetically, 
commencing  with  those  of  Oregon,  Western  States,  South- 
ern and  Southwestern  States,  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  New 
York,  New  England  and  lastly  the  European  mineral 
springs,numbering  in  all  about  two  hundred. 

OREGON  MINERAL  SPRINGS 
BEER  SPRINGS,  ORE. 

PURGATIVE 
Analyst  unknown 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 8.96                       Calcium  Chloride 5.36 

Magnesium  Chloride 4.48                        Calcium  Carbonate 15.44 

Magnesium  Carbonate 12.88                        Calcium  Sulphate 8.48 

Magnesium  Sulphate 48.40                        Vegetable  Ex.  Matter...  3.36 

Total  Solids,  107.36 


DES  CHUTES  HOT  SPRINGS;  WASCO  COUNTY,  ORE, 

THERMAL 

L.  M.  DORNBACH  and  PROF.  E.  N.  HORSFORD,  Analysts 
Temperature  143°  and  145°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 20.416  Potassium  Chloride 2.000 

Sodium  Carbonate 34.496  Magnesium  Chloride . . .  1 .216 

Sodium  Sulphate 9.464  Calcium  Sulphate 1.824 

Sodium  Silicate 8.200  Iron trace 

Total  Solids,  77.616 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid ..  .  22.56 


WILHOITS  SODA  SPRINGS,  CLACKAMAS  COUNTY,  ORE. 
ALKALINE    AND    SALINE 
J.  H.  VEACH,  M.  D.,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 201.000  Magnesium  Sulphate ..     6.480 

Sodium  Carbonate 87.568  Calcium  Carbonate 32.224 

Sodium  Sulphate 3.400  Ferrous  Carbonate 6.000 

Magnesium  Carbonate 85.320  Iodine trace 

Total  Solids,  421.992 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid .  .336.00 


272  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

WESTERN  STATES  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

ALPENA  WELL,  ALPENA  CO.,  MICH. 
SULPHURETED 

PROF.  S.  P.  DUFFIELD,  Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain» 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 68.256  Calcium  carbonate 38.296 

Sodium  Carbonate 10.912  Calcium  Sulphate 30.056 

Potassium  Carbonate trace  Ferrous  carbonate 1.360 

Magnesium  carbonate 37.288  Alumina  and  silica 3.083 

Total  Solids,  189.256 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 8.40 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 35.36 


BETHESDA  SPRINGS,  WAUKESHA  CO.,  WIS. 

ALKALINE  AND  CALCAREOUS 
C.  F.  CHANDLEK,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.160  Calcium  Carbonate 11.824 

Sodium  Carbonate 872  Ferrous  Carbonate 032 

Sodium  Sulphate 544  Alumina 120 

Sodium  Phosphate trace  Silica 736 

Potassium  Sulphate 456  Organic  Matter 1.984 

Magnesium  Carbonate 7.344 

Total  Solids,  25.072 


BUTTERWORTH  SPRINGS,  GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICH. 

CALCAREOUS 
S.  P.  DUFFIELD,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 12.728  Calcium  Carbonate 5.792 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.472  Calcium  Sulphate 75. 136 

Potassium  Chloride 9.816  Ferrous  Carbonate 704 

Magnesium  Chloride 41.856  Alumina  408 

Magnesium  Carbonate 3.456  Silica 512 

Calcium  Chloride 6. 104  Organic  Matter  and  Loss . .     .664 

Total  Solids,  160.648 


WESTERN  STATES  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


273 


EATON  RAPIDS,  EATON  CO.  MICH. 
CALCAREOUS 


Mineral  Ingredients 
Sodium  Chloride             .. 

Frost  Well 
Prof.  Duffield 
Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

7.672 

Shaw  Well 
Prof.  Kedzie 
Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.896 

Mosher  Well 

Prof.  Kedzie 
Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.896 

Sodium  Carbonate     

11.568 

5.376 

Sodium  Sulphate     

Potassium  Carbonate           .  . 

1.272 

1.152 

Magnesium  Carbonate  

7.592 

3.840 

4.520 

Magnesium  Sulphate     .... 

Calcium  Carbonate  

38.528 

20.736 

19.432 

Calcium  Sulphate     

3.864 

48  128 

45.160 

Ferrous  Carbonate  

1.984 

1.232 

1.000 

Ammonium  Nitrate     

trace 

trace 

Silicic  Acid 

1.400 

2.536 

Silica  

13.112 

Organic  matter  and  loss  .... 

752 

.896 

.848 

Total  Solids 

Gases 
Carbonic  Acid  

73.504 

Cubic  Inches 
18.56 

89.968 

Cubic  Inches 
16.00 

80.920 

Cubic  Inches 
15.36 

Sulphureted  Hvdroeen  .  . 

trace 

trace 

EATON  RAPIDS,  EATON  CO.,  MICH. 
CALCAREOUS 

Stirling  Well 
C.  T.  Jackson,  M.  D. 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 

Sodium  Carbonate 4.336 

Sodium  Sulphate 10.488 

Potassium  Carbonate 

Magnesium  Carbonate 

Magnesium  Sulphate 7.824 

Calcium  Carbonate 

Calcium  Sulphate 45.984 

Ferrous  Carbonate 2. 336 

Ammonium  Nitrate 

Silicic  Acid 

Silica 

Organic  Matter  and  Loss 


Total  Solids 70.968 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid ..  16.00 


Bordine  Well 
Prof.  Kedzie 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

1.496 
3.776 


2.272 
4.976 

28.104 

57.496 

1.624 


2.000 


101.744 

Cubic  Inchei 
16.00 


274  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

FRENCH  LICK  SPRJNGS,  ORANGE  CO.,  IND. 

SULPHURETED 

Pluto's  Well  Proserpine 
J.  G.  Rogers,  M.  D.    J.  G.  Rogers.  M.  D. 

Analyst  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 140.536  90.920 

Sodium  Carbonate 10.528 

Sodium  Sulphate 22.368  36.720 

Potassium  Chloride 5. 008 

Magnesium  Chloride 8.048 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.584  4.496 

Magnesium  Sulphate 18.112  29.328 

Calcium  Chloride 5.344  

Calcium  Carbonate 6.944  20.288 

Calcium  Sulphate 60.584  141.000 

Aluminium  and  Iron  Carbonates trace  2.496 

Silica.. 1.696 


Total  Solids                                      255.472  350.528 

Gases                                                                           Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 14.96  10.216 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 25.44  17.000 


FRUIT  PORT  WELL,  OTTAWA  CO.,  MICH. 

SALINE 
C.  G.  WHEELER,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 464.024  Calcium  Chloride 111.  104 

Sodium  Carbonate 4.520  Calcium  Carbonate 3.544 

Sodium  Sulphate 45.992  Ferrous  Carbonate 5.440 

Potassium  Chloride 432  Manganese  Carbonate 080 

Magnesium  Chloride 46.808  Alumina trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 2.464  Silica  and  Silicates 10.600 

Magnesium  Bromide 760 

Total  Solids,  695.768 


GREEN  SPRINGS,  SANDUSKY  CO.,  O. 
PURGATIVE 

O.  N.  STODDARD,  Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal,  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Potassium  Chloride 2.480  Ferrous  Carbonate 19.696 

Potassium  Bromide 16.760  Ferrous  Sulphate 6.528 

Magnesium  Carbonate 22.384  Alumina 976 

Magnesium  Sulphate 36.136  Silica 6.096 

Calcium  Sulphate 105.408 

Total  Solids,  216.464 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid .96.48 


WESTERN  STATES  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


275 


GREENCASTLE  SPRINGS,  PUTNAM  CO.,  IND. 


CHALYBEATE 

North,  or 
Daggy,  Spring 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 792 

Sodium  Carbonate 096 

Sodium  Sulphate 136 

Potassium  Carbonate 088 

Magnesium  Carbonate 4.704 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.048 

Calcium  Carbonate 14.552 

Ferrous  Carbonate ....    408 

Silicic  Acid 088 

Alumina 160 

Loss  and  Undetermined. .  .096 


Middle,  or 
Dewdrop,  Spring 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.696 

.064 

.069 

.072 

5.336 

1.032 

11.880 

2.384 

.008 

.072 

.224 


Total  Solids ..  .   22.168 


21.864 


HUBBARDSTON  WELL,  IONIA  CO.,  MICH. 

CALCAREOUS 
PROF.  P.  H.  DOUGLASS,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Magnesium   Carbonate 6. 352 

Calcium  Carbonate 16.536 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Ferrous  Oxide 152 

Silica 136 

Total  Solids,  23,176 


IDAHO  HOT  SPRINGS,  CLEAR  CREEK  CO.,  COL. 

THERMAL 
J.  G.  DOHLE,  Analyst 


Temperature,  85°  to  115°  F. 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 4. 16 

Sodium  Carbonate 30.80 

Sodium  Sulphate 29.36 

Sodium  Silicate 4.08 

Magnesium  Chloride trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 2.88 

Total  Solids,  107.12 
A.  18 


U.  S.  gal.  contain! 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Magnesium  Sulphate 18.72 

Calcium  Chloride trace 

Calcium  Carbonate 9.52 

Calcium  Sulphate 3.44 

Ferrous  Carbonate 4. 16 


276  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

INDIAN  SPRINGS,  MARTIN  CO.,  IND. 

SULPHURETED  AND  SALINE 

E.  T.  Cox,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients                       Grains  Mineral  Ingredients                  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 39.368  Magnesium  Sulphate 30.392 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.616  Calcium  Carbonate 33.104 

Sodium  Sulphate 11.824  Calcium  Sulphate 20.232 

Potassium  Carbonate 2.520  Ferric  Oxide trace 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.400  Iodides  and  Bromides trace 

Magnesium  Chloride 056  Silicic  Acid 448 

Magnesium  Carbonate 18.944  Aluminum  Sulphate 832 

Total  Solids,  163.736 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 9.52 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 3.36 

Oxygen 3.92 

Nitrogen 648 


LAFAYETTE,  TIPPECANOE  CO.,  IND. 

SALINE   AND    SULPHURETED 

C.  M.  WETHERELL,  M.  D.,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 324.720  Calcium  Carbonate 8. 352 

Magnesium  Chloride 29.656  Calcium  Sulphate 56.336 

Magnesium  Carbonate 28.720  Ferric  Oxide     496 

Magnesium  Iodide trace  Aluminium   trace 

Calcium  Chloride 3.720  Silica 464 

Total  Solids,  452.464 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 12.16 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 1.92 

Nitrogen 4.88 


LANSING  WELL,  INGHAM  CO.,  MICH. 

SALINE 
DR.  JENNINGS,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride  266.792  Magnesium  Carbonate. ..  11.368 

Sodium  Carbonate 64.752                       Calcium  Carbonate 62.256 

Sodium  Sulphate 25.048                       Ferrous  Carbonate 1. 144 

Potassium  Sulphate 12.432                       Silica 3.304 

Total  Solids,  447.096 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid..  196.00 


WESTERN  STATES  MINERAL  SPRINGS  277 

LESLIE  WELL,  INGHAM  CO.,  MICH. 

CALCAREOUS 
Prof.  R.  C.  KEDZIE,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 3.040                        Calcium  Sulphate 5.864 

Potassium  Carbonate 2.872                       Ferrous  Carbonate 1.368 

Magnesium  Carbonate 5.200                        Silica 1.728 

Calcium  Carbonate 17.712                        Organic  Matter 536 

Total  Solids,  38.320 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid . .  ..  13.44 


LODI  ARTESIAN  WELL,  WABASH  CO.,  IND. 
SULPHURETED 

DR.  PAHLE,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 502.464  Calcium  Chloride 47.928 

Sodium  Sulphate 2. 136  Calcium  Carbonate 2.016 

Potassium  Sulphate 800  Calcium  Sulphate 55.552 

Magnesium  Chloride 53.536  Calcium  Phosphate 1.200 

Magnesium  Carbonate . . , 656  Silicic  Acid 520 

Magnesium  Iodide trace  Sulphur  (suspended)  ....     5.000 

Magnesium  Bromide 880  Nitrogenous  Or.  Matter ..       .800 

Magnesium  Sulphate 3.256 

Total  Solids,  676.744 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid undetermined 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 7.92 

Nitrogen undetermined 


MANITOU  SPRING,  EL  PASO  CO.,  COL. 

ALKALINE 
T.  M.  DROWN,  Analyst 
Mineral  Ingredients  Percentage  Mineral  Ingredients  Percentags 

Sodium  Chloride 36.69  Potassium  Chloride 10.01 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 24.01  Magnesium  Bicarbonate . .     8.89 

Sodium  Sulphate 4.78  Calcium  Bicarbonate 15.62 

Total  Solids,  100.00 


278  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

MIDLAND   WELL,  MIDLAND   CO.,  MICH. 

PURGATIVE 
S.  P.  DUFFIELD,  M.  D.,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 27.240  Calcium  Sulphate 3.712 

Sodium  Sulphate 18.384  Aluminium  Phosphate . . .  1.440 

Potassium  Sulphate 68.472  Silica 2.464 

Magnesium  Chloride 1.824  Organic  Matter 2.056 

Calcium  Chloride 5.176  Loss..... 2.672 

Total  Solids,  133.440 


OWOSSO  SPRING,  SHIAWASSEE  CO.,  MICH. 
CHALYBEATE 

U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 2.096  Ferrous  Carbonate 11 .544 

Magnesium  Carbonate 11.304  Alumina     | 

Calcium  Carbonate 1 7. 824  Silica j    ' 

Total  Solids,  43.384 


PERRY  SPRINGS,  PIKE  CO.,  ILL. 

ALKALINE 

No.  1  No.  2  No.  3 

Middle  Spring  Upper  Spring  Lower  Spring 

H.  Engelmanu,  M .  I).  H.  Engelmann,  M.  D.      H.  Engelmauu,  M.  D. 

Analyst  Analyst  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                           Grains  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Sulphate 440  1.096  1.384 

Sodium  Silicate 120  .384  .576  * 

Sodium  &  Potassium  Silicates.     2.640  2.280  3.448 

Potassium  Carbonate 1 . 592  1 . 448  1 . 256 

Magnesium  Carbonate 10.080  8.776  6.216 

Calcium  Carbonate 11.040  13.720  13.664 

Ferrous  Carbonate 408  .320  .200 

Aluminium  Silicate. .  .272 


Total  Solids  26.320  28.024  27.016 

SALT  LAKE  HOT  SPRINGS,  UTAH. 

THERMAL 
C.  T.  JACKSON,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 19.544  Magnesium) 

Sodium  Sulphate 5.536  Calcium       \    Carbona*ea    3-5?6 

Magnesium  Chloride 528  Calcium  Chloride 4.528 

Ferric  Oxide 168 

Total  Solids,  33.880 


WESTERN  STATES  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


279 


SALT  LAKE  MINERAL  SPRINGS 
SULPHURETED 

Unknown  Analyst 

Beck's  Hot  Springs 
Mineral  Ingredients  Per  cent 

Chloride  of  Sodium 95506 

Chloride  of  Magnesium 4334 

Sulphate  of  Magnesium 

Carbonate  of  Magnesium 

Chloride  of  Calcium 06957 

Sulphate  of  Calcium 01907 

Silicate  of  Calcium ,    

Carbonate  of  Calcium 03001 

Chloride  of  Potassium 03761 

Sulphate  of  Potassium 

Alumina 

Silica 00315 

Organic  Matter trace 

Iron trace 

Iodine 

Bromine 

Water 

Volatile 

Other  matter . . 


Total 1.25871 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid undetermined 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen undetermined 


Warm  Springs 
Per  cent 

.77248 
.01588 


.03412 
•13668 

.03321 
.03388 


.00212 


1.02845 


SPARTA  ARTESIAN  WELL,  MONROE  CO.,  WIS. 

CHALYBEATE 
J.  M.  HIRSCH,  Analyst 


Mineral  Ingredients 
Sodium  Chloride  

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 
112 

U.  £ 
Mineral  Ingredients 

Ferrous  Carbonate 

i.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

8  664 

Sodium  Carbonate  .  .  .  .  , 

120 

Sodium  Iodide  

.....     trace 

Sodium  Sulphate  

1.840 

016 

Sodium  Phosphate  

056 

008 

Potassium  Sulphate 

528 

Magnesium  Carbonate  . 

1.992 

048 

Calcium  Chloride  

504 

Silica 

232 

Calcium  Carbonate  .... 

232 

Hydrogen  Sulphide 

Calcium  Sulphate  .  .  . 

144 

Total  Solids, 

14.496 

280  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

SCHUYLER  SPRING,  SCHUYLER  CO.,  ILL. 

CHALYBEATE 
Dr.  BLANEY,  Analyst 

U-  S.  gal.  contains  IT.  8.  gal. contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Magnesium  Sulphate 2.984  Alkaline  Sulphates 7.832 

Calcium  Sulphate 73.936  Silica 1.312 

Ferrous  Sulphate 89.960 

Total  Solids,  156.024 


SPRING  LAKE  WELL,  OTTAWA  CO.,  MICH. 
SALINE 

PROF.  C.  G.  WHEELER,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 405.528  Calcium  Carbonate 096 

Sodium  Carbonate 040  Ferrous  Carbonate 736 

Sodium  Sulphate 46.696  Manganese  Carbonate . . .       .048 

Potassium  Chloride 4.288  Lithia trace 

Magnesium  Chloride 36.200  Ammonia 016 

Magnesium  Carbonate ......     trace  Alumina trace 

Magnesium  Bromide 2. 168  Silica 504 

Calcium  Chloride 1 13.416  Organic  Matter 18.288 

Total  Solids,  628.024 


ST.  LOUIS  SPRINGS,  GRATIOT  CO.,  MICH. 
ALKALINE 

S.  P.  DUFFIELD,  M.  D.,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Carbonate 61.472                       Calcium  Silicate 5.600 

Magnesium  Carbonate 8. 6  W                        Ferrous  Carbonate 728 

Calcium  Chloride trace                       Silica 2.392 

Calcium  Carbonate 40. 152                        Organic  Matter 1 .664 

Calcium  Sulphate 55.400 

Total  Solids,  176.048 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 10.88 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen trace 


WESTERN  STATES  MINERAL  SPRINGS  281 

VERSAILLES  SPRINGS,  BROWN  CO.,  ILL. 

ALKALINE 

Magnesia  Spring  Ourry  Spring  Monitor  Spring 

G.  A.  Marriner  J.  V.  Blaney,  M.  D.  J.  V.  Blaney,  M.  D. 

Analyst  Analyst  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal. 'contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                        Grains  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride trace  trace  trace 

Sodium  Carbonate 7.624  7.624 

Sodium  and  Potassium  Carbonates ..     1.320  trace  trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 8.952  7.464  6.984 

Calcium  Carbonate 14.600  12.112  16.136 

Calcium  Sulphate trace  2.088  

Ferrous  Carbonate 064  2.136 

Alumina  and  trace  of  Iron .728  

Silica 1.400  .816  1.704 

Organic  Matter trace  trace 

Total  Solids 26.336  30.832  34.584 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic..  ..24.00 


WEST  BADEN  SPRINGS,  ORANGE  CO.,  IND. 

SULPHURETED 

E.  T.  Cox,  Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                         Grains  Mineral  Ingredients                   Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 77.984  Calcium  Chloride 7.280 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.112  Calcium  Carbonate 41.376 

Sodium  Sulphate 3. 104  Calcium  Sulphate 1 1. 184 

Potassium  Carbonate 624  Ferric  Oxide 088 

Potassium  Sulphate 1.368  Iodide trace 

Magnesium  Chloride 11.400  Bromide trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 39. 160  Silicic  Acid 440 

Magnesium  Sulphate 36. 152  Aluminium  Sulphate 4.552 

Total  Solids,  235.824 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 5.12 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 4  88 

Oxygen 1.68 

Nitrogen .' 5.44 

YELLOW  SPRINGS,  GREENE  CO.,  OHIO 

CALCAREOUS 
WAYNE  and  LOCK,  Analysts 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 152  Calcium  Carbonate 19.568 

Magnesium  Chloride 168  Calcium  Sulphate 1.352 

Calcium  Chloride 1.544  Ferric  Oxide 392 

Total  So'ids,  23.176 


282  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

SOUTHERN  AND  SOUTHWESTERN  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

ARKANSAS    HOT    SPRINGS 

Mineral  Ingredients  Parts  in  10,000  Mineral  Ingredients          Parts  in  10,000 

Sodium  Chloride 0003  Alumina 0137 

Sodium  Sulphate 0115  Iron 0030 

Potassium  Sulphate 0070  Iodine trace 

Magnesium  Chloride 0040  Bromine trace 

Calcium  Sulphate 0033  Water 0043 

Calcium  Silicate 0139  Silica 0567 

Calcium  Carbonate 1203  Organic  Matter 0420 

Total  Solids,  .2800 
Gases 

Free  Sulphureted  Hydrogen excess 

Free  Carbonic  Acid excess 


HOT  SAL  INO-SULPHUROUS 

DRS.  OWEN  and  CONE,  Analysts 

Temperature,  100°  to  148°  F 

Qualitative 

Sodium  Chloride  Magnesia  Sulphate 

Sodium  Sulphate  Calcium  Bicarbonate 

Magnesia  Iron 

Magnesia  Sub-carbonate 

CALCIC-THERMAL 

PROF.  E.  H.  LARKIX,  Analyst 

Temperature  93°  to  150"  F. 

U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 008  Ferric  Oxide 104 

Sodium  Sulphate 376  Iodine trace 

Potassium  Sulphate 232  Bromine trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 128  Alumina 448 

Calcium  Carbonate 3.968  Silica 1.864 

Calcium  Sulphate 112  Organic  Matter 704 

Calcium  Silicate 464  Water 144 

Total  Solids,  8.552 


SOUTHERN  AND  SOUTHWESTERN  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


283 


BLADEN  SPRINGS,  CHOCTAW  CO.,  ALA. 
ALKALINE 


Vichy  Spring 

J.  L.  &  W.  P.  RIDDELL 
Analysts 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Carbonate 46. 328 

Magnesium  Carbonate .288 

Calcium  Carbonate .872 

Calcium  Sulphate 2.256 

Ferrous  Carbonate .496 

Manganese  Sulphate trace 

Organic  Matter 2.256 


Branch  Spring 

J.  L.  &  W.  P.  RIDDELL 
Analysts 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

41.208 

.608 

2.136 

2.792 

.232 


Total  Solids, 52.496 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 65.44 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen trace 

Chlorine..  1.84 


1.896 

48.872 

Cubic  Inches 
59.20 
trace 
1.84 


ALKALINE 


Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 7.696 

Sodium  Carbonate 32.888 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.360 

Calcium  Carbonate 2. 752 

Calcium  Sulphate 016 

Ferrous  Carbonate  

Ferrous  Sulphate 240 

Manganese  Sulphate 

Crenic  Acid 728 

Hypocrenic  Acid 600 

Silica  and  Alumina 2. 104 

Organic  Matter 

Loss  . .  .  320 


Old  Spring 
Prof.  R.  T.  Brumby    J.  L.  &  W.  P.  Riddle 


Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


34.936 

.648 

2.416 

2.960 

.760 

trace 


1.248 


Total  Solids. 


48.704 


Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 32.56 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen undetermined 

Chlorine . . 


42.968 

Cubic  Inches 
52.88 
.56 
1.84 


284 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


BLOUNT  SPRINGS,  BLOUNT  CO.,  ALA. 


SULPHURETED 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 32.32 

Magnesium  Chloride 6.00 

Magnesium  Carbonate 4.40 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.60 

Calcium  Carbonate 6.80 

Ferrous  Carbonate ..                                    1.92 


Red  Sulphur  Sweet  Sulphur 

Prof.  R.  Brumby  Prof.  R.  Brumby 

Analyst  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contain* 

Grains  Grains 


Total  Solids 53.04 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 6.00 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 14.96 


30.88 

3.60 
2.40 

4.48 
1.12 

42.48 

Cubic  Inchea 

6.00 

12.56 


BLUE  LICK  SPRINGS,  UPPER  AND  LOWER, 
NICHOLAS,  CO.,  KY. 


SULPHURETED 

Upper 

J.  F.  Judge  and  A.  Fennel 
Analysts 

U.  8.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 516.536 

Potassium  Chloride   1.800 

Potassium  Sulphate 12.976 

Magnesium  Chloride 37.728 

Magnesium  Carbonate 144 

Magnesium  Bromide 3.808 

Magnesium  Iodide 152 

Calcium  Carbonate 25.064 

Calcium  Sulphate 44. 136 

Alumina  (Calcium  Phosphate  and  Ferric  Oxide) 1.968 

Silicic  Acid '. 1.000 

Loss .   14.880 


Lower 

Robert  Peter,  M.  D. 
Analyst 

U.  S.  gal:  contain! 
Grains 

512.856 

1.392 

8.936 

32.392 

.136 

.240 

.048 

23.656 

33.992 

.360 

1.104 

17.728 


Total  Solids 660.192 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 48. 16 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 8. 16 


632.840 

Cubic  Inches 
98.80 
18.24 


SOUTHERN  AND  SOUTHWESTERN  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


285 


CHARLESTON  ARTESIAN  WELL,  S.  C. 

THERMAL 

PROF.  0.  U.  SHEPHARD,  JR.,  Analyst 
Temperature  87°  F. 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 75.672 

Sodium  Carbonate 58.824 

Magnesium  Carbonate 008 

Calcium  Carbonate 1.120 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Calcium  Phosphate ^ 

Ferrous  Phosphate 1-      .008 

Aluminium  Phosphate . ;  j 

Silica 016 

Organic  Matter 024 


Total  Solids,  135.672 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  2.24 


CATOOSA  SPRINGS,  CATOOSA  CO.,  GA. 

PURGATIVE 

All-Healing  Red  Sweet 

Wm.  J.  Land  Wm.  J.  Laud 

Analyst  Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains       U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride , 128  .144 

Sodium  Carbonate 248  .288 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.496  1.696 

Potassium  Carbonate 104  .112 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.200  2.488 

Magnesium  Carbonate 7.024  7.944 

Magnesium  Bromide .  t 296  .328 

Magnesium  Sulphate 26.536  29.976 

Calcium  Carbonate 3.520  3.976 

Calcium  Bromide 1.208  1.368 

Calcium  Sulphate 38.840  43.864 

Calcium  Nitrate 416  .472 

Calcium  Fluoride 016  .016 

Ferrous  Carbonate 128  .144 

Manganese  Carbonate 008  .016 

Lithium  Carbonate trace  trace 

Strontium  Carbonate 040  .048 

Strontium  Sulphate 200  .232 

Ammonium  Nitrate 120  .136 

Crenic  Acid . .  I 

.024  .024 

Apocrenic  Acid ) 

Aluminium  Sulphate 504  .664 

Total  Solids 83.056  93.936 

Gases                                                                                Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid ..                                                                             9.36  9.28 


286 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


CATOOSA  SPRINGS,  CATOOSA  CO.,  GA. 

PURGATIVE 

White  Sulphur  Buffalo 

Wm.  J.  Land  Wm.  J.  Land 

Analyst  Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains       U.  8  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 136  .112 

Sodium  Carbonate 256  .024 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.672  1.G72 

Potassium  Carbonate 112  .016 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.320  2.312 

Magnesium  Carbonate 8.400  8.696 

Magnesium  Bromide 304  .328 

Magnesium  Sulphate 32.008  33.016 

Calcium  Carbonate 3.848  3.856 

Calcium  Bromide 144  . 152 

Calcium  Sulphate 44.808  45.000 

Calcium  Nitrate 320  .032 

Calcium  Fluoride 016  .008 

Ferrous  Carbonate 280  .280 

Manganese  Carbonate 024  .016 

Lithium  Carbonate trace  trace 

Strontium  Carbonate 040  .040 

Strontium  Sulphate 208  .288 

Ammonium  Nitrate 096  .912 

(?renicAci<*-:i j          .008  .008 

Apocrenic  Acid v 

Aluminium  Sulphate 2.472  2.384 

Total  Solids 97.472  99.152 

Gases                                                                                   Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 9.52  9.76 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 08  trace 


COOPER'S  WELL,  HINDS  CO.,  MISS. 

CHALYBEATE 
PROF.  J.  L.  SMITH,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Calcium  Sulphate 42.120 

Calcium  Crenate 312 

Ferric  Oxide 3.360 

Aluminum  Sulphate 6. 120 

Silica..  1.800 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 8.360 

Sodium  Sulphate 1 1.704 

Potassium  Sulphate 608 

Magnesium  Chloride 3.480 

Magnesium  Sulphate 23.280 

Calcium  Chloride 4.320 

Total  Solids,  105.464 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 32.0 

Oxygen 12.0 

Nitrogen 36.0 


U.  S.  gal.  con  taint 
Grains 


SOUTHERN  AND  SOUTHWESTERN  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


287 


CRAB  ORCHARD  SPRINGS,  LINCOLN  CO.,  KY. 
PURGATIVE 


Foley's  Spring 
R.  Peter,  M.  D., 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 17.718 

Sodium  Sulphate 59.072 

Potassium  Sulphate 9.912 

Magnesium  Carbonate 7.640 

Magnesium  Sulphate 205.280 

Calcium  Carbonate 53.184 

Calcium  Sulphate 10.792 

Calcium,  Magnesium,  Ferrous  Car-} 

bonates  and  Silica ( 

Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Bromine 

Silica 3.264 

Loss  and  Moisture 34.584 

Water  of  Crystallization  and  Loss ....   , 


Total  Solids 401.456 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid. .  ,   not  estimated 


Sowder's  Spring 
R.  Peter,  M.  D., 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

58.320 
23.200 
17.376 
21.872 
174.312 
29.512 
91.328 


Crab  Orchard  Salt 
R.  Peter,  M.  D., 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

4.77 
4.20 
1.80 


trace 
trace 
1.224 


417.144 

Cubic  Inches 

not  estimated 


63.19 


2.54 
.89 


trace 


22.61 
100.00 


ESTILL  SPRINGS,  ESTILL  CO.,  KY. 


Red  Sulphur 
Sulphureted 
R.  Peter,  M.  D. 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 4.896 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.344 

Sodium  Sulphate 10.032 

Potassium  Sulphate 5.360 

Magnesium  Carbonate 4. 840 

Magnesium  Sulphate 584 

Calcium  Chloride 

Calcium  Carbonate 11.776 

Calcium  Sulphate 

Ferrous  Carbonate 

Aluminium  Phosphate 

Silica 352 

Organic  and  Volatile  Matters 2.336 

Loss 

Total  Solids 41.520 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 40.08 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 56 


Chalybeate 
R.  Peter,  M.  D. 

.inalyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.528 


.696 

.640 

2.680 

9.792 

9.272 
16.672 
1.864 
trace 
1.864 
8.224 

52.232 

Cubic  Inches 

33.20 


Irvine  Spring 

Purgative 
R.  Peter,  M.  D. 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

17.608 


2.504 

2.568 

263.280 

1.688 

30.728 

31.896 

•   1.328 


4.024 

85.888 
441.512 


288 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


HARRODSBURG  SPRINGS,  MERCER  CO.,    KY. 


PURGATIVE. 

Greenville  Spring 
Raymond, 

Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 22.96 

Magnesium  Sulphate 129.28 

Calcium  Carbonate 4.80 

Calcium  Sulphate 88.48 

Ferrous  Carbonate 


Saloon  Spring 

Raymond, 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

9.92 

2.08 

223.36 

23.92 

81.92 

2.88 


Total  Solids..  ..  245.52 


344.08 


MONTVALE  SPRINGS,  BLOUNT  CO.,  TENN. 

CHALYBEATE 

Prof.  J.  B.  Mitchell    J.  R.  Chilton,  M.  D. 


Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride ^ 1.960 

Sodium  Sulphate 4.512 

Magnesium  Chloride 

Magnesium  Sulphate 12.000 

Calcium  Chloride 

Calcium  Carbonate 13.256 

Calcium  Sulphate 74.208 

Ferrous  Carbonate 2.400 

Ferric  Oxide 

Alumina 496 

Silica 

Organic  Matter 


Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Grains 


Total  Solids ..108.832 


8.816 

.096 

17.072 

.144 

81.944 
1.192 

trace 
.040 

109.304 


OCEAN  SPRINGS,  JACKSON  CO.,  MISS. 

CHALYBEATE 


J.  L.  SMITH,  analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 47.768 

Potassium  Chloride trace 

Magnesium  Chloride 4.968 

Calcium  Chloride ..  .   3.880 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Ferrous  Oxide 4.712 

Iodine trace 

Alumina trace 

Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  61.328 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 9. 76 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 1.28 


SOUTHERN  AND  SOUTHWESTERN  MINERAL  SPRINGS  289 

OLYMPIAN   SPRINGS,  BATH  CO.,  KY. 

SULPHURATED 
DR.  PETER,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 166.016  Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Chloride 10.672  Ferrous  Bromide trace 

Magnesium  Chloride 55.392  Alumina trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 7.232  Silica 1.048 

Calcium  Carbonate 13.936  Water  and  Loss 78.660 

Calcium  Sulphate trace 

Total  Solids,  332.896 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid not  estimated 

Sulphureted  hydrogen not  estimated 


PAROQUET   SPRINGS,  BULLITT  CO.,  KY. 

SULPHURETED 
PROF.  P.  L.  SMITH,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 309.600  Magnesium   Bromide 312 

Sodium  Carbonate 376  Calcium   Chloride 67.712 

Sodium  Iodide 152  Calcium  Carbonate 2.400 

Sodium  Bromide 176  Calcium  Sulphate 2.280 

Sodium  Sulphate 2.416  Ferrous  Carbonate 176 

Potasium  Chloride 488  Aluminium  Sulphate 496 

Magnesium  Chloride 48.032  Silica 3.904 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.504  Organic  Matter 2.136 

Magnesium   Iodide 248 

Total  Solids,  442.408 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 6.00 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 30.00 


ST.  LOUIS  ARTESIAN  WELL,  ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 

SALINE 
DR.  LITTON,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride., 350.608  Calcium  Carbonate 10.632 

Potassium  Chloride 9.008  Calcium  Sulphate 45.672 

Magnesium  Chloride 38.336  Ferrous  Carbonate 528 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.016  Silica 136 

Calcium  Chloride 27.584 

Total  Solids,  483.520 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 6.56 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 24 


290  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

WARM  SPRINGS,  MERRIWETHER  CO.,  GA. 

THERMAL 

PROF.  A.  MEANS,  Analyst 
Temperature  90"  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Magnesium  Oxide 93.44  Ferrous  Oxide 17.12 

Calcium  Oxide 37.12 

Total  Solids,  147.68 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 8.88 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen trace 


WARM  SPRINGS,  MADISON  CO.,  N.  C. 

THERMAL 

Bathing  Springs  Drinking  Springs 

E.  Adelmarth,  M.  D.  E.  Adelmarth,  M.  D. 

Analyst  Analyst 

Temp,  lot9  F.  Temp.  97U.  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                             Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 912  1.096 

Sodium  Sulphate 9.024  8.904 

Potassium  Chloride 312  .504 

Potassium  Sulphate 360  .472 

Magnesium  Chloride 216  .368 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.344  8. 128 

Calcium  Chloride 10.104  8.944 

Calcium  Sulphate 40.880  40.536 

Soluble  Silicates 8.968  9.536 


Total  Solids 72.120  78.488 

Gases                                                                            Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inche 

Carbonic  Acid 10.96  10.72 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 1.76  2.48 


VIRGINIA  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


291 


ALLEGHANY  SPRING,  MONTGOMERY  CO.,  VA. 
CALCAREOUS 


F.  A.  GENTH,  Analyst 


U.  8.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 224 

Sodium  Sulphate 1 .424 

Potassium  Sulphate 3.080 

Magnesium  Carbonate 296 

Magnesium  Sulphate . , 42. 392 

Magnesium  Nitrate 2.680 

Calcium  Carbonate 3.008 

Calcium  Sulphate 96.056 

Calcium  Fluoride 016 

Ferrous  Carbonate .  1 28 


U.  8.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Manganese  Carbonate  . ..       .048 

Barium  Carbonate 016 

Lithium  Carbonate trace 

Strontium  Carbonate 048 

Aluminium  Phosphate. . .       .016 

Aluminium  Silicate 168 

Ammonium  Nitrate 464 

Silicic  Acid 728 

Organic  Matter 1.664 


Total  Solids,  152.456 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 9.60 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen trace 


AUGUSTA  SPRINGS  (STRIBLING),  AUGUSTA  CO.,  VA. 


Mineral  Ingredients 
Sodium  Chloride       ....    .  .  . 

No.  1 

Chalybeate 

D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 
Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

No.  2 
Sulphureted 

D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 
Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.640 

No.  3 
Chalybeate 

D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D' 
Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

Sodium  Carbonate  

760 

6.240 

.984 

Sodium  Sulphate  

Potassium   Carbonate  

352 

.744 

.760 

Potassium  Sulphate  

Magnesium  Carbonate  

976 

2.008 

1.104 

Magnesium  Sulphate  

9.632 

.832 

Calcium  Sulphate  

224 

1.248 

3.088 

Ferrous  Carbonate  

072 

.128 

.112 

Silicic  Acid  

1.320 

.640 

.912 

Total  Solids,  .  .  . 

3.704 

21.280 

7.792 

Gases 
Carbonic  A  cid  

Cubic  Inches 
24.00 

Cubic  Inches 
10.40 

Cubic  Inches 
16.00 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen  

.24 

A.  19 

292 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


AUGUSTA  SPRINGS  (STRIBLING),  AUGUSTA  CO.,  VA. 

ALUM 


No.  4 

No.  5 

No.  6 

Chalybeate 

Chalybeate 

Sulphureted 

D. 

K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 
Analyst 

D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 
Analyst 

D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 
Analyst 

U. 

;s 

S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

Mineral  Ingredients 
Sodium  Chloride 

Sodium  Carbonate 

Sodium  Sulphate 664 

Potassium  Carbonate 

Potassium  Sulphate 536 

Magnesium  Carbonate 

Magnesium  Sulphate 528 

Calcium  Carbonate 

Calcium  Sulphate 14.656 

Ferrous  Carbonate 

Ferrous  Sulphate 9.536 

Sulphuric  Acid 5.048 

Silicic  Acid 1.952 

Aluminium  Sulphate 16.688 

Organic  Matter 3.752 


Total  Solids 53.360 


2.344 

8.904 

.344 

16.944 

13.144 
9.816 
2.112 

17.952 


71.560 


1.792 

1.008 

6.576 

19.112 

12.920 
6.536 
2.112 

38.408 

88.464 


BATH  ALUM  SPRING,  BATH  CO.,  VA. 


CHALYBEATE 


No.  1 


A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D. 
Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 176 

Sodium  Silicate 2.024 

Potassium  Sulphate 

Magnesium  Sulphate 2.816 

Calcium  Sulphate 3.808 

Ferrous  Oxide 14.512 

Sulphuric  Acid 5.S08 

Alumina 10.288 

Ammonium  Crenate 1.856 


Total  Solids 41.288 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 1.12 


No.  2 

A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D. 
Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contain! 
Grains 


3.152 
.256 

1.280 

2.536 
21.776 

7.880 
12.288 

1.776 

50.944 

Cubic  Inches 
8.00 


VIRGINIA  MINERAL  SPRINGS  293 

BEDFORD  ALUM  SPRINGS,  BEDFORD  CO.,  VA. 

CHALYBEATE 

PROF.  GILLIAM,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Potassium  Sulphate 10. 160                       Ferrous  Sulphate 23.456 

Magnesium  Sulphate 12.664                        Sulphuric  Acid 19.976 

Calcium  Sulphate 18.672                        Aluminium  Sulphate 7.240 

Total  Solids,  92.168 


BERKELEY  SPRINGS,  MORGAN  CO.,  W.  VA. 

CALCAREOUS 
A.  A.  HAYES,  M.  D.,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 896  Calcium  Crenate 3.640 

Magnesium  Sulphate 360  Ferrous  Silicate 640 

Calcium  Chloride 208  Ferrous  Crenate 080 

Calcium  Carbonate 5.000  Loss 064 

Total  Solids,  10.888 


BLUE  RIDGE  SPRINGS,  BOTETOURT  CO.,  VA. 

PURGATIVE 
F.  A.  GENTH,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 248  Calcium  Carbonate 3.776 

Sodium  Sulphate 976  Calcium  Sulphate 100.216 

Potassium  Sulphate 400  Ferrous  Carbonate 296 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.784  Silicic  Acid 1.256 

Magnesium  Sulphate "47.552  Alumina 144 

Total  Solids,  156.648 


BUFFALO  SPRINGS,  MECKLENBURG  CO.,  VA. 

SULPHURETED 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride trace  Magnesium  Sulphate 8.000 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.304  Calcium  Sulphate 3.496 

Magnesium  Chloride trace  Ferrous  Sulphate 2.600 

Total  Solids,  15.400 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 1 .20 


294 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


CAPON  SPRINGS,  HAMPSHIRE  CO.,  W.  VA. 


ALKALINE 


No.  1. 
Main  Spring 

J.  W.  Mallet 
Analyst 


No.  2. 
Beauty  Spring 

J.  W.  Mallet 
Analyst 


Imp.  gal.  contains     Imp.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                             Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 056  .054 

Sodium  Carbonate 591  .631 

Potassium  Sulphate 170  .163 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.441  1.269 

Calcium  Carbonate 8.325  8.355 

Calcium  Sulphate 593  .408 

Calcium  Phosphate 002  .002 

Calcium  Fluoride trace  trace 

Ferrous  Carbonate 041  .052 

Manganous  Carbonate trace  trace 

Lithium  Carbonate distinct  trace  faint  trace 

Strontium  Sulphate trace  trace 

Cupric  Carbonate trace 

Alumina 018  .015 

Silica 707  .672 

Nitrates trace  trace 

Organic  Matter 204  .189 

Total  Solids 12.138  11.810 

60°  F.  and  SO  inches  pressure 

No.  1.  No.  2. 
Dissolved  Gases                                                                            Cubic  Inches             Cubic  Inches 

Carbon  Dioxide 8.57  7.81 

Oxygen.    1.76  1.69 

Nitrogen 3.68  3.71 


Free  Gases ..14.01 


13.21 


From  No.  i  gas  escapes  in  bubbles  at  frequent  intervals  to 
the  extent  of  about  300  or  350  cubic  inches  per  hour.  This 
consists  of: 

Cubic  Inches 

Nitrogen 78.74 

Oxygen 9.02 

Carbon  Dioxide 4. 38 

Marsh-gas 7.87 

100.00 


VIRGINIA  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


295 


CHURCH  HILL  ALUM  SPRINGS,  VA. 

CHALYBEATE 
J.  C.  BOOTH,  M.  D.,  analyst 


U.  8.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 4.624 

Sodium  Sulphate 1 .944 

Potassium  Sulphate.. 2.440 

Magnesium  Sulphate 86.064 

Calcium  Sulphate 88.832 

Ferrous  Sulphate 24. 184 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Ferric  Persulphate 51.264 

Ferric  Bisulphate 83.352 

Ammonium  Sulphate 640 

Silica 10.424 

Phosphoric  Acid trace 

Aluminium  Persulphate . .  72. 928 


Total  Solids,  426.696 


GREENBRIER  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 
GREENBRIER  CO.,  W.  VA. 


SULPHURETED 


3.456 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 

Sodium  Sulphate 

Sodium  Silicate 

Potassium  Silicate 

Magnesium  Silicate 

Magnesium  Chloride 1.000 

Magnesium  Carbonate 

Magnesium  Sulphate 35.416 

Calcium  Chloride 

Calcium  Carbonate 7.072 

Calcium  Sulphate 78.352 

Ferrous  Sulphate 

Ferric  Oxide , trace 

Aluminium  Sulphate 

Iodine 

Earthy  Phosphates 

Organic  Matter 4.360 


PROF.  A.  A.  Hayes    PROF.  W.  B.  ROGKRS 
Analyst  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains     U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Total  Solids..  ..129.656 


Grains 
.520 
9.352 


.160 

1.168 

19.032 

.024 

3.558 

73.184 

.152 

.024 

undeterm. 

trace 

.008 

107.152 


Gases  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 11.28  8.48 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 24  2.96 

Oxygen 48  .40 

Nitrogen 4.64  4.32 


296 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


HEALING  SPRINGS,  BATH  CO.,  VA. 
THERMAL 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Old  Spring 

Prof.  Wm.   Aiken 
Analyst 

Temp.  85Q  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

272 

New  Spring 

Prof.  Wm.  Aiken 
Analyst 

Temp.  88"  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  containi 
Grains 

.288 

Potassium  Chloride                        .... 

232 

.256 

Potassium  Sulphate  

2.208 

2.528 

Magnesium  Carbonate   

1.248 

1.968 

Magnesium  Sulphate       

7.248 

7.392 

Calcium  Carbonate             ....           

17.904 

18.720 

Calcium  Sulphate   

1.320 

1.264 

Ferrous  Carbonate   ...           .           

.       .072 

.272 

176 

.104 

Ammonium  Sulphate  

232 

.232 

Iodine                  ... 

trace 

trace 

Bromine       

trace 

trace 

1.896 

1.824 

856 

.872 

Total  Solids  

33.664 

35.720 

Gas 

Carbonic  Acid.  .  . 

Cubic  Inches 
4.64 

Cubic  Inches 
4.80 

HOT  SPRINGS,  BATH  CO.,  VA. 

THERMAL 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Ladies' 
Boiler-Bath 

Col.  Wm.  Gilham 
Analyst 

Temp.  110a  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

120 

Ladies' 
Sulphur-Bath 

Col.  Wm.  Gilham 
Analyst 

Temp.  10V*  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.136 

Gentlemen's 
Pleasure-Bath 

Col.  Wm.  Gilham 

Analyst 

Temp.  78a  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.128 

Sodium  Sulphate  

1.024 

1.008 

.848 

1.600 

.168 

.160 

Potassium  Sulphate  

1.344 

1.824 

.568 

Magnesium  Carbonate.  .  .  . 

2.680 

2.800 

2.016 

Magnesium  Sulphate.  ... 

5.656 

5.104 

1.064 

Calcium  Carbonate  

17.344 

16.440 

9.480 

Calcium  Sulphate  

1.736 

2.104 

3.024 

112 

.064 

.080 

1.744 

1.368 

.688 

Total  Solids.. .. .  33.360 


31.016 


18.056 


VIRGINIA  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


297 


HOLSTON  SPRINGS,  SCOTT  CO.,  VA. 

CALCAREOUS 
PROF.  HAYDEN,  Analyst 


U,  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


1.52 


Mineral  Ingredients 
Sodium  Chloride .... 

Ammonium  Chloride 

/ 

Sodium  Sulphate trace 

Magnesium  Sulphate 12.72 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Calcium  Carbonate 6.40 

Calcium  Sulphate 20.48 

Aluminium  Sulphate, trace 

Aluminium  Phosphate ....  trace 


Total  Solids,  41.12 


JORDAN  ALUM  SPRINGS,  ROCKBRIDGE  CO.,  VA. 

ALKALINE  AND  CHALYBEATE 


Alum  Spring 

Chalybeate  Spring 

Wm.  E.  Aiken 
Analyst 

J.  W.  Mallet 
Analyst 

U.I 

s 

5.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.728 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.112 

Mineral  Ingredients 
Sodium  Chloride. 

Sodium  Iodide 704 

Sodium  Sulphate .- 176 

Sodium  Silicate 2.512 

Potassium  Sulphate 1.312 

Magnesium  Carbonate 

Magnesium  Sulphate 5. 176 

Calcium  Sulphate 4.440 

Calcium  Phosphate  (tribasic) 

Ferrous  Carbonate 

Ferrous  Sulphate 18.536 

Ferrous  Phosphate 248 

Ferrous  Crenate 680 

Manganese  Carbonate 

Ammonium  Crenate 528 

Sulphuric  Acid 23.640 

Alumina 

Aluminium  Sulphate 25.376 

Silica 

Organic  Matter 584 

Total  Solida  . .  .  84.640 


.136 


.128 
.736 


3.712 
.016 
.704 


.040 


.056 

.720 
.088 

6.448 


Gases 
Carbonic  Acid . 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen 


Cubic  Inches 
6.16 


Cubic  Inches 
5.60 
1.60 
8.56 


298 

JORDAN'S  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  FREDERICK  CO.,  VA. 

SULPHURETED 
T.  Antisell,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 760  Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Carbonate 9.704  Manganese  Carbonate 016 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.096  Silicic  Acid 256 

Magnesium  Carbonate 2.880  Alumina 008 

Calcium  Sulphate 5. 128 

Total  Solids,  20.848 

Gas                                                                 Cubic  Inches 
Sulphureted  Hydrogen 2.00 


KIMBERLING  SPRINGS,  BLAND   CO.,  VA. 

SULPHURETED 
DR.  TUTTLE,  Analyst 

Imp.  gal.  contains  Imp.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 4229  Calcium  Sulphate 2.3169 

Sodium  Carbonate 6.2080  Silica 6733 

Potassium  Carbonate 7500  Iron trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.6200  Sulphureted  Hydrogen...     .1737 

Calcium  Carbonate 7238  Organic  Matter 2. 160 

Total  Solids,  15.0486 


NEW  LONDON  ALUM  SPRINGS,  CAMPBELL  CO.,  VA. 

CHALYBEATE 
PROF.  GILHAM,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Potassium  Sulphate 10.160  Ferroua  Sulphate 23.456 

Magnesium  Sulphate 12.664  Aluminium 7.240 

Calcium  Sulphate 18.672  Sulphuric  Acid,  free 19.976 

Total  Solids,  92.168 


VIRGINIA  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


299 


OLD  SWEET  SPRINGS,  MONROE  CO.,  W.  VA. 

CARBONATED 


PROF.  W.  B.  ROGERS,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 136 

Sodium  Sulphate 6.344 

Magnesium  Chloride 312 

Magnesium  Carbonate 824 

Magnesium  Sulphate 9.392 

Calcium  Chloride 144 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Calcium  Carbonate 30.056 

Calcium  Sulphate 13. 168 

Ferric  Oxide 144 

Iodine trace 

Silica 168 

Earthy  Phosphates trace 


Total  Solids,  60.688 
Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid . .  88.00 


ORKNEY  SPRINGS,  SHENANDOAH  CO.,  VA. 
ALKALINE  AND  CHALYBEATE 


Healing  Spring 
J.  W.  Mallet 
Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients                                    Grains 

Sodium  Chloride  120 

Powder  Spring 
J.  W.  Mallet 
Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.352 
3.248 
.440 
.024 
.160 
2.952 

Bear  Wallow 

Spring 
J.  W.  Mallet 
Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.088 

Sodium  Carbonate  

.   .       .016 

Sodium  Sulphide  

Potassium  Chloride  

.032 

.064 
.208 

Potassium  Sulphate  .... 

.184 

Magnesium  Carbonate  

.  ..     1.128 

Magnesium  Sulphate  

2.440 

Calcium  Carbonate    

.  .  .     8.264 

3.816 
1.752 
trace 
.216 

Calcium  Sulphate  

.  ..     1.144 

.712 
.008 

Calcium  Phosphate  (tribasic)  

.016 

Ferrous  Carbonate  

.464 

Ferrous  Sulphate  

4.536 

Manganese  Carbonate  

.008 

.016 

Lithium  Sulphate  

.064 
.352 
.056 
1.536 
.064 

Sulphuric  Acid  

Aluminium  Sulphate  

.032 

.016 
1.384 

trace 

Silica  

832 

Organic  Matter.  . 

Total  Solids 12.240 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 3.84 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 

Oxygen 1.36 

Nitrogen 2. 48 


14.376 

Cubic  Inches 
7.12 

4.88 


10.128 

Cubic  Inches 
4.80 


2.32 


.40 
1.20 


300  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

RAWLEY   SPRINGS,   ROCKINGHAM   CO.,  VA.. 

CHALYBEATE 
PROF.    J.    W.    MALLET,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 040  Manganese  Carbonate 016 

Sodium  Sulphate 544  Lithium  Carbonate trace 

Potassium  Sulphate 112  Ammonium  Carbonate ....   trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 680  Alumina 040 

Calcium  Carbonate 440  Silica 680 

Calcium  Sulphate 104  Organic  Matter 288 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.624  Loss , 584 

Total  Solids,  5.152 

Gas                                                  Cubic  Inches 
Carbonic  Acid 6. 16 


RED  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  MONROE  CO.,   W.  VA. 

SULPHURETED 
A.  A.  HAYES,  M.  D.,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 4. 144  Calcium  Sulphate 552 

Magnesium  Carbonate 4.816  Silicious  and  earthy  matter     .816 

Calcium  Carbonate 5.248  Organic  Matter  (Sulphur  \ 

Compound) »     8'39 

Total  Solids,  23.968 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 8.00 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 1.04 


ROCK  ENON  SPRINGS,  FREDERICK  CO.,  VA. 
COPPER  SPRINGS 

CHALYBEATE 
GALE  and  MEW,  Analysts 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.21  Ferrous  Carbonate 14.25 

Magnesium  Chloride 1.12  Manganese  Carbonate 1.05 

Magnesium  Sulphate 12.89  Alumina 80 

Calcium  Carbonate 5.13  Silica 42 

Calcium  Sulphate 3.56 

Total  Solids,  "40.43 

By  spectrum  analysis  lithia  was  also  found  in  it. 


VIRGINIA  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


301 


ROCKBRIDGE  ALUM  SPRINGS,  ROCKBRIDGE  CO.,  VA. 

CHALYBEATE 


No.  3 

gal.  contains 
Grains 

.440 


A.  A.  HAYES,  M.  D.,  Analyst 

No.  1  No.  2 

U.  S.  gal.  contains      U.  S.  gal.  contains      U.  S. 

Mineral  Ingredients                                       Grains  Grains. 

Sodium  Chloride 424  1.008 

Sodium  Silicate 2.544  

Potassium  Sulphate 1.768  

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.080  1.760  4.416 

Calcium  Sulphate 1.440  3.264  3.304 

Ferrous   Oxide 3.680  4.864  4.696 

Ammonium  Crenate 1.400  .704  1.224 

Sulphuric  Acid 18.776  15.224  5.512 

Silicic  Acid 2.840  1.704 

Alumina 14.768  17.904  24.088 

Organic  Matter 1.016 

Total  Solids 44. 1 12  49. 336  46.400 

Gas                                        Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches             Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid..                                      .5.60  1.52  8.80 


SALT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  MONROE  CO.,  W.  VA. 

SULPHURETED 

Old  Spring  Iodine  Spring 

W.  B.  Rogers         D.  Stewart,  M.  D. 

Analyst  Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains        U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.576  1.504 

Sodium   Carbonate 10.800 

Sodium  Sulphate 22.360  24.000 

Potassium  Carbonate 2. 328 

Magnesium  Chloride 264  .280 

Magnesium  Carbonate 3.312  7.000 

Magnesium  Sulphate : 18.208  20.000 

Calcium  Chloride 056  .560 

Calcium  Carbonate 10.264  33.000 

Calcium  Sulphate 84.904  68.000 

Ferrous  Oxide 096  1.064 

Iodine trace  .632 

Bromine .  648 

Silicic  Acid 1 .760 

Alumina .184 

Earthy  Phosphates  (Soda  and  Lithia)   trace  .728 

Organic  Matter  with  sulphur 9.240  

Total  Solids 150.280  172.488 

Gases                                                                                         Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 13.28  34.56 

Sulphureted  Hdyrogen 3.44  19. 12 


302  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

SWEET  CHALYBEATE  SPRINGS,  ALLEGHANY  CO.,  VA. 

CHALYBEATE 
PROF.  W.  B.  ROGERS,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 088  Calcium  Chloride 024 

Sodium  Sulphate 3.232  Calcium  Carbonate 2.696 

Magnesium  Chloride 1.568  Calcium  Sulphate 32.880 

Magnesium  Sulphate 7. 176  Ferrous  Oxide 736 

Total  Solids,  48.400 
Gas                                   Cubic  Inches 
Carbonic  Acid 104.00 

VARIETY  SPRINGS,  AUGUSTA  CO.,  VA. 
ALUM 

PROF.  WM.  GILHAM,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 296  Ferrous  Sulphate 5. 1 12 

Potassium  Sulphate 288  Sulphuric  Acid,  free 1.368 

Magnesium  Sulphate 11.640  Aluminium  Sulphate. ...   34.408 

Calcium  Sulphate 13.328  Silica 1.136 

Total  Solids,  67.576 

WARM  SPRINGS,  BATH  CO.,  VA. 

THERMAL 

A.  A.  HATES,  M.  D.,  Analyst 
Temperature  96"  to  98°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Potassium  Sulphate 1.371  Ammonium  Sulphate 369 

Calcium  Carbonate 5.220  Magnesium  and  Alumin- 

Calcium  Sulphate 14.531  him  Silicates 1.724 

Ferrous  Crenate 2.498  Carbonic  Acid 6.919 

Total  Solids,  32.632 

YELLOW  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  MONTGOMERY  CO.,  VA. 

SULPHURETED 
PROF.  W.  M.  GILHAM,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 072  Calcium  Carbonate 8.640 

Sodium  Sulphate 744  Calcium  Sulphate 63.296 

Potassium  Chloride 096  Calcium  Phosphate 016 

Potassium  Sulphate 104  Ferrous  Carbonate 616 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.384  Aluminium  Sulphate 3.176 

Magnesium  Sulphate 21 .096  Organic  Matter 3.728 

Magnesium  Phosphate 008 

Total  Solids,  102.976 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 10.00 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen undetermined 


PENNSYLVANIA  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


303 


PENNSYLVANIA  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


BEDFORD  SPRINGS,  BEDFORD  CO.,  PA. 
PURGATIVE 


DR.  CHURCH,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 10.000 

Magnesium  Sulphate 80.000 

Calcium  Chloride 3.000 

Calcium  Carbonate 8.000 

Total  Solids,  124.000 

Gas                                                        Cubic  Inches 
Carbonic  Acid . .  74.00 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Calcium  Sulphate 15.000 

Ferrous  Carbonate 5.000 

Loss..  3.000 


CRESSON  SPRINGS,  CAMBRIA  CO.,  PA. 


SALINE 


Iron  Spring 

P.  A.  Genth 
Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 04063 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.64331 

Potassium  Bicarbonate 

Potassium  Sulphate 32405 

Magnesium  Chloride 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 

Magnesium  Sulphate 22.58007 

Calcium  Chloride 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 3.52946 

Calcium  Sulphate 48.91824 

Calcium  Phosphate 02914 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 5.03471 

Ferrous  Sulphate 23.47923 

Manganese  Bicarbonate 

Ferric  Sulphate trace 

Lithium  Sulphate trace 

Aluminium  Sulphate 1.60466 

Silicic  Acid 1.20832 

Nitrous  Acid 

Carbonic  Acid,  free 

Alumina  . . 


Alum  Spring 

F.  A.  Genth 
Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.02336 


.70389 
.42622 

27.69855 


40.20179 

trace 

3.74756 

16.2527^3 

trace 

33.38970 

.04093 

21.20498 

1.86794 


Magnesia  Spring 

F.  A.  Genth 
Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

1.22974 
1.42582 


.20671 

.55962 
.41434 

1.30444 
.02252 
.10912 
.00408 
.01753 


Total  Solids..  ..108.39182 


145.56374 


trace 


.91455 

trace 

.66390 

.00876 

6.88113 


304  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

FAYETTE  SPRINGS,  FAYETTE  CO.,  PA. 

CHALYBEATE 
F.  A.  GKNTH,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 08522  Calcium  Phosphate 04822 

Sodium  Sulphate 19965  Ferrous  Bicarbonate . . .     1.06709 

Potassium  Sulphate 11525  Manganese  Bicarbonate       .04795 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate. . .     1.53414  Silicic  Acid 1.19690 

Magnesium  Sulphate 25472  Nitrous  Acid trace 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 9. 33441  Carbonic  Acid,  free 38284 

Calcium  Sulphate 05542  Alumina trace 

Total  Solids,  14.32181 


GETTYSBURG,  ADAMS  CO.,  PA. 

SALINE 

Katalysine  Spring       Stremmel's  Spring 

F.  A.  Genth  F.  A.  Genth 

Analyst  Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains        U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                     Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 65790  .31836 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 70457  3.37602 

Sodium  Sulphate 2.46776  

Potassium  Sulphate 20836  .15399 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 54260  5.82961 

Magnesium  Sulphate 6.77940  3.29559 

Magnesium  Borate 03492  

Calcium  Bicarbonate 16.40815  9.95838 

Calcium  Sulphate 83145  .48243 

Calcium  Phosphate 00679  .00963 

Calcium  Fluoride 00954  

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 03585  .04203 

Manganese  Bicarbonate 00669  .00485 

Barium  Sulphate trace  

Lithium  Chloride .» trace  trace 

Strontium  Sulphate 00427  

Alumina 00380  .02425 

Silicic  Acid 2.03076  1.75473 

Nickel  Bicarbonate trace  

Cobalt  Bicarbonate trace  

Copper  Bicarbonate 00050  

Organic  Matter,  with  traces  of  Nitric  Acid 70870  

Impurities  suspended  in  water,  like  clays 1. 10069  


Total  Solids 32.54272  25.24987 


PENNSYLVANIA  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


305 


MINNEQUA  SPRING,  BRADFORD  CO.,  PA. 

SALINE 
F.  A.  GENTH,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 19209 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 1.33046 

Potassium  Bicarbonate 13885 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate ....   1.58988 

Magnesium  Borate 07980 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 6.52477 

Calcium  Phosphate 01231 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 04204 

Manganese  Bicarbonate 06299 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Barium  Bicarbonate 01380 

Barium  Sulphate 00175 

Lithium  Chloride trace 

Zinc  Bicarbonate 01157 

Nitrite    ) 

Nit  ate    f       ammonia. .     .00025 

Silicic  Acid 74194 

Alumina 00253 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen. .     .01390 


Total  Solids,  10.75893 


SALTILLO  SPRINGS,  HUNTINGDON  CO.,  PA. 

SALINE 

McVitty's  Spring  McCarthy's  Spring 

F.  A.  Genth  F.  A.  Genth 

Analyst  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                          Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 06329  .20571 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.00664  7.79412 

Potassium  Sulphate 15624  .22291 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 1.87476  .88262 

Magnesium  Sulphate -00456  41.79795 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 9.84013  22.24300 

Calcium  Sulphate 72. 19660 

Calcium  Phosphate trace  trace 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 14022  .08108 

Silicic  Acid 59007  1.16846 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 01490  .01589 

Total  Solids .   13.69081  146.60834 


NEW  YORK  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


ADIRONDACK  SPRINGS,  WHITEHALL,  N.  Y. 

CARBONATED 
PROF.  C.  COLLIER,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 14.340 

Sodium  Carbonate 5. 135 

Potassium  Carbonate 5.317 

Magnesium  Carbonate 16.818 

Calcium  Carbonate 18.543 

Calcium  Sulphate 11.134 

Total  Solids,  77.092 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Ferrous  Carbonate 5.040 

Manganese  Carbonate . . .  traces 

Lilhium  Carbonate ..023 

Alumina traces 

Silica..  .742 


Gas                                                     Cubic  Inches 
Free  Carbonic  Acid 67.275 


306  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

ALBANY  ARTESIAN  WELL,  ALBANY,  N.  Y. 

SALINE 
DR.  MEADE,  Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 504.00  Calcium  Carbonate 32.00 

Sodium  Carbonate 40.00  Ferrous  Carbonate  (with  a 

Magnesium  Carbonate 16.00  little  Silica) 8.00 

Total  Solids,  600.00 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid..  ..224.00 


This  well  is  five  hundred  feet  deep. 


AUBURN  SPRINGS,  near  AUBURN,  N.  Y. 

SULPHURETED 
DR.  CHILTON,  Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  8  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 6.00  Magnesium  Sulphate 25.60 

Magnesium  Chloride 2.00  Calcium  Sulphate 120.00 

Total  Solids,  153.60 

Gas                                                    Cubic  Inches 
Sulphureted  Hydrogen 12.00 


AVON  SPRINGS,  LIVINGSTON  CO.,  N.  Y. 

SULPHURETED 

Upper  Spring  Lower  Spring  New  Bath  Spring 

Prof.  Hadley  Dr.  J.  R.  Chilton  Prof.  Beck 

Analyst  Analyst  Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                       Grains  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 18.400  5.680 

Sodium  Sulphate 16.000  13.728  38.720 

Sodium  Iodide trace  

Magnesium  Sulphate 10.000  49.608  8.080 

Calcium  Chloride 8.408  

Calcium  Carbonate 8.000  29.328  26.960 

Calcium  Sulphate 84.000  57.440  3.520 


Total  Solids 136.400  158.512  82.960 

Gases                                            Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 5.60  3.92                        

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 12.00  10.00  .40 


307 


BALLSTON  SPA,  SARATOGA  CO.,  N. 

SALINE 


United  States 
Geology  of  N.  Y. 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 424.960 

Sodium  Carbonate 16.880 

Sodium  Bromide 

Sodium  Iodide 

Sodiu.n  Sulphate 1.76 

Sodium  Phosphate 

Sodium  Biborate 

Potassium  Chloride 

Potassium  Sulphate 

Magnesium  Carbonate 5.760 

Calcium  Carbonate 29.200 

Calcium  Fluoride 

Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Barium  Carbonate 

Lithium  Carbonate 

Strontium  Carbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 8.000 

Organic  Matter 


Y. 


Total  Solids 486.560 

Gas                                                                                     Cubic  Inches 
Carbonic  Acid 244.00 


Ballston  Artesian 
Lithian  Well 
C.  F.  Chandler 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

750.024 

8.272 

3.640 

.120 


.048 

trace 

33.272 

.520 

107.024 

165.200 

trace 

1.144 

3.176 

5.608 

.664 

.072 

.760 

trace 

1079.744 

Cubic  Inches 
426.08 


Franklin  Artesian       Condo  Dentonean 

Well  Well 
C.  F.  Chandler            C.  F.  Chandler 

Analyst  Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains       U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 659.344  645.480 

Sodium  Carbonate 65.600  23.856 

Sodium  Bromide 4.664  2.368 

Sodium  Iodide 232  .224 

Sodium  Phosphate 008  trace 

Sodium  Biborate trace  trace 

Potassium  Chloride 33.928  9.232 

Potassium  Sulphate 760  trace 

Magnesium  Carbonate 105.400  93.832 

Calcium  Carbonate 140.520  123.952 

Calcium  Fluoride . . . , trace  trace 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.168  1.664 

Barium  Carbonate 1.000  3.872 

Lithium  Carbonate 4.904  7.600 

Strontium  Carbonate trace  .  144 

Alumina 256  .392 

Silica..    736  1.024 

Organic  Matter trace  trace 

Total  Solids , 1018.520  913.640 

Gas  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  460.08  358.32 

A.  20 


308 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


BALLSTON  SPA,  SARATOGA  CO.,  N.  Y. 
SALINE 


STEELE,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 143.733 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 12.660 

Sodium  Iodide 1.300 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 39.100 


U.  8.  gal  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Calcium  Carbonate 43.407 

Ferrous  Carbonate 5.950 

Silica. . ,  l.OOU 


Total  Solids,  247.150 


CHERRY  VALLEY,  OTSEGO  CO.,  N.  Y. 


Bath-House 

Spring 
Sulphureted 
J.  R.  Chilton 

Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 12.440 

Sodium  Sulphate 11.080 

Sodium  Sulphide 600 

Potassium  Chloride 

Magnesium  Chloride 3.680 

Magnesium  Carbonate 17.816 

Magnesium  Sulphate 24.560 

Calcium  Chloride 2.800 

Calcium  Carbonate 9.416 

Calcium  Sulphate 57.680 

Calcium  Phosphate 

Ferrous  Carbonate 

Silex 

Silica 

Silica  and  Alumina 360 

Organic  Matter 280 

Total  Solids..  ..140.712 


Spring  north  of 

Bath-House 

Sulphureted 

Prof.  Perkins 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

2.128 


2.488 
9.960 


14.752 
149.464 


2.448 
3.640 


ISl.SSt) 


Phosphate 
Spring 

Saline 
Prof.  Perkins 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

.472 


4.576 


2.864 

5.272 

13.768 

.624 

.624 


28.200 


COLUMBIA  SPRINGS,  HUDSON,  COLUMBIA  CO.,  N.  Y. 
SULPHURETED 


ATWOOD,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 84.720 

Sodium  Sulphate 8. 144 

Sodium  Phosphate 2. 136 

Potassium  Chloride 1. 192 

Magnesium  Chloride 31.432 

Total  Solids,  218.584 

Gas                                                        Cubic  Inches 
Sulphureted  Hydrogen 4.48 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Calcium  Carbonate 21.792 

Calcium  Sulphate 64.936 

Ferric  Chloride 3.416 

Loss  . .  .816 


NEW  YORK  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


309 


CHITTENANGO  SPRINGS,  MADISON  CO.,  N.  Y. 
SULPHURETED 


White  Sulphur 


Cave  Spring 


Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler  Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler 


Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.032 

Sodium  Sulphate 216 

Sodium  Sulphide 112 

Sodium  Hyposulphite 

Potassium  Chloride 152 

Magnesium  Carbonate 13.048 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.952 

Calcium  Sulphate 81.416 

Calcium  Sulphide 

Ferrous  Carbonate 056 

Lithium  Chloride trace 

Strontium  Sulphate trace 

Alumina 080 

Silica 280 

Total  Solids 98.344 

Prof.  Collier 

Analyst 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 36.0 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 8 


Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

1.568 


.344 

.256 

.232 

14.208 

7.584 
26.120 

1.120 
.112 

trace 

trace 
.216 
.512 

52.272 

Prof.  Collier 

Analyst 
Cubic  Inches 
25.6 
3.2 


Magnesia 

Prof.  C.  F.  Chandler 
Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

1.832 


.752 

.016 

.328 

11.512 

12.712 

115.080 

.928 

.232 

trace 

trace 

trace 

.576 


143.968 

Prof.  Collier 

Analyst 
Cubic  Inches 

18.4 

12.8 


CLIFTON  SPRINGS,  ONTARIO  CO.,  N.  Y. 

SULPHURETED 


PROF.  J.  R.  CHILTON,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 9.28 

Sodium  Sulphate 7.76 

Magnesium  Chloride 4.08 

Magnesium  Carbonate 13. 12 

Magnesium  Sulphate 16.48 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Calcium  Chloride 4.08 

Calcium  Carbonate 9.68 

Calcium  Sulphate 69.20 

Organic  Matter ,  trace 


Total  Solids,  133.68 


"  Sulphurated  hydrogen  and  carbonic  acid  abound,  but 
the  quantity  having  been  materially  lessened  while  con- 
veyed to  New  York,  the  proper  amount  could  not  be  ascer- 
tained." 


310  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

FLORIDA,  MONTGOMERY  CO.,  N.  Y. 
SULPHURETED 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 5.880  Magnesium  Bicarbonate.     6.972 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 22.143  Calcium  Bicarbonate....     8.317 

Sodium  Sulphide 2.008  Ferrous  Sulphide 176 

Sodium  Hyposulphite 711  Alumina trace 

Potassium  Sulphate 1.390  Silica 793 

Total  Solids,  43.390 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 32. 169 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 3.765 


LEBANON  SPRINGS,  COLUMBIA  CO.,  N.  Y. 

THERMAL 
PROF.  H.  DUSSANCE,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 960  Calcium  Carbonate 4.048 

Sodium  Carbonate 2.408  Ferric  Oxide 936 

Sodium  Sulphide 016  Alumina 448 

Potassium  Sulphate 1.040  Silicic  Acid 3.248 

Magnesium  Sulphate 1.056  Organic  Com-)    Glairine ..     .752 

pounds j    Baregine..  9.464 

Total  Solids,  24.376 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid . .  .48 

f 

Nitrogen 3.52 

Oxygen 2.00 


LONGMUIR'S  WELL,  ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 

SULPHURETED 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 52.16  Carbonates  of  Lime  and) 

Sodium  Sulphate 55.92  Magnesia $ 

Ferrous  Oxide trace 

Total  Solids,  119.92 
Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid Small  quantity 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 17.28 


NEW  YORK  MINERAL  SPRINGS  311 

MESSENA  SPRINGS,  ST.  LAWRENCE  CO.,  N.   Y. 

SULPHURETED 
PROF.  FRED  F.  MEYER,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 79.688  Magnesium  Chloride 29.928 

Sodium  Sulphate 3.496  Magnesium  Bromide 672 

Sodium  Sulphide 1.408  Calcium  Carbonate 3.376 

Sodium  Hyposulphite 4.208  Calcium  Sulphate 60.928 

Sodium  Phosphate 1.320  Ferrous  Carbonate 360 

Potassium  Chloride 504  Silicate  of  Soda 1 1.176 

Total  Solids,  197.064 

Gases                                                  Cubic  Inches 
Sulphureted  Hydrogen 5.304 


OAK  ORCHARD  SPRING,  GENESEE  CO.,  N.  Y. 

ACID 

PROF.  PORTER,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.432                        Ferrous  Sulphate 33.216 

Sodium  Sulphate 3. 162  •                   Aluminium  Sulphate . . .  6.413 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.479                        Sulphuric  Acid 133.312 

Magnesium  Sulphate 8.491                        Silicic  Acid 3.324 

Calcium  Sulphate 13.724                        Organic  Matter 6.654 

Total  Solids,  211.207 


RICHFIELD  SPRINGS,  OTSEGO  CO.,  N.  Y. 

SULPHURETED 
PROF.  REID,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride "j  Magnesium  Sulphide . .  ] 

Magnesium  Chloride J  Calcium  Sulphide }       2-00' 

Magnesium  Carbonate 11.840  Calcium  Carbonate 6.960 

Magnesium  Sulphate 30.000  Calcium  Sulphate 20.300 

Undetermined 153.496 

Total  Solids,  225.496 

Gas                                                  Cubic  Inches 
Sulphureted  Hydrogen 2.64 


312  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

SHARON  SPRINGS,  SCHOHARIE  CO.,  N.  Y. 

SULPHURETED 

White  Sulphur  Spring          Ked  Sulphur 

Dr.  Chiltoii  Prof.  L.  Reed 

Analyst  Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains       U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 2.240  .328 

Sodium  Carbonate .344 

Sodium  Sulphate 

Sodium  Sulphide . .  ) 

9  OJfJ 

Calcium  Sulphide j 

Magnesium  Chloride 2.400  .728 

Magnesium  Carbonate .408 

Magnesium  Sulphate ; 42.400  18.960 

Magnesium  Sulphide. .  . . .   ) 

•                                                                        >  sss 

Calcium  Sulphide ( 

Calcium  Chloride .064 

Calcium  Carbonate 8.976 

Calcium  Sulphate 111.600  96.640 

Silicic  Acid..  .446 


Total  Solids 160.880  127.784 

Gases  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 4.56 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 16.00  10.48 

Atmospheric  Air 4.00 


Gardner  Magnesia  Chalybeate 

Prof.  L.  Reed  Prof.  Maisch 

Analyst  Analyst  1861 
U.  S.  gal.  contains     U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                        Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.232  

Sodium  Carbonate 336  

Sodium  Sulphate 3.736 

Potassium  Sulphate trace 

Magnesium  Chloride 432  

Magnesium  Carbonate 800  8.960 

Magnesium  Sulphate 19.680  8. 152 

Magnesium  Sulphide ) 

Calcium  Sulphide \ 

Calcium  Chloride 160  

Calcium  Carbonate 6.736  

Calcium  Sulphate 93.496  63.800 

Ferrous  Sulphate 1.400 

Silicic  Acid , 400  

Oranic  Matter 28.480 


Total  Solids 129.520  114.528 

Gases                                                                      Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 2.216  

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 6.000  

Atmospheric  Air 3.000 


NEW  YORK  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


313 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  SARATOGA  CO.,  N.  Y. 
SALINE 


High  Rock 
Chandler,  Analyst 

Temp.  52°  F. 
TJ.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 390.127 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 34.888 

Sodium  Bromide 731 

Sodium  Biborate 

Sodiumlodide 086 

Sodium  Phosphate 

Potassiuir  Chloride 8.497 

Potassium  Sulphate 1.608 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 54.924 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 131.739 

Calcium  Phosphate trace 

Calcium  Fluoride trace 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 1.478 

Barium  Bicarbonate trace 

Lithium  Bicarbonate 

Strontium  Bicarbonate trace 

Alumina '   1.223 

Alumina  and  Ferric  Oxide 

Phosphates 

Silica 2.260 

Organic  matter trace 

Total  Solids 628.039 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid..  ...'...  .   409.458 


Red  Congress 

Appleton,  Analyst    Chandler,  Analys 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

83.530 
15.327 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

400.444 
10.775 
8.559 

trace 

.138 

.016 

6.857 

8.049 
.889 

42.413 
101.256 

121.757 
143.393 

trace 

.340 

.928 

.942 
trace 

4.761 
trace 
trace 

2  100 

trace 

3.255 

.840 

254.719 
Cubic  Inches 


700.895 
Cubic  Inches 
392.289 


PART  II 


Mineral  Ingredients 
Sodium  Chloride  

Columbian 
Chandler,  Analyst 

U  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 
267.000 

Hamilton 
Steele,  Analyst 
Temp.  50y  F. 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 
297.300 

Washington 
Chilton,  Analyst 
Temp.  U5a  F. 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 
182.733 

Sodium  Bicarbonate  

15.400 

27.036 

8.474 

Sodium  Iodide  

2.560 

3.000 

2.243 

Potassium  Bromide   

trace 

trace 

.474 

Magnesium  Chloride  .        .  . 

.680 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 

46.710 

35.200 

65.973    • 

Magnesium  Sulphate     .... 

.051 

Calcium  Chloride 

.203 

Calcium  Bicarbonate  

68.000 

92.400 

84.096 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate   

5.580 

5.390 

3.800 

Silicic  Acid         .            .  .    .  . 

1.500 

Alumina  

trace 

Silica  .  . 

2.050 

Total  Solids 407.300 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid . .  272.060 


460.326 

Cubic  Inches 

316.000 


350.227 

Cubic  Inches 

363.770 


314 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


PART  III 

Putnam 
Chilton,  Analyst 

Temp.  51°  F. 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grams 

Sodium  Chloride 214.300 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 14.320 

Sodium  Bromide 

Sodium  Biborate 

Sodium  Iodide 2.000 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.680 

Sodium  Phosphate 

Potassium  Chloride 

Potassium  Sulphate 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 51.600 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 68.800 

Calcium  Phosphate 210 

Calcium  Fluoride 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 7.000 

Barium  Bicarbonate 

Lithium  Bicarbonate 

Strontium  Bicarbonate 

Alumina 560 

Silica 840 

Organic  Matter 


Total  Solids 361.010 

Gas                                                 Cubic  Inches 
Carbonic  Acid 348.880 

PART  IV 

United  States 
Chandler,  Analyst 
U.S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 141.872 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 4.666 

Sodium  Bromide 844 

Sodium  Biborate trace 

Sodium  Iodide 047 

Sodium  Sulphate 

Sodium  Silicate 

Sodium  Phosphate 016 

Potassium  Chloride 8.624 

Potassium  Bromide 

Potassium  Sulphate 

Potassium  Silicate 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 72.883 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 93. 1 19 

Calcium  Fluoride trace 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 714 

Barium  Bicarbonate 909 

Lithium  Bicarbonate 4.847 

Strontium  Bicarbonate 018 

Strontium  Sulphate 

Alumina 094 

Silica 3.184 

Organic  Matter trace 


Star 

Pavilion 

Chandler,  Analyst 

Chandler,  Analyst 

Temp.  50°  f" 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Grains 

Grains 

398.361 

459.903 

12.662 

3.764 

.571 

.987 

trace 

trace 

.126 

.071 

trace 

.007 

9.695 

7.660 

5.400 

2.032 

61.912 

76.267 

124.459 

120.169 

trace 

trace 

1  213 

2.570 

.996 

.875 

1.586 

9.486 

trace 

trace 

trace 

.329 

1.283 

3.155 

trace 

trace 

617.367 

687.275 

Cubic  Inches 

Cubic  Inches 

407.650 

332.458 

Empire 

Chandler,  Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

506.630 

9.022 

.266 

trace 

.006 


Excelsior 

Allen,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Grains 

370.  ti4'2 
15.000 


.023 
4.292 

2.769 

42!  953 

109.656 

trace 

.793 

.070 

2.080 

trace 


Total  Solids 331.837 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid . .  245. 734 


.415 
1.458 
trace 

680.436 

Cubic  Inches 

344.667 


4.235 
1.321 
4.000 


trace 

7.666 
32.333 

77.000 

3.2i5 


trace 


514.746 

Cubic  Inches 

250.000 


NEW  YORK  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


315 


PART  V 


Saratoga  A 
Pohle,  Analyst 

Seltzer 
Chandler,  Analyst 

Union 
Chandler,  Analyst 

Temp.  50°  F. 

Temp.  lt8°F. 

Mineral  Ingredients 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

Sodium  Chloride  

565.300 

134.291 

453.299 

Sodium  Bicarbonate  

6.752 

29.428 

17.010 

Sodium  Bromide  

.630 

1.307 

Sodium  Biborate  

trace 

trace 

Sodium  Iodide  

.031 

.039 

Sodium  Sulphate  

2.500 

Sodium  Phosphate  

trace 

.026 

Potassium  Chloride  

357 

1.335 

8.733 

Potassium  Sulphate  

370 

.557 

1.818 

Magnesium  Chloride  

trace 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate  .  .  . 

20.480 

40.339 

109.685 

Magnesium  Sulphate  

2e8 

Calcium  Chloride  

trace 

Calcium  Bicarbonate  

56.852 

89.869 

96.730 

Calcium  Sulphate  

448 

Calcium  Phosphate  , 

trace 

Calcium  Fluoride  

%      trace 

trace 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate  

1.724 

1.703 

.269 

Barium  Bicarbonate  

trace 

1.703 

Lithium  Bicarbonate  

1.724 

.899 

2.605 

Strontium  Bicarbonate  .... 

trace 

trace 

Boracic  Acid  

trace 

Silicic  Acid  

1.460 

Alumina  

380 

.374 

.324 

Silica  

2.561 

2.653 

Organic  Matter  

trace 

trace 

trace 

Total  Solids  

656.911 

302.017 

701.174 

Gas 

Cubic  Inches 

Cubic  Inches 

Cubic  Inrhei 

Carbonic  Acid  

212.000 

324.080 

384.969 

PART  VI 

Hathorn 

Eureka 

Geyser 

Chandler,  Analyst 

Allen,  Analyst 

Chandler,  Analyst 

Temp.  Ma  F. 

Temp.  A6U  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients 

Grains 

Grains 

Grains 

Sodium  Chloride  

509.968 

166.811 

562.080 

Sodium  Bicarbonate  , 

4.288 

8.750 

71.232 

Sodium  Bromide  

1.534 

2.212 

Sodium  Biborate  

trace 

trace 

Sodium  Iodide  

198 

4.666 

.248 

Sodium  Phosphate  

006 

trace 

Potassium  Chloride  

9.597 

24.634 

Patassium  Bromide  

1.566 

Potassium  Sulphate  

.318 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate  .  .  . 

176.463 

29.340 

149.343 

Magnesium  Sulphate  

2.148 

Calcium  Bicarbonate  

170.646 

41.321 

168.392 

Calcium  Fluoride  

trace 

trace 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate  

1.128 

3.000 

.979 

Barium  Bicarbonate  

1.737 

2.014 

Lithium  Bicarbonate  

11.447 

9.004 

Strontium  Bicarbonate.  .'.  . 

trace 

.425 

Alumina  

131 

.231 

trace 

Silica  

1.260 

.531 

.665 

Organic  Matter  

trace 

trace 

Total  Solids  

888.403 

258.365 

991.546 

Gas 

Cubic  Inches 

Cubic  Inches 

Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  

...575.747 

239.000 

454.082 

316 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


PART  VII 

Crystal 
Chandler,  Analyst 

Temp.  50°  F. 
U.  8.  gal    contain* 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 328.468 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 10.064 

Sodium  Bromide 414 

Sodium  Biborate trace 

Sodium  Iodide 066 

Sodium  Phosphate 009 

Potassium  Chloride 8.327 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.158 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 75. 161 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 101.881 

Calcium  Fluoride trace 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 2.038 

Barium  Bicarbonate 726 

Lithium  Bicarbonate 4.326 

Strontium  Bicarbonate trace 

Alumina 305 

Silica 3.213 

Organic  Matter trace 


Total  Solids 537.155 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid..  .   317.452 


Champion 
Chandler,  Analyst 
Temp.  49°  F. 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

Vichy 
Chandler,  Analyst 
Temp.  50'  F. 
U.  S.  gal.  contain! 
Grains 

702.239 

128.689 

17.624 

82.873 

3.579 

.990 
trace 

2.321 

trace 

.010 

trace 

40.446 

14.113 

193.912 

41.503 

227.070 

95.522 

trace 

trace 

.647 

.052 

2.083 

.593 

6.247 

1.760 

.082 

trace 

.458 

.473 

.699 

.758 

trace 

trace 

1,195.582 

315.176 

Cubic  Inches 

Cubic  Inches 

465.458 

383.071 

PART  VIII 

Kissiugen 
Sliarpless,  Analyst 

Ti'inp.  UP  F. 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 338.500 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 67.617 

Sodium  Bromide l.SOO 

Sodium  Iodide 042 

Potassium  Chloride 16.980 

Potassium  Sulphate trace 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 70.470 

Calcium  Carbonate 140.260 

Calcium  Fluoride trace 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 1.557 

Barium  Bicarbonate 992 

Lithium  Bicarbonate 5. 129 

Strontium  Bicarbonate trace 

Alumina trace 

Silica..  1.280 


Gas 
Carbonic  Acid. 


Total  Solids 644.627 

Cubic  Inches 
.   361.500 


Triton 
Sharpless,  Analyst 

U.  S  gal.  contains 
Grains 

238.496 
46.888 

1.800 

.040 

16.984 

trace 
41.768 
91.256 

trace 

1.128 
.816 

3.224 

trace 

trace 

1.280 


443.680 
Cubic  Inches 
360.800 


NEW  ENGLAND  MINERAL  SPRINGS  317 


NEW  ENGLAND  MINERAL  SPRINGS 
ALBURGH  SPRINGS,  GRAND  ISLE  CO.,  VT. 

SULPHURETED 
C.  T.  JACKSON,  M.  D.,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 8.760  Calcium  Chloride ) 

Sodium  Sulphate 7.096  Calcium  Carbonate . . .  ^ 

Potassium  Sulphate )  Insoluble  Matters 800 

O  ^\0fi 

Potassium  Sulphide (j  Organic  soil  acid  and  loss     2.000 

Magnesium  Chloride 5.016 

Total  Solids,  38.376 


BIRCHDALE  SPRINGS,  CONCORD,  N.   H. 

CALCAREOUS 
C.  F.  CHANDLER,  Analyst,  1873 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                           Grains  Mineral  Ingredients                   Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 376  Calcium  Carbonate 1.456 

Sodium  Carbonate 128  Ferrous  Carbonate 272 

Sodium  Sulphate 256  Alumina 112 

Sodium  Phosphate 008  Silica 920 

Potassium  Sulphate 064  Organic  Matter 672 

Magnesium  Carbonate 504 

Total  Solids,  4.768 


CLARENDON  SPRINGS,  RUTLAND  CO.,  VT. 
CALCAREOUS 

A.  A.  HATES,  M.  D.,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  coutaini 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Sulphate ) 

Magnesium  Sulphate..  >     2.72 

Calcium  Chloride ) 

Calcium  Carbonate 3.04 

Total  Solids,  5.76 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 46. 16 

Nitrogen 9. 60 


318  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

HIGHGATE  SPRINGS,  FRANKLIN  CO.,  VT. 

SULPHURETED 

Champlain  Spring 

A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D.  T.  Sterry  Hunt 

Analyst  Analyst,  1867 
U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                                  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 168  23.440 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.224  13.704 

Sodium  Sulphate 2.448 

Potassium  Chloride 744  

Potassium  Carbonate 3.672  

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.216  5.832 

Calcium  Carbonate 1.016  1.400 

Ferrous  Oxide 032  

Ammonium  Carbonate trace  

Crenic  Acid 896  

Silicic  Acid..  .816 


Total  Solids 9.784  46.824 


LUBEC  SPRINGS,  LUBEC  BAY,  MAINE 
SALINE 

DR.  C.  T.  JACKSON,  Analyst 

Imp.  gal.  contains  Imp.  gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 199.000  Calcium  Carbonate 6.250 

Sodium  Sulphate 27.985  Calcium  Sulphate 11.210 

Magnesium  Chloride 62.840  Ferrous  Carbonate 2.490 

Calcium  Chloride trace  Loss 12.720 

Total  Solids,  322.500 


NEWBURY,  ORANGE  CO.,  VT. 

SULPHURETED 
PROF.  HALL,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8. gal.  contain! 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 32  Magnesium  Sulphate 40 

Sodium  Carbonate 4.00  Calcium  Carbonate 17.60 

Sodium  Sulphate 2.40  Ferrous  Phosphate 40 

Sodium  Sulphite. 32  Ferrous  Oxide trace 

Potassium  Nitrate 40  Silica  and  Suspended  Clay     8.80 

Magnesium  Carbonate 2.40  Or.  Matter  and  Ammonia.       .24 

Total  Solids,  37.28 

Gas                                           Cubic  Inches 
Sulphureted  Hydrogen undetermined 


CANADIAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


319 


CANADIAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS 

CALEDONIA  SPRINGS,  PRESCOTT  CO.,  PROVINCE  OF 
ONTARIO,  DOMINION  OF  CANADA 

Gas  Spring  Saline  Springs 

T.  S.  Hunt,  Analyst  T.  S.  Hunt,  Analyst 

Temp.  U%°F.  Temp.  45°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                      Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 406. 176  375.472 

Sodium  Carbonate 2.832  10.272 

Sodium  Iodide 024  .080 

Sodium  Bromide 872  .984 

Potassium  Chloride 1.800  1.752 

Potassium  Sulphate 304  .280 

Magnesium  Carbonate 30. 672  30. 152 

Calcium  Carbonate 8.624  6.848 

Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Manganese  Carbonate trace 

Alumina 256  trace 

Silica 1.800  2.472 

Total  Solids 453.360  428.312 

Gas                                                                             Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 40.00  32.00 


PART  II 

Intermittent  Spring 

Saline 
T.  S.  Hunt,  Analyst 

Temp.  50W  F. 
U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride. 714.120 

Sodium  Carbonate 

Sodium  Bromide 

Sodium  Sulphate 

Potassium  Carbonate 1 . 776 

Magnesium  Chloride 60. 264 

Magnesium  Carbonate 50. 352 

Magnesium  Iodide 1 20 

Magnesium  Bromide 1.384 

Calcium  Chloride 16.728 

Calcium  Carbonate 7.368 

Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Alumina trace 

Silica..  1.312 


Gas 
Carbonic  Acid . 


Total  Solids 853.424 

Cubic  Inches 


Sulphureted 
T.  S.  Hunt,  Analyst 

Temp.  A6«  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Grains 

224.032 

26.568 

.584 

1.064 

1.336 


17.136 


12.240 

trace 

.152 

4.896 

288.008 
Cubic  Inches 
16.00 


320  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

CAXTON  SPRINGS,  THREE  RIVERS,  QUEBEC,  CANADA 
ALKALINE  AND  SALINE 
T.  STERRY  HUNT,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  containi 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 686.624  Calcium  Carbonate 12.592 

Potassium  Chloride 4.664  Ferrous  Carbonate 312 

Magnesium  Chloride 21.288  Iodine traces 

Magnesium  Carbonate 61.768  Alumina 288 

Magnesium  Bromide 1.992  Silica 2.792 

Calcium  Chloride 2.928 

Total  Solids,  795.248 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid .  79.44 


SANDWICH  SPRINGS,  ONTARIO,  CANADA 

SULPHURETED  AND  SALINE 

PROF.  S.  P.  DUFFIELD,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 560  Calcium  Chloride 056 

Sodium  Carbonate 48.560  Calcium  Carbonate 38.504 

Potassium  Carbonate trace  Calcium  Sulphate 123.832 

Magnesium  Chloride 153.760  Silica 112 

Magnesium  Carbonate 12.944 

Total  Solids,  378.328 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 10.00 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 37.76 

Nitrogen 72 


ST.  CATHERINE'S  WELLS,  ONTARIO,  CANADA 
SALINE 

Stephenson  House  Well  Wellaud  House  Well 

Prof.  Croft  Prof.  Croft 

Analyst  Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride .1,737.872  2,206.944 

Sodium  Iodide .080 

Sodium  Bromide trace 

Potassium  Chloride 20.696  16.480 

Magnesium  Chloride 198.080  237.152 

Magnesium   Iodide .240  

Magnesium  Bromide .  360  

Calcium  Chloride 866.168  1,017.616 

Calcium  Carbonate .480 

Calcium  Sulphate 127.848  115.432 

Ferrous  Carbonate 4 3.040 

Ammonium  Chloride ) 

f....  .      .    .  ,  .448  

Silicic  Acid \ 


Total  Solids 2,951.712  3,597.224 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS  321 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


AIX-LE-BAINS,  SAVOY,  FRANCE 
SULPHUR 

BONJEAN,  Analyst 
Temperature,  108"  to  110°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 466  Ferrous  Sulphate traces 

Sodium  Sulphate 5. 608  Strontium  Carbonate traces 

Potassium  Iodide traces  Aluminium  Sulphate  ....     3.200 

Magnesium  Chloride 1.000  Aluminium  Phosphate. . .  -| 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.504  Calcium  Phosphate \     .136 

Magnesium  Sulphate 2. 056  Calcium  Fluoride J 

Calcium  Carbonate 8.672  Silica 288 

Calcium  Sulphate 936  Loss 696 

Ferrous  Carbonate 512 

Total  Solids,  25.074 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 3. 12 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 6.56 

Nitrogen 152.32 


AIX-LA-CHAPELLE,  RHENISH  PRUSSIA 

KAISERQUELLE 

SULPHUR 

LIEBIG,  Analyst 

Temp.  13 f  F. 

% 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 162. 168  Magnesium  Carbonate ...     3. 160 

Sodium  Carbonate 39. 960  Calcium  Carbonate 9. 736 

Sodium  Bromide 224  Ferrous  Carbonate 584 

Sodium  Iodide 082  Lithium  Carbonate 016 

Sodium  Sulphate 10.168  Strontium  Carbonate 016 

Sodium  Sulphide 584  Silica 4.064 

Potassium  Sulphate 9.488  Organic  Matter 4.616 

Total  Solids,  244.816 
Gases  Per  Cent 

Carbonic  Acid 30.39 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 31 

Carburetted   Hydrogen 1.82 


322  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

APOLLINARIS  WATER,  NEUENAHAR,  RHENISH  PRUSSIA 

ALKALINE 
PROF.  BISCHOF,  Analyst 

U.S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  con  talus 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 28.56  Calcium  Carbonate 3.60 

Sodium  Carbonate 77.20  Ferric  Oxide 1.20 

Sodium  Sulphate 18.40  Alumina 1.20 

Magnesium  Carbonate 27.12  Silica 48 

Total  Solids,  157.76 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid. . .  376.32 


Exported  largely  to  United  States. 


BADEN-BADEN,  BADEN,  GERMANY— HAUPTQUELLE 

CHLORINE-THERMAL 

BUNSEN,  Analyst 
Temperature  155"  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 132.160  Calcium  Phosphate 168 

Sodium  Bromide traces  Ferrous  Arseniate traces 

Potassium  Chloride 10.064  Ferrous  Bicarbonate 296 

Potassium  Sulphate 136  Manganese  Bicarbonate...  traces 

Magnesium  Chloride 776  Ammonium  Bicarbonate. .       .408 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 336  Alumina 064 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 10.184  Silica 7.312 

Calcium  Sulphate 12.448  Nitrates traces 

Total  Solids,  174.352 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid . .  .   2.392 


BAGNERES-DE-BIGORRE    (LA    REINE)    HAUTES-PYRENEES 

FRANCE 

EARTHY-SALINO  THERMAL 

GANDERAX    and  ROSIERE,   Analysts 

Temperature  115.7"  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 3.624  Calcium  Sulphate 98. 1 12 

Magnesium  Chloride 7.592  Ferrous  Carbonate 4.672 

Magnesium  Carbonate 2.568  Silica 2.114 

Magnesium  Sulphate  |  23128  Residue  and  Fatty  Matter       .400 

Sodium  Sulphate ....  j  "  Loss 3.152 

Calcium  Carbonate 15.536 

Total  Solids,  160.898 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid undetermined 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS  323 

BAGNERES-DE-LUCHON  (LAREINE)  AUTHE-GARONNE 

FRANCE 

LIGHT  SALINO-SULPHUM 

FILHOL,  Analyst 
Temperature  13  f  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  B.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 3.9H6  Calcium  Sulphate 1.888 

Sodium  Carbonate trace  Calcium  Silicate 688 

Sodium  Iodid*" trace  Manganese  Sulphuret.  .  .        .192 

Sodium  Sulphate 1 .296  Magnesium  Silicate 480 

Sodium  Sulphide 3.208  Ferrous  Sulphide 160 

Sodium  "Silicate trace  Cupric  Sulphide trace 

Sodium  Hyposulphite trace  Aluminium  Silicate 1.440 

Potassium  Sulphate 504  Aluminium trace 

Phosphates trace  Silica trace 

Total  Solids,  13.792 

Gas  Cubic  Inclu's 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen traces 


BAREGES  (BOUCHERIES),  HAUTES-PYRENEES,  FRANCE 

LIGHT    SALINE 

LATOUR,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.872  Calcium  Carbonate 112 

Sodium  Iodide 056  Calcium  Silicate 640 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.176  Ferrous  Sulphate 640 

Sodium  Sulphite 928  Aluminium  Silicate. .  .) 

Sodium  Silicate 1 . 188  Calcium  Silicate \ 

Magnesium  Chloride 2.336  Bituminous,  Glairine,  and 

Loss 696 

Total  Solids,  10.324 


BATH,  ENGLAND—  KING'S  WELL 

EARTHY-SALINO  THERMAL 

MERCK  and  GALLOWAY,  Analysts 


V.  S.  en]  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                          Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride  ...........      12.642  Calcium  Sulphate  .......  80.052 

Sodium  Sulphate  ...........    19.  '2-J9  Ferrous  Carbonate  ......  1  .064 

Potassium  Sulphate  .........     4.6H  Silica  ..................  2.982 

Magnesium  Carbonate  ........  329  Iodine  ................  traces 

Magnesium  Chloride  ........   14.581  Manganese  Oxide  ........  trace 

Calcium  Carbonate  ..........      8.820 

Total  Solids,  144.34 


324  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

BILIN,  BOHEMIA 

JOSEPHQUELLE— ALKALINE 

REDTENBACHER,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 23.480  Calcium  Carbonate 24.712 

Sodium  Carbonate 184.848  Ferrous  Carbonate 6.40 

Sodium  Sulphate 50.800  Lithium  Carbonate 880 

Potassium  Sulphate 7.880  Aluminium  Phosphate 520 

Magnesium  Carbonate 8.784  Silica 1.952 

Total  Solids,  304.496 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid 120.736 

Carbonic  Acid  combined  as  Bicarbonate..  137. 976 


BOURBONNE,  HAUTE-MARNE,  FRANCE 

SALINE 

CIIEVALLIER,  Analyst 
Temperature  IJpP  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 368.880  Calcium  Carbonate 18. 1 12 

Potassium  Bromide 3.072  Calcium  Sulphate 47.944 

Calcium^Chloride 45.464 

Total  Solids,  483.472 


BRIGHTON,    ENGLAND 
CHALYBEATE 

MARCET,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 12.24  Ferrous  Sulphate 14.40 

Magnesium  Chloride 6.00  Silica ...    1.12 

Calcium  Sulphate 32.72  Loss 152 

Total  Solids,  68.00 

'  Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid ..  .    20.00 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS  325 

CARLSBAD,  BOHEMIA 
HEAVY  SALINE 

PROF.  FOWLER,  Analyst 
Temperature  122°  to  165*  F. 

Imp.  gal.  contains  Imp.  gal.  contain 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 47.850  Ferrous  Carbonate 1 

Sodium  Carbonate 58.169  Manganese  Carbonate 038 

Sodium  Sulphate 119.215  Lithium  Carbonate 120 

Magnesium  Carbonate 8.220  Strontium  Carbonate 044 

Calcium  Carbonate 14.220  Aluminium  Phosphate 015 

Calcium  Sub-phosphate 009  Silica 3.463 

Calcium  Fluoride 147 

Total  Solids,  251.682 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Nitrogen none 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas 58. 


CARLSBAD    (SPRUDEL)    BOHEMIA 
PURGATIVE 

GOTTL,  Analyst 
Temperature  162.5°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 69.792  Calcium  Carbonate 16.020 

Sodium  Carbonate 72.496  Ferrous  Carbonate 248 

Sodium  Sulphate 159.680  Aluminium  Phosphate. . .     1.720 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.960  Silica 8.416 

Magnesium  Carbonate 3.192 

Total  Solids,  334.664 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 62.40 

Nitrogen 24 

ALKALINE 
PROF.  E.  LUDWIG  and  PROF.  J.  MAUTHNER,  Analysts,  1886 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Carbonate  of  Iron 0.030  Chloride  of  Sodium 10.418 

Carbonate  of  Manganese 0.002  Fluoride  of  Sodium 0.051 

Carbonate  of  Magnesium.    ...    1.665  Borate  of  Sodium 0.040 

Carbonate  of  Calcium 3.214  Phosphate  of  Calcium. . . .   0.007 

Carbonate  of  Strontium 0.004  Oxide  of  Aluminium 0.004 

Carbonate  of  Lithium 0. 123  Silicic  Acid 0.715 

Carbonate  of  Sodium 12.980                         Carbonic  Acid,  partly  coin- 
Sulphate  of  Potassium 1.862  bined 7.761 

Sulphate  of  Sodium 24.053  Carbonic  Acid,  free 1.898 

Caesium,  Rubidium,  Thallium,  Zinc,  Arsenic,  Antimony,  Selenium,  Formic) 

Acid,  Undeterminable  Organic  Matter ) 

Amount  of  Solids 55.168 

Specific  Gravity 1.00530 

Temperature  in  C° 73.8 


326  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

SPRUDEL  SALZ  (POWDER) 

DR.  SIPOECZ,  Analyst 

U.  8.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Sulphate 43. 25  Sodium  Fluoride 0.09 

Sodium  Carbonate 36.29  Sodium  Borate -.  0.07 

Sodium  Chloride 16.81  Silicic  Acid  Anhydride  ....  0.03 

Potassium  Sulphate 3.06  Iron  Oxide 0.01 

Lithium  Carbonate 0.39 


CHELTENHAM,  ENGLAND 

SALINE 
PARKES  and  BRANDE,  Analysts 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 400.00  .Magnesium  Sulphate 88.00 

Sodium  Sulphate 120.00  Calcium  Sulphate 36.00 

Total  Solids,  644.00 

CHALYBEATE 

PARKES  and  BRANDE,  Analysts 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  (trains 

Sodium  Chloride 330.40  Magnesium  Sulphate 48.00 

Sodium  Carbonate 4.00  Calcium  Sulphate 20.00 

Sodium  Sulphate 181.60  Ferric  Oxide 6.40 

Total  Solids,  590.40 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid ..  ..  20.00 


CONTREXVILLE  (PAVILION),  VOSGES,   FRANCE 

CALCAREOUS 

HENRY,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gfll.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Carbonate 1 1.504                         Calcium  Carbonate 39.416 

Sodium  Sulphate 7.592                       Calcium  Sulphate 67.160 

Sodium  Chloride )  ^    _  _                         Ferrous  Carbonate 528 

Potassium  Chloride (  Strontium  Carbonate. . . .      trace 

Potassium  Sulphate trace  Calcium  Phosphate. . .) 

Magnesium  Chloride 2. 336  Or.  Matter  and  Arsenic^ 

Magnesium  Carbonate 12.848                         Silica '. .     7.008 

Magnesium  Sulphate 11.096 

Total  Solids,  171.75-2 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Oxygen undetermined 

Carbonic  Acid 2.32 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS  327 

EMS  ON   THE   LAHN,  GERMANY 
KESSELBRUNNEN— ALKALINE 

FRESENIUS,    Analyst 
Temperature  115°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 62.1640  Ferrous  Carbonate 1616 

Sodium  Carbonate 80.3032  Manganese  Carbonate 0280 

Sodium  Sulphate 0488  Strontium   } 

Potassium  Sulphate 3. 1496  Barium  Carbonate J 

Magnesium  Carbonate  ....     6.8080  Aluminium  Phosphate.  -         .0768 

Calcium  Carbonate 10.0728  Silica 2.9184 

Total  Solids,  169.7552 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid ..  54.304 


FACHINGEN,  NASSAU,  GERMANY 

ALKALINE 

FHESEXIUS,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 30.4592  Calcium  Fluoride 0216 

Sodium  Carbonate 155.8104  Ferrous  Carbonate.  . .           .6408 

Sodium  Sulphate 1.0976  Lithium  Carbonate 0032 

Sodium  Phosphate 4048  Lithium  Phosphate 0016 

Magnesium  Carbonate 10.8640  Strontium  Carbonate ...       .0056 

Calcium  Chloride 0272  Aluminium  Phosphate..       .0024 

Calcium  Carbonate 16.0880  Silica  Phosphate 2.0880 

Calcium  Phosphate 0032 

Total  Solids,  2-.2S.517i; 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 263.800' 

Nitrogen .200 

The  water  of  this  spring  is  chiefly  exported. 


FRIEDRICHSHALL,  SAXE-MEININGEN,  GERMANY 
PURGATIVE  : 

BAUER,  Analyst 

f.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  'i rains 

Sodium  Chloride 538.96  Magnesium  Sulphate 316.40 

Sodium  Sulphate 333.84  Calcium  Carbonate 88 

Potassium  Sulphate 16  Calcium  Sulphate 89.92 

Magnesium   Chloride 248.64  Ammonium   Chloride 48 

Magnesium  Carbonate 28.24  Aluminium  Chloride 56 

Magnesium  Bromide 16  Silica 1.68 

Total  Solids,  1,559.92 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  . .  .  .42.56 


328  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

GASTEIN,  SALZBURG,  AUSTRIA 

THERMAL 

WOLF,  Analyst 
Temperature,  87°  to  100°  F. 

IT.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  8.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 2.88  Ferrous  Carbonate 40 

Sodium  Carbonate 32  Manganese  Carbonate 16 

Sodium  Sulphate 12.08  Strontia trace 

Potassium  Sulphate 08  Aluminium  Phosphate 32 

Magnesium  Carbonate 16  Silica 1.92 

Calcium  Carbonate 2.88  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium  Fluoride  trace 

Total  Solids,  21.20 
Gases  Percentage 

Oxygen 30.89 

Nitrogen 69. 1 1 


GEILNAU,  HESSE,  GERMANY 
ALKALINE 

FRESENIUS,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 2.224  Calcium  Fluoride trace 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 65.136  Ferrous  Bicarbonate 2.352 

Sodium  Sulphate 528  Manganese  Bicarbonate. .       .280 

Sodium  Borate trace  Barium  Bicarbonate 008 

Sodium  Nitrate trace  Lithium  Carbonate trace 

Sodium  Phosphate 024  Strontium  Carbonate ....     trace 

Potassium  Sulphate 1 .080  Alumina trace 

Magneshun  Bicarbonate 22.304  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 30.336 

Total  Solids,  124.072 
Gases  Grains 

Carbonic  Acid,  free 171 .200 

Ammonium  Bicarbonate 080 

Nitrogen 952 

Hydrogen  Sulphide trace 

The  water  of  this  spring  is  used  exclusively  for  export. 


GIESSHUEBEL  (NEAR  CARLSBAD),  BOHEMIA 

ALKALINE 
GOTTL,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Carbonate 56.768  Calcium  Carbonate 11.672 

Potassium  Chloride 3.008  Ferrous  Carbonate 003 

Potassium  Carbonate 5.248  Alumina 136 

Potassium  Sulphate 1.776  Silica 5.248 

Magnesium  Carbonate 2. 720 

Total  Solids,  86.579 
Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  . .  305.664 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


329 


HALL,  AUSTRIA 
HAUPTQUELLE-SALINE 


NETWALD,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 896.320 

Sodium  Iodide 488 

Potassium  Chloride 392 

Magnesium  Chloride 20.976 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.936 

Magnesium  Iodide 2.280 

Magnesium  Bromide 4. 144 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Calcium  Chloride 23.464 

Calcium  Carbonate 3.840 

Calcium  Phosphate 208 

Ferrous  Carbonate 704 

Ammonium  Chloride 264 

Silica . .  ...      .584 


Total  Solids,  955.600 


Gas 
Carbonic  Acid 


Grains 
10.96 


This  is  ranked  rather  as  a  medicinal  brine. 


HARROWGATE,  ENGLAND 

SULPHURETED 

Old  Sulphur  Well 
A.  W.  Hoffmann 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 688.144 

Sodium  Iodide trace 

Sodium  Bromide trace 

Sodium  Sulphide 12.384 

Potassium  Chloride 43.760 

Magnesium  Chloride 44.552 

Calcium  Chloride 65.392 

Calcium  Carbonate 9.896 

Calcium  Sulphate .104 

Calcium  Fluoride trace 

Ferrous  Carbonate trace 

Manganese  Carbonate trace 

Ammonia trace 

Silica 200 

Organic  Matter 

Total  Solids..  ..  864.432 


Gases 

Carbonic  Acid 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen . 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen 

Mar?h-gas 


Cubic  Inches 
17.600 
4.248 


Montpelier  Strong 
A.  W.  Hoffmann 

Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

642.472 


11.528 

4.600 

43.736 

49.528 

19.344 

.472 

trace 


trace 
1.472 
trate 

773.152 

Cubic  Inches 
11.203 


2.328 
4.672 


.384 

3.856 

.424 


330  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

HOLYWELL,  NORTH  WALES 

CARBONATED 

Unknown  Analyst 
Temperature,  5?  F. 

Imp.  gal.  contains  Imp.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 821  Calcium  Carbonate 13.685 

Sodium  Carbonate 1.432  Calcium  Chloride 3.094 

Potassium  Chloride traces  Calcium  Sulphate 5.202 

Magnesium  Carbonate 2.688  Ferrous  Carbonate traces 

Magnesium  Sulphate traces  Silicic  Acid 2.737 

Total  Solids 29.650 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Free  Carbonic  Acid . .  . .  10.338 


HOMBURG,  HESSE,  GERMANY 
ELIZABETH  BRUNNEN— SALINE 

LIEBIG,  Analyst 

I'.  S.  gal.  contains  I".  .-.  gui.  coutaiiis 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Miueral  Ingredienti  (ir.-iins 

Sodium  Chloride 633.20  Calcium  Chloride 62.10 

Sodium  Sulphate 3.04  Calcium  Carbonate 87.92 

Magnesium  Chloride 62.32  Ferrous  Carbonate 3.68 

Magnesium  Carbonate 16.08  Silica 2.515 

Total  Solids,  870.96 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

( 'arbonic  Acid . .  387.68 


Kaiserbrunnen  Ludwigsbruniien  Stahlbrunuen 

Hoffman,   Analyst  Huil'imm,    Analyst  Liebig,  Ana!y>f 

I".  >.  gal.  contains  U.S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                         Grains  Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 839.52  383.68  638.88 

Potassium  Chloride 2.24  13.68  1.44 

Magnesium  Chloride 68.16  24.48  41.84 

Magnesium  Carbonate .80  

Calcium  Chloride 140.00  58.24 

Calcium  Carbonate 5.44  45.92  60.24 

Calcium  Sulphate 1.36  1.20  1.20 

Ferrous  Carbonate 4.24  3.36  7.52 

Silica..                                                               .72  1.60  2.48 


Total  Solids 1,061.68  532.96  838.96 

Gas  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid..  ..873.28  348.72  375.28 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS  331 

KISSINGEN    (RAKOCZI),    BAVARIA 
SALINE 

LIEBKJ,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 357. G8  Calcium  Carbonate 65. 12 

Sodium  Iodide Trace  Calcium  Sulphate 23.92 

Sodium  Bromide 48  Calcium  Phosphate      32 

Sodium  Nitrate 56  Ferrous  Carbonate 1.92 

Potassium  Chloride 17.60  Lithium  Chloride 1.20 

Magnesium  Chloride 18.64  Silica 72 

Magnesium  Sulphate 3(5.00 

Total  Solid*,  524.16 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 334. 160 

Ammonia . .  .056 


KREUZNACH,  RHENISH,  PRUSSIA 

SALINE 

Elisenquelle  Oranienquelle 

Lo\viji,  Analyst  Liebig,  Analyst 
U.  S.  gal.  contains      U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                            Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 583.064  869.640 

Potassium  Chloride 4.992  3.680 

Magnesium  Chloride 32.568  

Magnesium  Carbonate 848  1.040 

Magnesium  Iodide 280  .096 

Magnesium  Bromide    2.224  14.240 

Calcium  Chloride 107.112  181.992 

Calcium  Carbonate      13  544  2.040 

Ferrous  Carbonate 2.848 

Lithium  Chloride 4.904  

Aluminium  Phosphate 200  .760 

Silica 1.032  7.992 

Total  Solids 750  768  1,084.328 

This  is  ranked  rather  as  a  medicinal  brine. 


LEUK  (LORENZQUELLE)  VALAIS,  SWITZERLAND 

CALCAREOUS 
B  R  u  N  N  E  R  ,  Analyst 


I".  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain^ 

Mineral  Ingredients                           (iniiiis  Mineral  Ingredients                  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride  .    ...........  440  Calcium  Carbonate  ......     2.856 

Sodium  Sulphate  ............     4.072  Calcium  Sulphate  ........  101.696 

Potassium  Chloride  ............  160  Ferrous  Carbonate  .......  192 

Magnesium  Chloride  .........  216  Strontium  Sulphate  ......  248 

Magnesium  Carbonate  ........  016  Silica     .................  816 

Magnesium  Sulphate  ........    15.928 

Total  Solids,  126.640 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  ...........................  2.08 

Oxygen  .................................  1.52 

Nitrogen  ................................  2.  80 


332  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

LUHATSCHOWITZ,  MORAVIA 

ALKALINE 

Vincenzbrunnen  Ancandibrunnen 

Ferstl,  Analyst  Ferstl,  Analyst 

U.  S.  sal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                           Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 188.216  206.024 

Sodium  Carbonate 186. 104  288.304 

Sodium  Iodide , , 1.056  1.032 

Sodium  Bromide 2.040  .808 

Potassium  Chloride 14.360  12.760 

Magnesium  Carbonate 3.376  4.544 

Calcium  Carbonate 37.472  38.552 

"Ferrous  Carbonate 888  1.080 

Barium  Carbonate "jtJO  .512 

Lithium  Carbonate 072  .112 

Strontium  Carbonate .744  .920 

Silica  ..                                                                                         3.160  .856 


Total  Solids 438.048  555.504 

Gas  Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid . .  .  400.00  232.00 


MARIENBAD  (KREUZBRUNNEN,)  BOHEMIA 

PURGATIVE 
KERSTEN,    Analyst 

r.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 89.328  Ferrous  Carbonate 2.800 

Sodium  Carbonate 68.752  Manganese  Carbonate 312 

Sodium  Sulphate 290.152  Lithium  Carbonate 392 

Potassium  Sulphate 3.592  Strontium  Carbonate 112 

Magnesium  Carbonate 25.600  Aluminium  Phosphate 432 

Calcium  Carbonate 36.840  Silica 5.432 

Calcium  Phosphate 144 

Total  Solids,  523.888 
Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid ..  ..125.60 


MEINBERG  (SCHWEFELQUELLE),  LIPPE-DETMOLD,  GER. 

SULPHURETED 
BRANDES,  Analyst 

I",  si.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Sulphate 46.752  Calcium  Carbonate 17. 192 

Sodium  Sulphide :>3li  Calcium  Sulphate .66.680 

Potassium  Sulphate 040  Ferrous  Carbonate 064 

Magnesium  Chloride 8.280  Strontium  Sulphate 064 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.376  Aluminium  Phosphate . . .       .080 

Magnesium  Sulphate 13.864  Silica 960 

Total  Solids,  155.888 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 10.48 

Sulphurated  Hydrogen 4.88 

Oxygen 16 

Nitrogen 3.20 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS  333 

NAUHEIM,  HESSE-CASSEL,  GERMANY 

KURBRUNNEN-SALINE 

BROMEIS,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 879.384  Calcium  Carbonate 64.224 

Potassium  Chloride 32.376  Calcium  Sulphate 5.920 

Magnesium  Chloride 17.240  Ferrous  Carbonate 1.160 

Magnesium  Bromide 2.360  Manganese  Carbonate 168 

Calcium  Chloride 65.720  Silica 920 

Total  Solids,  1,069.472 
Gas                                               Cubic  Inches 
Carbonic  Acid 249.60 

This  is  ranked  rather  as  a  medicinal  brine. 


NENNDORF,  HESSE,  GERMANY 

TRINKQUELLE— SULPHURETED 
BUNSEN,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium   Sulphate 36.392  Calcium  Carbonate 27.048 

Potassium  Sulphate 2.712  Calcium  Sulphate 64.968 

Magnesium  Chloride 14.808  Calcium  Sulphide 4.440 

Magnesium  Sulphate 18.544  Silica. 1.296 

Total  Solids,   170.208 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 42.00 

Sulphurated  Hydrogen 10.24 

Carburetted  Hydrogen 40 

Nitrogen 4.88 


NEUENAHR,  RHENISH,  PRUSSIA 

MARIENSPRUDEL— THERM  AI , 
M  o  H  R  ,    Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 5.52  Calcium  Carbonate 12.88 

Sodium  Carbonate 44. 80  Ferrous  Carbonate 48 

Sodium  Sulphate 6.08  Silica 1 .52 

Magnesium  Carbonate 21.44 

Total  Solids,  92.72 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid   .  ..180.16 


334 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


OBERSALZBRUNN,  SILESIA 


ALKALINE 

Oberbruunen  Muhlbruuneu 

Fischer,  Analyst  Fischer,  Analyst 

I'.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                            Graius  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 8.96  4.96 

Sodium  Carbonate 70.48  64.72 

Sodium  Sulphate 31.84  20.88 

Magnesium  Carbonate 8.00  15.04 

Calcium  Carbonate 16.16  16.96 

Ferrous  Carbonate .56  .32 

Silica 2.08  2.40 

Total  Solids 138.08  125.28 

Gas                                                                                   Cubic  Inches  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid..                                                                    .   300.00  26.40 


PLOMBIERES  (SOURCE  DES  DAMES),  VOSGES,  FRANCE 

THERMAL 

S  11  i:  i:  I  TI  K  u,    Analyst 


I".  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Inijiviiicnts  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 2.200 

Sodium  Sulphate 5.016 

Sodium  Arseniate 040 

Sodium  Silicate 5.008 

Potassium  Chloride 2.200 

Potassium  Silicate..  .064 


<ir:iins 


1.224 


Mineral  [ngredlenti 
Magnesium  Silicate..^ 

Calcium  Silicate i 

Alumina 60S 

Silica 712 

Organic  Matter 1.224 


Total  Solids,  18.296 


PUELLNA,  BOHEMIA 
PURGATIVE 


STRUVE,   Analyst 


al.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Sulphate 990.400 

Potassium  Su'phate 38.400 

Magnesium  Chloride 157.328 

Magnesium  Carbonate 51.248 

Magnesium  Sulphate 744.688 

Total  Solids,  2,010.456 


U.S.  gal.  contains 

Gruins 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Calcium  Carbonate 6. 160 

Calcium  Sulphate 20.800 

Calcium  Phosphate 024 

Silica..  1.40S 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS  335 

PYRMONT,  WALDECK,  GERMANY 

1 RINKBRUNNEN— CHALYBEATE 

WIGGERS,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 30.016  Ferrous  Carbonate 2.480 

Sodium  Nitrate traces  Manganese  Carbonate.  . .       .192 

Potassium  Sulphate 1.360  Lithium  Chloride *       .152 

Magnesium  Chloride 4.064  Ammonium  Carbonate. . .       .016 

Magnesium  Carbonate 5.920  Alumina 064 

Magnesium  Sulphate 22.704  Silica 152 

Calcium  Carbonate 58.208  Organic  Matter trace 

Calcium  Sulphate 52.872 

Total  Solids,  178.200 

Gas                                                     Cubic  Inches 
Carbonic  Acid 376.80 


SCHLANGERBAD,  NASSAU,  GERMANY 

THERMAL 

FRESENIUS,  Analyst 
Temperature  82.  Jf  to  89.6°  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 14.600  Potassium  Sulphate 728 

Sodium  Carbonate 632  Magnesium  Carbonate 376 

Sodium  Phosphate 032  Calcium  Carbonate 2.000 

Potassium  Chloride 032  Silica 2.064 

Total  Solids,  20.464 


SCHWALBACH,  NASSAU,  GERMANY 

STAHLBRUNNEN— CHALYBEATE 

FRESENIUS,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 416  Magnesium  Carbonate 7.728 

Sodium  Carbonate 880  Calcium  Carbonate 9.448 

Sodium  Sulphate 488  Ferrous  Carbonate 3.736 

Sodium  Borate trace  Manganese  Carbonate 824 

Sodium  Phosphate trace  Silica 1.968 

Potassium  Sulphate 232  Organic  Matter trace 

Total  Solids,  25.720 

Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 402.160 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 024 


336  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

SEIDLITZ,  BOHEMIA 

PURGATIVE 

STEINMANN,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Iiigredieuts  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Sulphate 139.52  Calcium  Carbonate 42.32 

Potassium  Sulphate 35.28  Calcium  Sulphate 33.12 

Magnesium  Chloride 8.48  Ferrous  Carbonate )         ,ft 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.60  Manganese  Carbonate.  . .  I 

Magnesium  Sulphate 636.40  Strontium  Carbonate 072 

Magnesium  Bromide/  ^^  suica  ^ 

and  Fluoride ' 

Total  Solids,  897.592 


SELTERS,  NASSAU,  GERMANY 

SALINE 
HASTNER,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  s.  gal.  contains 

Minernl  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 137.824  Calcium  Carbonate 14.816 

Sodium  Carbonate 54.224  Calcium  Sulphate 2.088 

Sodium  Sulphate 2.088  Calcium  Fluoride 0128 

Sodium  Phosphate 0016  Ferrous  Carbonate 632 

Potassium  Chloride 2.312  Manganese  Carbonate...     .016 

Potassium  Bromide 0016  Aluminium  Phosphate...     .0032 

Magnesium  Carbonate 12. 128  Silica 2.000 

Total  Solids,  228.1472 

iinsi-s  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 240.0000 

Oxygen 0368 

Nitrogen 2280 


Is  exported  only. 


SPA  (POUHON),  LIEGE,  BELGIUM 

CHALYBEATE 

MONHEIM,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1.256  Ferrous  Carbonate 5.416 

Sodium  Carbonate 5.600  Aluminium  Carbonate 192 

Magnesium  Carbonate 1.928  Silica 1.736 

Calcium  Carbonate 4.640  Loss 096 

Total  Solids,  20.864 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid . .  . .  572. 80 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS  337 

ST.  MORITZ    (GRANDE   SOURCE),   ORISONS,  SWITZERLAND 

CHALYBEATE 
PLANTA  and  KEKULE,  Analysts 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains/ 

Sodium  Chloride 2.256  Ferrous  Carbonate 1.384 

Sodium  Carbonate 10.912  Manganese  Carbonate 240 

Sodium  Sulphate 15.736  Phosphoric  Acid 024 

Potassium  Sulphate 952  Bromide,  Iodine,  Fluorine  traces 

Magnesium  Carbonate 6.616  Alumina 016 

Calcium  Carbonate 42.424  Silica 2.224 

Total  Solids,  82.784 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid..  ..314.32 


TCEPLITZ  (HAUPTQUELLE),    BOHEMIA 

THERMAL 

WOLF,  Analyst 

Temperature,  120"  F. 

U.  S.  gal.  confains  U.  S  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 3.464  Ferrous  Carbonate 152 

Sodium  Carbonate 21.080  Manganese  Carbonate 168 

Sodium  Sulphate 2.320  Strontium  Carbonate 216 

Sodium  Phosphate 112  Crenic  Acid 272 

Potassium  Sulphate 784  Aluminium  Phosphate 160 

Magnesium  Carbonate 704  Silicon  Fluoride 2.808 

Calcium  Carbonate 2.640  Silica 3.544 

Total  Solids,  38.424 
Gases  Percentage 

Carbonic  Acid 4. 74 

Oxygen 66 

Nitrogen 94.59 


TUNBRIDGE  WELLS,  ENGLAND 
CHALYBEATE 

SCUDAMORE,  Analyst 

U.  S.  gal.  noritaius  U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients  Graius  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 2.46  Ferric  Oxide 2.22 

Magnesium  Chloride 29  Manganese \ 

Calcium  Chloride 39  Organic  Matter \        .44 

Calcium  Carbonate 27  Silica N 

Calcium  Sulphate 1.41  Loss 13 

Total  Solids-,  7.61 


338  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

VALS.  PRANCE 

DESIREE  SPRING— CARBONATED 

LABORATORY  ACADEMY  OF  MEDICINE,  PARIS,  Analyst 

Mineral  Ingredients  In  1.000  Grammes  Mineral  Ingredients       In  1.000  Grammes 

Sodium  Chloride     )  Calcium  Bicarbonate 571 

Potassium  Chloride f  Ferrous  Peroxide 

Sodium  Sulphate   )        „  0^  Manganese 

Calcium  Sulphate )  Alkaline  Iodide traces 

Sodium  Bicarbonate 6.040  Lith'm  Bicarbonate.. strong  traces 

Sodium  Arseniate trace  Alumina 058 

Potassium  Bicarbonate 263  Organic  Matter traces 

Magne--'am  Bicarbonate 900 

Total  Solids  in  1.000  grammes,  9.142 
Total  in  grains  per  U.  S.  gallon,  535.88 

Gas 
Free  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 2.145  grammes 


VICHY,  FRANCE 

GRANDE   GRILLE—  ALKALINE 
BOQUET,  Analyst 

.J.Sf  F. 


U.  S.  grill,  contains  I",  s.  ual.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                           Grains  Mineral  Ingredients                    Grains 

Sodium  Chloride  .............   32.80  Magnesium  Carbonate  .....  11  .04 

Sodium  Carbonate  ...........  208.00  Calcium  Carbonate  ........  18.48 

Sodium  Borate  ..............    trace  Ferrous  Carbonate  .........  16 

Sodium  Arseniate  .............  08  Manganese  Carbonate  ......  trace 

Sodium  Sulphate  ............    18.32  Strontium  Carbonate     .....  08 

Sodium  Phosphate  ...........     6.24  Silica  ....................  40 

Potassium  Carbonate  .........    1  6.  32 

Total  Solids,  311.92 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  .  ..  1  17.92 


VICTORIAQUELLE,  NEUENAHR,  RHENISH  PRUSSIA 

ALKALINE 

U.  S.  gal.  contains  U.  S.  gal.  contain* 

Mineral  Ingredients  Grains  Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 7.28  Calcium  Bicarbonate 26.40 

Sodium  Bicarbonate. . .          ...   86.40  Ferrous  Oxide ~) 

>      80 
Sodium  Sulphate 5.84  Alumina j 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate 29.92  Silica , 2.00 

Total  Solids,  158.64 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid.  .  ..102.88 


EUROPEAN  MINERAL  SPRINGS 


339 


WILDBAD,  WUERTEMBERG 
THERMAL 


Temperature,  94  °  F. 


U.S.  sal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 14.56 

Sodium  Carbonate 4.24 

Sodium  Sulphate 3.20 

Potassium  Sulphate 1.60 

Magnesium  Carbonate 5.60 

Total  Solids,  36.64 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains,     _, 

Calcium  Carbonate 2.72 

Ferrous  Carbonate "J 

Manganese  Carbonate. . . .  j  ' 

Silica..  3.12 


Gases          /  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid undetermined 

Oxygen undetermined 

Nitrogen undetermined 


WEILBACH,  HESSE,  GERMANY 

ALKALINE 

FRESENIUS,  Analyst 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 77.3416 

Sodium  Carbonate 58.9984 

Sodium  Iodide 0080 

Sodium  Bromide 0448 

Sodium  Sulphate 13.7384 

Potassium  Sulphate 3.3864 

Total  Solids,  165.2728 
Gases  Grains 

Carbonic  Acid 47.6424 

Ammonium  Carbonate 6968 

Sulphureted  Hydrogen 0208 


.Mineral  Ingredients 
Magnesium  Carbonate . 
Calcium  Carbonate . . . 
Ferrous  Carbonate 
Manganese  Carbonate. 
Lithium  Carbonate. . . . 
Silica. . 


gal.  contains 
Grains 

4.4504 
6.0032 

.1544 

.0312 

.3616 

.7544 


WILDUNGEN  (STADTBRUNNEN),  WALDECK,  GERMANY 

CALCAREOUS 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 568 

Sodium  Carbonate 3.936 

Sodium  Sulphate 7.352 

Magnesium  Carbonate 19.224 

Magnesium  Sulphate 2.312 

Total  Solids,  67.448 

Gas  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid  .  .  .  .341.60 


U.  S.  gal.  contain  • 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Calcium  Carbonate 30.224 

Ferrous  Carbonate 1.112 

Manganese  Carbonate 424 

Alumina 06 1 

Silica..  .   2.232 


340 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


WESBADENT  (KOCHBRUNNEN)  NASSAU,  GERMANY 

SALINE 
FRESENIUS,  Analyst 


Temperature,  155.75"  F. 


U.  S.  gal.  contains 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 420.00 

Potassium  Chloride 8.96 

Magnesium  Chloride 12.56 

Magnesium  Carbonate 64 

Magnesium  Bromide 24 

Calcium  Chloride 28 '96 

Calcium  Carbonate 25.68 

Calcium  Sulphate 5.52 


U.  S.  gal.  contain! 
Grains 


Mineral  Ingredients 

Calcium  Arseniate 008 

Calcium  Phosphate 024 

Ferrous  Carbonate 32 

Manganese  Carbonate . . .       .032 

Lithium  Chloride 008 

Ammonium  Chloride 1.04 

Aluminium  Silicate 032 

Silica..  3.68 


Total  Solids,  507.704 
Gases  Cubic  Inches 

Carbonic  Acid 133.60 

Nitrogen 80 


BRINES  OF  MICHIGAN 

East  Saginaw 
Company's  Well 
Mineral  Ingredients  Per  cent. 

Sodium  Chloride 16.86 

Magnesium  Chloride 96 

Calcium  Chloride 2.27 

Calcium  Sulphate 15 

Total  Saline  Matter 20.24 

Water..  79.76 


Bangor 

Company's  Well 
Per  cent. 
19.86 
1.26 
2.96 
.07 
24.15 
75.85 


Total  Solids ..100.00 


100.00 


BRINES  OF  NEW  YORK 

Syracuse  Bali  us 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                              Per  cent  Per  cent 

Sodium  Chloride 15.36  14.94 

Magnesium  Chloride 14  .13 

Calcium  Chloride 08  .08 

Calcium  Sulphate 57  .5!) 

Total  Saline  Matter  16. 15  15.74 

Water..                                                                                       .   83.85  84.25 


Total  Solids,  100.00 


100.00 


BRINES  AND  SEA  WATER 
BRINES  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


341 


EAST  CLARION  SALT  SPRING,  ELK  CO.,  PA. 


M.  H.  BOYE,  Analyst 


D.8 

Mineral  Ingredients 

Sodium  Chloride 

Potassium  Chloride 

Magnesium  Chloride 

Magnesium  Bicarbonate . . . 

Magnesium  Nitrate 

Calcium  Chloride 

Calcium  Bicarbonate 

Calcium  Phosphate 


.  gal.  contains 
Grains 

336.80275 
.89971 
15.34206 
.57155 
.13623 
51.85625 
9.79502 
trace 


U.S.  gal.  contains 
Mineral  Ingredients  Grains 

Ferrous  Bicarbonate 72444 

Barium  Chloride 1.72573 

Barium  Bicarbonate 12791 

Lithium  Chloride trace 

Strontium  Chloride 06260 

Strontium  Bicarbonate. .     .00487 

Ammonium  Nitrate 19172 

Silicic  Acid..  .69523 


Total  Solids,  418.94407 


BRINES  AND  SEA-WATER 


Sea-Water  Dead  Sea 
Von  Bibra,  Analyst      Von  Bibra,  Analyst 

TJ.  8.  gal.  contains       U.  S.  gal.  contains 

Mineral  Ingredients                                                                             Grains  Grains 

Sodium  Chloride 1,671.34  6,702.73 

Sodium  Iodide trace  trace 

Sodium  Bromide 31. 16  156.53 

Sodium  Phosphate   trace  

Potassium  Chloride 682.63 

Potassium  Sulphate 108.46  

Magnesium  Chloride 199.66  4,457.23 

Magnesium  Sulphate 34. 99  

Calcium  Chloride 1,376.75 

€alcium  Sulphate   39.90  38.07 

Calcium  Carbonate trace  trace 

Ferric  Chloride trace  1.50 

Manganese  Chloride 3.35 

Ammonium  Chloride 3. 35 

Aluminium  Chloride 31.37 

Silver trace  

Copper trace  

Lead trace  

Arsenic trace  

Bitumen trace 

Silica trace  trace 

Organic  Matter trace  34.59 


Total  Solids 2,138.91 


13,488.10 


342  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

GREAT  SALT  LAKE,  ETC. 

Showing  the  comparative  analyses  of  the  Great  Salt 
Lake,  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 


MINERAL  INGREDIENTS 

GREAT    SALT   LAKE  , 

DEAD 
SEA 

ATLANTIC 
OCEAN 

1849 
Dr.  Gale 
Analyst 

1869 
O.  D.  Allen 
Analyst 

1879 

J.T.  Kings- 
bury 

Analyst 

Sodium  Chloride           

20.196 
1.834 

11.8628 
.9421 

13.3765 
1.1213 

12.110 

2.6730 

Sodium  Sulphate  

Sodium  Bromide  

.0417 
.3229 
.1975 

Magnesium  Chloride  

.252 

1.4902 

1.6908 

7.822 

Magnesium  Sulphate  

Magnesium  Bromide  

.251 
2.455 
.068 
1.217 

Calcium  Chloride  

Calcium  Sulphate  

.0858 

.1485 

Potassium  Chloride  

.1290 
.1629 

Potassium  Sulphate.            .... 

.5363 

.4197 

Aluminum  Compounds  

.056 

Lithium  

trace 
trace 
.0862 

Boracic  Acid  

Chlorine,  excess  .  . 

.1250 

Total  .  . 

22.282 

14.9934 

10.8818 

03.979 

2  :V>71 

CALIFORNIA  343 


CALIFORNIA 

"  Pious  Portala,  journeying  by  land, 
Reared  high  across  upon  the  heathen  strand, 

Then  far  away 
Dragged  his  slow  caravan  to  Monterey. 

The  mountains  whispered  to  the  valleys,   '  Good ' 
The  sun,  slow  sinking  in  the  western  flood, 

Baptized  in  blood 
The  holy  standard  of  the  Brotherhood. 

The  timid  fog  crept  in  across  the  sea, 

Drew  near,  embraced  it  and  streamed  far  and  free, 

Saying  '  O  ye 
Gentiles  and  Heathen,  this  is  truly  He.  ' 

All   this   the   Heathen  saw;  and  when  once   more 
The  holy  Fathers  touched  the  lovely  shore- 
Then   covered  o'er 

With   shells   and   gifts   the   cross   their   witness   bore." 

Bret  Harte. 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  NAME  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Many  hypotheses  have  been  advanced  relative  to  the 
origin  of  the  name  of  California. 

Some  writers  favor  the  theory  that  the  word  is  of 
aboriginal  origin  depending  on  some  misunderstood  words 
of  the  natives.  Several  writers  among  the  Jesuit  Mission- 
aries point  out  the  possibility  of  the  word  being  derived 
from  the  Latin  Calida  fornax  (hot  furnace),  as  the  south- 
ern part  of  Lower  California  was  first  touched  by  the  dis- 
coverers during  the  hot  season.  Other  less  reasonable 


344  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

conjectures  regarding  the  origin  of  the  name  have  been 
found,  until  the  noted  antiquarian,  Edward  Everett  Hale, 
promulgated,  April  30,  1862,  through  the  American  Anti- 
quarian Society  the  most  authentic  as  well  as  the  most 
probable  account  of  the  first  use  of  the  name  California 
as  follows: 

There  lived  in  Seville  a  favored  Spanish  novelist, 
Ordonez  de  Montalvo,  who  published  a  romance  in  1510 
entitled  "  Las  Sergas  del  esforzado  caballero  Esplandian," 
in  which  the  name  appears  twice  as  will  be  seen  by  the 
following  translation.  The  romance  was  very  popular  and 
rapidly  passed  through  several  editions  from  1510  to  1526. 
One  of  these  issued  from  Madrid  in  1521  is  used  for  the 
translation. 


TRANSLATION 

The  exploits  of  the  very  valiant  Knight  Esplandian, 
son  of  the  excellent  King  Amadis  of  Gaul. — [Madrid,  1521.] 

Furnished  by  Prof.  Henry  G.  Hanks,  State   Mineralogist  of  California,   in 
his  sixth  Annual  Report,  1886. 

Translated  by  Mr.  Camilo  Martin,  Consul  for  Spain. 

CHAPTER  CLVII 

The    marvelous  and  not  thought  of  succor  with  which  the 
Queen   Calafia  came  to  the  Port  of  Constantinople  in 
favor  of  the  Turks. 

I  wish  you  now  to  know  a  thing  the  most  strange 
which  ever  either  in  writing  or  in  people's  memory  could 
be  found,  by  which  the  city  was  the  following  day  on  the 
point  of  being  lost,  and  how  from  there  where  the  danger 
came,  salvation  came  to  it.  Know  then  that  to  the  right 
hand  of  the  Indies,  there  was  an  island  called  California, 
very  near  the  part  of  the  terrestrial  Paradise,  and  which 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  NAME  OF  CALIFORNIA  345 

was  inhabited  by  black  women,  without  there  being  among 
them  even  one  man,  that  their  style  of  living  was  almost 
like  that  of  the  Amazons.  They  were  of  robust  bodies 
and  valiant  and  ardent  hearts  and  of  great  strength ;  the 
island  itself  was  the  strongest  that  could  be  found  in  the 
world  through  its  steep  and  wild  rocks ;  their  arms  were  all 
of  gold  and  also  the  harness  of  the  wild  beasts  on  which  they 
rode  after  taming  them,  as  there  was  no  other  metal  in  the 
whole  island ;  they  dwelled  in  well-finished  caves ;  they 
had  many  ships  in  which  they  went  to  other  parts  to  obtain 
booty,  and  the  men  whom  they  made  prisoners  they  took 
along,  killing  them  in  the  way  you  shall  hear  further  on. 
And  sometimes,  when  they  were  at  peace  with  their  adversa- 
ries, they  used  to  mingle  with  them  with  entire  confidence ; 
if  any  of  them  gave  birth  to  a  son,  he  was  put  to  death  at 
once.  The  reason  for  it,  as  it  was  known,  was  because  in 
their  thoughts  they  were  resolved  to  lessen  the  men  to  so 
small  a  number  that  they  would  be  able  to  master  them 
without  much  trouble,  with  all  their  lands,  and  preserve 
those  who  would  understand  that  it  was  convenient  to  do 
so  that  the  race  might  not  perish. 

In  this  island,  called  California,  there  were  a  great  many 
griffins,  the  like,  on  account  of  the  ruggedness  of  the  land 
and  the  very  many  wild  beasts  therein  contained,  were  not 
found  in  any  other  part  of  the  world ;  and  when  they  had 
little  ones  these  women  would  go  covered  with  thick  skins 
to  catch  them  by  tricks,  and  they  would  bring  them  to  their 
caves  and  there  rear  them ;  and  when  they  were  accustomed 
to  them,  they  would  feed  them  with  those  men  and  with  the 
male  children  they  bore,  so  often  and  with  such  cunning 
that  they  very  well  learned  to  know  them,  and  never  did 
them  any  harm.  Any  man  who  landed  on  the  island  was 
at  once  killed  and  eaten  by  them  ;  and  though  they  might 
be  glutted,  they  would  not  the  less  take  them  and  lift  them 
up,  flying  through  the  air,  and  when  tired  of  carrying 
them,  they  would  let  them  fall,  where  they  would  be  killed 


346  MINERAL  SPRINUS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

at  once.  Well,  at  the  time  when  those  great  men  of  the 
pagans  departed  with  those  large  fleets,  as  history  has 
already  told  you,  there  reigned  in  said  Island  California,  a 
queen  very  tall  of  stature,  very  handsome  for  one  of  them, 
of  blooming  age,  desiring  in  her  thoughts  to  do  great  deeds, 
valiant  in  spirit,  and  in  cunning  of  her  fearless  heart, 
more  so  than  any  of  the  others  that  before  her  reigned  in 
that  seigniory.  And  having  heard  how  the  greatest  part 
of  the  world  was  moving  in  that  expedition  against  the 
Christians,  she,  not  knowing  what  beings  were  the  Chris- 
tians, nor  having  any  knowledge  of  other  countries  except 
those  which  were  next  to  hers,  wishing  to  see  the  world  and 
its  different  races,  thinking  that  with  her  great  valor  and 
that  of  her  adherents  all  that  would  be  gained  she  would 
have,  by  force  or  by  cunning,  the  largest  share  of,  she 
spoke  with  all  those  that  were  skilful  in  war,  telling  them 
that  it  would  be  well  that,  going  in  their  great  fleets,  they 
should  follow-  the  same  road  that  those  great  princes  and 
eminent  men  were  taking,  inciting  and  encouraging  them 
by  laying  before  them  the  very  great  honor  and  gain  that 
might  result  to  them  from  that  undertaking ;  above  all,  the 
great  fame  that  would  resound  in  the  whole  world  about 
them ;  that  remaining  in  the  island  as  they  were,  doing 
nothing  but  what  their  ancestors  had  done,  would  be  only 
to  be  buried  in  life,  like  living  dead,  passing  their  days 
without  fame  and  without  glory,  like  wild  animals. 

So  many  things  said  to  them  by  that  very  valiant 
Queen  Calafia,  that  she  not  only  moved  her  people  to  con- 
sent to  the  undertaking,  but  they,  with  their  great  desire 
that  their  fame  should  be  published  in  many  parts,  hurried 
her  to  put  to  sea  at  once,  so  as  to  happen  to  be  in  the  danger 
jointly  with  those  great  men.  The  Queen,  who  saw  the 
determination  of  her  people,  ordered  her  great  fleet  to  be 
supplied  with  provisions,  and  with  arms  all  of  gold  and 
with  all  other  necessaries ;  and  she  ordered  the  repairing 
of  her  largest  vessel,  made  like  a  grate  of  thick  timbers, 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  NAME  <)/•'  CALIFORNIA  317 

and  she  had  put  into  her  up  to  five  hundred  griffins,  which 
as  you  have  been  told,  she  had  raised  from  tender  age  and 
fed  with  the  flesh  of  men,  and  having  therein  also  put  the 
animals  on  which  they  rode  and  which  were  of  different 
kinds  ;  also,  the  best  chosen  and  best  armed  women  which 
were  in  the  fleet,  and  leaving  such  garrison  in  the  island  as 
to  be  secure,  she  put  to  sea  with  the  others,  and  she  hurried 
so  much  that  she  joined  the  fleets  of  the  pagans  the  night 
of  the  combat,  of  which  you  have  been  told,  which  caused 
them  all  very  great  pleasure,  and  then  she  was  visited  by 
those  great  lords,  who  showed  her  great  reverence.  She 
wanted  to  know  in  what  state  was  their  enterprise,  begging 
them  to  relate  it  to  her  minutely ;  and  having  heard  the 
report  from  them,  she  said:  "  You  have  fought  this  city 
with  your  many  people  and  could  not  take  it;  well,  I  with 
mine,  if  it  is  agreeable  to  you,  will  on  the  following  day,  try 
the  reach  of  my  power,  if  you  will  accept  my  advice."  All 
those  great  lords  answered  her,  that  whatever  was  by  her 
indicated,  they  would  order  it  executed.  u  Then  notify  at 
once  all  the  other  commanders  that  to-morrow,  on  no 
account,  they  nor  theirs  leave  their  quarters,  until  it  is  so 
ordered  by  me,  and  you  shall  see  a  fight  the  most  strange 
never  seen  before  this  day,  and  of  which  you  never  have 
heard  spoken."  This  was  then  made  known  to  the  great 
Sultan  of  Liquia  and  the  Sultan  of  Halapa,  who  had  charge 
of  all  the  armies  which  were  on  land,  and  who  thus  ordered 
their  people,  wondering  much  what  could  be  the  thought 
and  deed  of  that  Queen. 

Thus  leaving  very  little  if  any  doubt  that  the  name 
"  California"  had  its  origin  in  the  fertile  brain  of  Seiior 
Montalvo. 

1 '  Then  felt  I  like  some  watcher  of  the  skies, 
When  a  new  planet  swims  into  his  ken; 

Or  like  stout  Cortez,  when  with  eagle  eyes 
He  stared  at  the  Pacific,  and  all  his  men 

Looked  at  each  other  with  a  wild  surmise — 
Silent  upon  a  peak  in  Darien." 


348 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF  THE  DISCOVERY  AND  EARLY 
OCCUPATION  OF  CALIFORNIA 

It  was  in  the  year  1534,  during  one  of  these  waves  of 
popular  enthusiasm  which  every  now  and  again  pass  over 
large  communities  and  inflame  the  minds  of  men,  that 
California  was  discovered.  These  waves  attacking  the 


OLD    MISSION,   LOS   ANGELES 


deepest  interest  of  ambitious  men  frequently  serve  to 
impart  an  impetus  to  scientific  research  in  astronomy,  chem- 
istry, physics  and  especially  explorations  and  discoveries  of 
new  worlds.  To-day  as  for  centuries  back  explorations  and 
excavations  are  constantly  being  pushed  ahead.  New  expe- 
ditions are  fitted  out  frequently  for  polar  research  and 
heroes  thirsting  for  fame  and  the  discovery  of  the  open  Polar 
Sea  are  pushing  on  with  feverish  excitement  eager  to  outdo 
their  predecessors.  At  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century  the 


DISCO  VERY  AND  EARL  Y  <JC<  '('PA  TI<>N  OF  CALIFORNIA  349 

particular  enthusiasm  of  Spain  was  the  discovery  of  Amer- 
ica. No  time  was  lost  in  building  fleets  and  sending  them 
out,  once  Columbus  had  found  the  way,  to  fully  explore  the 
new  continent  and  discover  the  western  passage  to  the 
Indian  seas. 

Accordingly  we  find  that  Hernando  Cortez,  fully 
equipped  set  sail  with  his  fleet  and  landed  at  Vera  Cruz  in 
April,  1519.  Columbus  believed  in  the  Western  passage 
until  the  day  of  his  death.  Cortez,  while  sailing  along  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  thought  he  had  found  this  coveted  pas- 
sage, and  when  he  landed  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Mexico  it 
was  believed  that  Asia  had  been  reached.  Later  on,  however, 
when  he  had  taken  possession  of  the  Aztec  Capital,  Cortez 
was  convinced  that  the  two  continents  were  not  identical, 
although  Mexico  was  still  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  the 
eastern  continent,  separated  perhaps  by  a  strait  or  a  penin- 
sula which  the  older  explorers  had  not  discovered.  This 
problem  the  Spanish  invader  concluded  to  solve,  and 
the  easiest  and  surest  way  of  accomplishing  this  was  to 
go  to  the  west  seas  and  follow  the  western  shores  north- 
ward until  the  mouth  of  the  strait  or  Asia  itself  should 
be  found. 

Reaching  the  western  shores  of  Mexico  amid  great 
hardships  and  many  privations,  Cortez  followed  the  coast 
northward  until  he  came  to  a  good  harbor.  Here  he 
founded  the  city  of  Zacatula,  about  175  miles  north  of 
Acapulco,  and  commenced  building  his  fleet.  Ship-building 
at  best  is  a  tedious  undertaking,  especially  in  a  new  coun- 
try with  hostile  natives  and  the  intoxication  of  conquest  to 
divert  one's  attention.  Still  Cortez  persevered  and  in  the 
Spring  of  1532  his  first  ships  left  Zacatula  on  their  way 
northward.  Hearing  nothing  from  the  first  expedition, 
Cortez  the  next  year  (1533)  sent  out  two  more  ships  to 
ascertain  the  fate  of  the  lost  vessels  and  then  push  on  to 
Asia.  The  voyage  was  supposed  to  take  only  a  few  months 
under  favorable  circumstances. 


350  MINERAL  STRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  expeditions  of  1533  were  under  the  command  of 
a  cousin  of  Cortez,  Diego  Becerra  de  Mendoza  and  Her- 
nando  Grijalva.  This  latter  commandant  soon  became  dis- 
heartened and  losing  faith  in  the  undertaking,  returned  to 
Zacatula  with  his  ship.  Becerra  de  Mendoza,  however,  was 
made  of  different  stuff  and  determined  to  push  on  with  a 
chivalrous  spirit — despite  the  fact  that  his  crew  became 
mutinous.  Being  of  a  haughty  disposition  he  ruled  his 
men  with  an  iron  hand,  which  only  added  fuel  to  the  fire 
already  kindled.  The  crew  became  more  and  more 
unmanageable  and  finally  mutinied,  with  the  pilot,  Fortuna 
Jimenez  at  their  head,  killing  commander  Mendoza  and 
putting  the  officers  next  in  command  on  the  wild  shores  of 
Colima  to  share  the  fate  of  their  many  comrades  who  had 
fallen  while  fighting  the  savages  under  Cortez. 

Pilot  Jimenez  now  took  command  of  the  ship  and  not 
caring  to  meet  his  fate  at  the  hands  of  Cortez,  pushed  up 
the  Mexican  coast  to  find  if  possible  the  Asiatic  continent 
and  return  to  Europe.  They  sailed  northward  for  many 
months,  until  one  bright  morning  in  the  early  part  of  the 
following  year  (1534)  Jimenez  discovered  what  he  supposed 
to  be  an  island  on  the  western  horizon.  Bearing  down 
upon  it,  a  good,  calm  bay  was  found  surrounded  by  green 
hills  covered  with  shade  trees.  Here  they  decided  to  put 
ashore  and  explore  the  new  country.  The  vessel  was 
accordingly  anchored  at  a  safe  distance  from  the  shore  and 
Jimenez  with  many  of  his  crew  took  to  the  boats  and  land- 
ed on  a  fine  sandy  beach.  No  sooner  had  they  landed  than 
the  beach  swam  with  huge,  dusky  savages  who  overwhelm- 
ed the  few  dozen  sailors  like  an  avalanche  with  such  deadly 
effect  that  Pilot  Jimenez  and  a  score  of  his  faithful  follow- 
ers were  slain  before  the  ship  could  be  reached  and  moved 
away  from  the  deadly  poisoned  arrows  so  fatally  wielded 
by  the  hostile  aborigines. 

Thus  iugloriously  died  the  discoverer  of  California, 
a  few  short  moments  after  setting  his  foot  upon  the  Golden 


DISCO  VER  Y  A  ND  EA  RL  Y  OCCUPA  TION  OF  CA  LIFORNIA  35 1 

shore,  for  the  supposed  island  was  in  reality  Lower  Cali- 
fornia and  the  place  of  landing  was  at  what  is  now  known  as 
La  Paz  in  the  little  bay  about  seventy-five  miles  north  of 
Cape  Palmo  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  peninsula  and  on 
the  western  side  of  the  Gulf  of  California. 

The  few  remaining  sailors  who  succeeded  at  length  in 
getting  their  ship  under  way  after  several  months  reached 
Cortez  at  Zacatula.  After  recounting  to  him  the  unlucky 
passage  of  the  vessel  and  how  they  had  mutinied  and 
killed  his  cousin  Mendoza  and  how  in  turn  the  large 
coppery  savages  had  killed  their  pilot  and  many  of  the  men, 
Cortez  anxiously  inquired  what  the  Indians  wore  and  if 
there  were  any  evidences  of  richness  in  their  attire.  To 
this  the  men  answered  that  the  natives  were  well  armed 
with  bows  and  arrows,  stone  and  copper  knives  etc.,  and  that 
they  wore  strings  of  large  pearls  around  their  necks  and 
pieces  of  bright  shining  metal,  presumably  gold,  on  their 
persons.  This  was  enough  for  Cortez  to  judge  of  the 
wealth  of  the  supposed  Island,  and  he  at  once  set  to  work 
to  refit  and  get  in  readiness  another  expedition.  Early  in 
the  following  year  (1535)  Cortez  set  out  with  a  large  fleet 
for  Jimenez  Bay  which  he  reached  May  3rd  of  the  same 
year.  This  way  was  christened  Santa  Cruz.  Here  he 
landed  many  of  his  colonists  and  then  explored  the  coast 
up  and  down  the  Californian  and  Mexican  shores.  The 
Gulf  of  California  was  named  the  Sea  of  Cortez;  it  after- 
wards received  the  name  of  Mar  Roxa  (Red  Sea)  from  the 
peculiar  red  color  of  its  waters,  arising  probably  from  the 
discoloration  of  the  Red  Colorado  (Red  River),  which 
emptied  into  it  large  volumes  of  dark  red  water.  Having 
cruised  around  this  red  sea  nearly  a  year,  Cortez  returned 
to  Santa  Cruz  to  look  after  his  colonists.  Here  he  found 
many  of  them  killed  and  the  rest  suffering  from  great  pri- 
vation, heartily  sick  of  their  new  home  and  begging  to  be 
taken  away  from  the  hostile  aborigines.  Accordingly  the. 


?    -SP         '        *-w 

CHURCH  AND  STUDY  NEAR  DEL  MONTE 


DISCOVERY  AND  EARLY  OCCUPATION  OF  CALIFORNIA  353 

fleet  brought  away  every  European  from  Santa  Cruz  in  the 
early  part  of  1536  and  he  returned  to  Zacatula  very  much 
discouraged  by  the  experiment. 

After  resting  for  a  few  years  Cortez  again  fitted  out  a 
fleet,  which  started  in  1539,  commanded  by  Captain  Fran- 
cisco de  Ulloa.  This  expedition  rounded  Cape  St.  Lucas  and 
coasted  up  the  western  side  of  California  as  high  as  the 
Cedros  Island  off  Cape  San  Eugenio,  more  than  half  way  up 
the  peninsula  coast.  It  was  during  this  voyage  (1539-40) 
that  the  name  California  first  appears  to  have  been  applied 
to  the  peninsula,  having  undoubtedly  been  taken  from  the 
romance  of  Montalvo  which  was  published  thirty  years 
before. 

Everything  north  of  Cape  St.  Lucas  was  supposed  to 
be  an  island  or  peninsula  leading  northward  to  Asia,  and  to 
this  whole  country  was  applied  the  name  of  California. 

In  1542,  another  expedition  was  fitted  out,  this  time 
from  Navidad,  in  Mexico,  under  instructions  from  the 
Viceroy  of  Spain.  The  command  was  given  to  Juan  Rod- 
riguez Cabrillo  one  of  the  pilots  of  Cortez.  To  this  man  of 
undoubted  courage  belongs  the  honor  of  discovering  Nueva 
California  or  Upper  California  proper.  He  sailed  over  the 
course  of  Ulloa  and  pushing  on  northward,  anchored  in 
San  Diego  Bay,  naming  it  San  Miguel. 

October  3,  1842,  Cabrillo  left  San  Diego  with  a 
determination  to  reach  Asia.  He  sailed  northward,  touch- 
ing at  the  Santa  Catalina  Island  which  he  found  inhabited 
by  natives.  Anchoring  off  San  Pedro,  he  took  formal 
possession  of  a  large  Indian  town  named  Xuca,  on  the 
coast  of  Ventura.  As  he  sailed  up  the  coast,  dotted 
here  and  there  with  Indian  towns,  Cabrillo  finally  reached 
Monterey  Bay,  and  remained  there  some  time  to  view  the 
country  which  pleased  him  so  much.  Proceeding  north- 
ward again  he  passed  Point  Reyes,  and  reached  as  far  north 
as  Cape  Mendocino  which  he  named  Mendoza,  after  the 


354  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Viceroy  of  Spain.  He  then  turned  southward,  discovering 
the  Farallones  Islands  which  he  named  after  his  pilot 
Farallo. 

From  the  records  left  by  Cabrillo  there  is  not  the  slight- 
est mention  made  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  making  it  very 
certain  that  this  daring  navigator  failed  to  enter  the  Golden 
Gate,  for  had  he  done  so  he  would  undoubtedly  have  left  us 
some  description  of  the  finest  harbor  on  the  Coast. 

At  this  time  the  Spanish  claims  in  the  new  world — El 
Dorado  or  California,  extended  from  Mexico  to  the  Arctic 
circle.  Colonization  was  encouraged  and  attempted  from 
Mexico  to  San  Francisco  but  not  beyond  it. 

In  the  mean  time  England  was  watching  America  and 
especially  the  Golden  West  with  a  jealous  eye.  Several 
expeditions  were  sent  out  to  the  Atlantic  shores. 

In  the  year  1577  Sir  Francis  Drake  fitted  out  a  ship 
ostensibly  for  a  buccaneering  expedition  along  the  Spanish 
Main,  but  Spanish  commerce  was  the  objective  point  of  the 
Spanish  Main  or  anywhere  else.  Having  gathered  con- 
siderable booty  and  sacked  several  newly  settled  towns 
along  the  Spanish  coast,  Sir  Francis  desired  to  head  for 
England  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Destiny 
foiled  this  plan.  It  is  just  such  accidents  which  play  such 
an  important  part  in  the  making  of  history.  Drake's 
vessel  got  into  coast  currents  and  tradewinds  which  took 
him  so  far  north  that  he  got  into  a  very  cold  region.  As 
soon  as  it  became  practicable  he  headed  south  again  and  got 
into  latitude  38  degrees,  somewhere  off  the  cliffs  of  Bodega 
or  Drake's  Bay.  From  the  whiteness  of  the  cliffs,  Drake 
called  the  supposed  new  country  New  Albion  from  the  resem- 
blance to  the  coast  of  England.  This  was  in  the  year 
1578-9.  Here  Sir  Francis  landed.  He  found  the  Indians 
going  about  nearly  nude.  They  were  inclined  to  be  peace- 
able and  were  desirous  he  should  remain  with  his  "  wonder 
of  the  sea".  The  natives  offered  the  "  White  Chief  "  their 
whole  country.  Drake  accepted  in  the  name  of  Queen 


DISCOVERY  AND  EARLY  OCCUPATION  OF  CALIFORNIA  355 

Elizabeth  and  set  up  a  post  with  an  inscription  thereon 
announcing  the  discovery  and  acceptance  of  this  New 
Albion.  He  then  sailed  away. 

The  exact  place  of  Drake's  landing  has  been  a  mooted 
question  and  caused  considerable  discussion.  Drake's  Bay, 
Bodega  Bay  and  San  Francisco  Bay,  all  claim  the  honor. 
Drake's  Bay  is  in  the  same  degree  of  latitude  as  noted  by 
Sir  Francis,  and  the  coast  even  to-day  greatly  reseinbles, 
both  in  height  and  color,  the  white  cliffs  seen  on  the 
English  Channel  at  Dover  and  Brighton.  Had  Bodega 
been  the  landing  place,  surely  some  description  of  Tomales 
Bay  would  have  been  made;  and  had  it  been  San  Francisco 
Bay,  which  is  considerably  farther  south  than  38  degrees 
north  latitude,  this  clever  and  daring  explorer  was  not  the 
man  to  have  left  without  exploring  the  many  arms  of  this 
great  inland  sea,  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world. 
Not  one  word  about  the  Golden  Gate  reaches  us  from  the 
accounts  of  Drake's  expeditions,  a  fact,  taken  with  others, 
which  goes  far  to  prove  that  Sir  Francis  Drake  did  not  even 
dream  of  such  a  bay  as  that  of  San  Francisco. 

Many  of  the  Spanish  explorers  and  vessels  both  before 
and  after  Drake's  voyage  found  Point  Reyes,  but  not  one  of 
them  say  a  word  about  San  Francisco  Bay. 

In  1584  Francisco  Gali,  sailing  a  Philippine  vessel  from 
Macao  and  Japan  to  Acapulco,  was  taken  by  the  great 
Oceanic  current  and  tradewinds  and  carried  as  far  north  as 
Cape  Mendocino.  Putting  about,  he  succeeded  in  coasting 
down  to  Cape  St.  Lucas,  but  discovered  nothing  new.  A 
few  years  later,  Carmenon,  another  Philippine  commander 
was  commissioned  to  explore  the  coast  more  minutely  to 
find  a  safe  harbor  for  Spanish  vessels.  He  also  passed  the 
Golden  Gate  without  seeing  it,  although  his  vessel  ran  so 
closely  ashore  as  to  founder  off  Point  Reyes. 

Philip  III  of  Spain,  commissioned  Sebastian  Vizcaino 
in  1602  to  explore  the  coast  of  California  ;  to  find  a  suitable 
harbor  for  the  Philippian  ships,  and  to  hunt  for  the  western 

A.  2-H 


356  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

passage  to  Asia.  He  arrived  at  San  Diego  Bay  the  follow- 
ing year  and  changed  the  name  from  San  Miguel  to  San 
Diego.  He  then  proceeded  on  his  voyage  up  the  coast  reach- 
ing as  far  north  as  Point  Reyes  and  Mendocino.  His 
chroniclers  noted  carefully  many  ports  of  the  coast  and 
described  them  in  detail  but  not  one  word  about  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay — a  further  proof  that  it  had  never  been  discovered. 

Histories  and  exaggerated  accounts  of  the  exploits  of 
Cortez,  Jimenez,  Cabrillo,  Drake,  Carmenon  and  Vizcaino 
continued  to  attract  attention  and  excite  the  adventurous 
spirits  of  another  hundred  years.  Exploring  expeditions 
were  sent  out  under  royal  charter  and  under  individual 
patronage  to  discover  and  explore  this  wonderful  country 
whose  shores  were  sands  of  gold  and  strewn  with  pearls  of 
fabulous  value.  Adventurous  spirits  headed  commands 
for  this  new  world  in  1615,  1633  and  half  a  dozen  more  up 
to  1668.  Most  of  them  coasted  up  and  down  the  Pacific 
shore  without  discovering  anything  new.  None  of  them 
ever  entered  San  Francisco  Bay,  or  if  they  did  so,  left  no 
record  behind  them  which  they  would  have  been  most 
likely  to  do,  had  they  entered  the  Golden  Gate. 


THE  EARLY  MISSION  FATHERS 

For  over  one  hundred  years  from  1668  to  1779  slow 
progress  was  made  in  civilizing  and  colonizing  California. 
Occasional  expeditions  followed  in  the  track  of  their 
predecessors  with  similar  results.  Still  the  highly  colored 
accounts  of  the  rich  El  Dorado  with  mountains  of  gold  and 
shores  of  pearl,  continued  to  spread  and  enthuse  the  adven- 
turesome souls  of  the  age. 

In  1677  the  Spanish  government  decided  that  the  Cal- 
ifornian  conquest  and  colonization  should  be  undertaken 
again,  this  time  with  more  vigor  and  with  the  additional  aid 
of  the  Fathers  of  the  church.  Accordingly  the  Crown 


THE,  EARLY  MISS/OX  FATHERS 


357 


appointed  Admiral  Don  Isidro  Ontondo  commandant  of  the 
expedition.  The  evangelizing  missionaries  were  selected 
from  the  Jesuits,  the  most  powerful  spiritual  organization 
in  Mexico  at  that  time.  The  Archbishop  of  Mexico  con- 


Ol.D  MISSION    CHURCH  AT    SANTA    BARBARA 

ferred  the  honors  of  leading  the  evangelizers,  on  Father 
Eusebio  Francisco  Kuhn-a  much  beloved  German  priest. 
Admiral  Ontondo  was  to  afford  military  protection  while 
Father  Kuhn  and  his  priests  converted  the  Indians.  It 


358  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

was  not,  however,  until  1683  that  the  expedition  set  sail  up 
the  Gulf  of  California  and  active  operations  commenced. 
For  two  years  the  brave  expedition  met  with  varying  suc- 
cess in  the  Lower  California.  Many  natives  were  christian- 
ized and  much  good  was  done. 

The  Spanish  exchequer  was  not  in  a  particularly 
flourishing  condition  at  this  time,  and  the  court  determined 
that  such  a  heavy  drain  on  its  resources  could  not  be  main- 
tained as  nothing  of  much  value  was  returned  to  Spain  in 
exchange  for  her  expensive  conquest  and  evangelizing 
expedition,  and  the  scheme  was  deemed  impracticable. 
After  a  second  effort  by  Ontondo  and  Kuhn  the  Spanish 
government  withdrew  the  expedition  and  offered  the  entire 
control  and  large  grants  to  the  Jesuits  if  they  would  con- 
tinue the  projected  undertaking.  This  proposal  was  not 
accepted  by  the  Fathers  and  thus  abruptly  terminated  for  a 
short  time  the  grand  undertaking. 

Father  Kuhn,  who  had  affectionately  been  called  El 
Padre  Kino,  was  bitterly  disappointed  at  this  unexpected 
turn  of  affairs,  as  he  had  fondly  dreamed  of  the  day  when 
his  missions  would  extend  over  the  entire  new  country. 
While  pondering  over  the  subject  Father? Kuhn  met  with  a 
priest  as  zealous  as  himself  and  these  two  courageous  and 
uniting  heroes,  in  their  love  and  their  great  enthusiasm  for 
the  Catholic  faith  undertook  themselves  without  means  and 
without  support  to  accomplish  what  the  Spanish  Crown 
had  failed  to  bring  to  a  successful  issue.  The  second 
hero  was  Father  Salvatierra.  Later  on  Fathers  Picolo  and 
Ugarta  joined  Fathers  Kuhn  and  Salvatierra  and  the  four 
pioneers  set  to  work  with  zeal  and  determination.  Almost 
insurmountable  obstacles  were  overcome  and  painful  hard- 
ships endured,  and  it  is  pleasing  to  record  that  at  length 
success  crowned  their  efforts.  The  faithful  servants  estab- 
lished missions  in  various  parts  of  Lower  California. 

In  1691  Kuhn  explored  the  Gilda  valley  and  noted  the 
ruins  of  a  once  flourishing  race.  Between  1700  and  1709 


THE  EA  RL  Y  MISSION  FA  THERS  359 

Kuhn  and  his  associates  discovered  that  Lower  California 
was  not  an  island  but  part  of  the  main  land.  The  missions 
now  extended  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  to  San  Diego  and  from 
the  City  of  Mexico  to  the  Arizona  line. 

From  1725  to  1760  the  Jesuits  lost  ground  in  their  own 
dominion.  Popular  feeling  ran  high  against  them-al though 
they  had  converted  the  desert  and  barren  country  into  a 
veritable  oasis.  Miners  and  settlers  began  to  pour  into  the 
land  of  wealth.  Hatred  was  fomented  against  the  priests 
and  secularization  assiduously  advocated.  So  much  pres- 
sure was  brought  to  bear  against  the  pioneer  Fathers,  that 
King  Charles  III  of  Spain  issued  an  ordinance  in  1766 
making  it  imperative  for  all  Jesuits  to  leave  the  Spanish 
dominions.  The  decree  of  banishment  reached  our 
peninsula  in  1768  and  they  were  forced  to  leave  the  field  of 
their  hardships  and  toils — the  field  of  their  early  depriva- 
tions and  painful  though  prosperous  progress,  and  Califor- 
nia was  once  again  inhabited  by  aborigines  alone. 


THE  FRANCISCAN  FRIARS 

During  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  Eng- 
land, France  and  Spain  were  much  interested  in  America 
and  their  respective  colonial  possessions.  England  had 
succeeded  in  obtaining  the  upper  hand  of  France  in  several 
engagements  which  resulted  in  the  great  possessions  of 
France  in  Asia  ( Hindoostan )  and  America  (Canada)  becom- 
ing English  provinces.  England,  becoming  bold,  was 
looking  after  further  conquests.  Spain  took  warning  and, 
although  friendly  with  England,  yet  desired  to  look  after 
her  California!!  possession. 

Shortly  after  the  Jesuit  Fathers  had  been  banished, 
Spain  decreed  that  the  Franciscan  Friars  should  take 
charge  of  the  Peninsula  or  Lawer  California  missions  and 
also  establish  missions  in  Upper  or  New  California  as 


THE  FRANCISCAN  FRIARS  361 

rapidly  as  possible  in  order  to  occupy  and  be  in  possession 
of  the  country  should  England  or  France  direct  attention  to 
the  Golden  West. 

The  chief  establishment  of  the  Franciscan  Monks  in 
New  Spain  was  located  at  San  Fernando,  and  to  it  was 
intrusted  the  labor  of  evangelizing  the  Indians  and  estab- 
lishing missions  up  the  coast.  The  head  of  this  influential 
convent  honored  Junipero  Serra  by  selecting  him  director 
and  head  of  the  California  Missions. 

The  early  history  of  California  is  inseparable  from  that 
of  Friar  Serra — a  man  of  superior  intellect  and  fervid 
religious  zeal  who  had  early  been  ordained  and  attracted  con- 
siderable reputation  as  a  preacher.  He  had  spent  many 
years  among  the  Indians  of  San  Luis  Potosi  and  was  well 
fitted  to  undertake  the  task.  Friar  Serra  had  renounced 
the  world  and  all  its  amusements.  He  found  no  attraction 
in  woman's  society  and  less  in  the  jovial  companionship  of 
his  own  sex.  He  was  ever  serious  and  never  indulged  in 
a  smile  or  jocularity  of  any  kind.  His  habits  were  austere 
and  he  frequently  practised  personal  chastisement,  lashing 
himself  with  wire  ropes  and  stones  and  burning  himself 
with  torches.  He  sought  to  be  a  simple,  humble,  obedient, 
zealous  Friar,  without  hypocrisy  or  pride.  He  made  many 
friends  and  few  enemies  and  lived  as  pure  a  life  and  did  as 
many  noble  deeds  as  has  fallen  to  the  lot  of  any  priest 
before  or  since. 

Early  in  the  year  1769,  several  expeditions  both  by 
land  and  by  sea  brought  the  Fathers  of  St.  Francis  to  San 
Miguel  (now  San  Diego).  They  suffered  much  and  sev- 
eral died  from  starvation  on  the  trip  from  Mexico.  Shortly 
after  the  arrival  of  Friar  Serra  active  work  began,  and  on 
July  u,  1769  the  first  Mission  was  founded — the  Mission 
of  San  Diego. 

About  the  same  time  a  small  expedition  with  Portala 
in  command  set  out  for  Monterey.  With  this  party  were 
Friars  Crespi  and  Gomez.  Onwards  they  marched  and 


362  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

finally  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Salinas  River.  The  coast 
by  land  looked  different  from  what  it  had  been  described  by 
sea  and  our  party  were  not  able  to  discover  Monterey  Bay. 
Thinking  that  perhaps  it  was  still  farther  north  the  expe- 
dition resolved  to  push  forward.  On  the  last  day  of 
October  the  company  reached  one  of  the  heights  on  San 
Pedro  and  here  halted  for  recuperation.  While  camping 
here,  a  small  expedition  under  sergeant  Ortega  set  out  to 
explore  the  coast  for  a  few  days.  Reaching  the  shore  of 
the  Pacific  they  tramped  along  the  beach.  Arriving  at  the 
cliffs  opposite  Seal  Rocks  they  were  unable  to  go  farther  on 
the  shore  and  took  to  the  hills.  Ascending  the  cliffs,  not 
by  the  well  built  road  and  beautiful  grounds  of  Sutro's 
heights,  but  up  the  rough  and  rugged  rocks  they 
climbed.  Imagine  the  amazement  with  which  Ortega  gazed 
on  the  extensive  inland  sea  and  the  Golden  Gate.  This 
was  the  first  time  of  which  we  have  any  iecord  that  San 
Francisco  Bay  was  seen  by  European  eyes. 

During  Ortega's  absence,  all  remained  quietly  in  camp 
excepting  a  few  soldiers  who  were  out  hunting  for  game  in 
the  northeastern  hills.  Having  ascended  several  hundred 
feet  above  the  surrounding  country  they  too  saw  the  large 
inland  sea.  So  San  Francisco  Bay  was  discovered  by  the 
two  companies  of  Portala's  expedition  about  the  same  time. 
On  receiving  the  news  Portala  and  Crespi  broke  camp  on 
the  4th  of  November  1769  and  determined  to  look  at  this 
large  sheet  of  water  themselves.  They  could  scarcely 
believe  that  it  was  correct  as  the  many  earlier  explorers  by 
sea  had  never  even  hinted  at  the  existence  of  such  a  large 
body  of  water  and  surely  it  could  hardly  have  escaped  their 
experienced  eye.  Reaching  the  San  Bruno  summits  the 
whole  expedition  saw  what  Ortega  and  the  soldiers  had 
simultaneously  discovered.  The  company  now  retraced 
their  steps  to  report  the  discovery  of  a  harbor  large  enough 
to  contain  the  whole  Spanish  fleet,  and  arrived  at  San  Diego 
January  24,  1770. 


364  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALltORNIA 

April  next,  two  more  expeditions,  one  by  sea  and  the 
other  by  land,  were  sent  out  to  discover  Monterey.  The 
San  Antonio  with  Father  Serra  on  board  sailed  April 
17,  1770  and  reached  the  harbor  of  Monterey  May  3ist. 
They  found  the  bay  just  as  it  had  been  described  over  a 
hundred  and  fifty  years  before.  The  land  expedition  reached 
the  bay  a  week  preceding.  There  was  a  grand  jubilee  and 
on  the  third  of  June  the  Mission  of  San  Carlos  was  founded. 
The  fort  of  Monterey  was  established  and  the  whole  coun- 
try was  formally  occupied  and  taken  possession  of  in  the 
name  of  the  King  of  Spain. 

Immediately  the  news  of  these  important  discoveries 
and  occupations  were  sent  to  Mexico  and  to  Spain.  High 
Masses,  congratulations  and  receptions  followed  this  impor- 
tant extension  of  the  Spanish  Crown. 

Liberal  and  extensive  provisions  were  made  for  the 
further  establishment  of  missions.  Expeditions  were  fitted 
out  and  missions  established  in  rapid  succession.  The  San 
Antonio  Mission  was  located  at  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains 
July  14,  1771.  Another  one,  that  of  San  Gabriel  was 
founded  in  August  of  the  same  year  and  located  on  the  San 
Gabriel  River.  The  San  Luis  Obispo  Mission  was  founded 
the  following  year.  In  1776  two  missions  were  founded— 
one  the  San  Juan  Capistrano  and  the  other  the  Mission 
Dolores  at  San  Francisco. 

From  the  time  Portala's  expedition  discovered  San 
Francisco  Bay  in  1769  several  exploring  companies  had 
been  sent  out  to  report  on  this  wonderful  sea  which  had  so 
completely  escaped  detection.  Friar  Crespi  explored  the 
eastern  side  of  the  bay  as  far  north  as  the  Carquinez  Straits 
in  1772.  Here  he  discovered  the  San  Joaquin  and  the  Sacra- 
mento Rivers.  In  1774  another  expedition  explored  the 
western  shore  of  the  bay  as  far  as  the  Golden  Gate,  and  in 
1775  the  ship  San  Carlos,  with  the  Saint  Ayala  entered 
the  Golden  Gate — the  first  time  its  waters  had  been  dis- 
turbed by  anything  excepting  the  Indian  canoes.  In  1776 


MOVTKRKY  BATHS 


366  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Friars  Palou  and  Cambon  with  several  married  civilians 
and  soldiers  established  the  San  Francisco  Mission.  This 
was  the  first  occupation  of  San  Francisco  now  114  years 
ago.  The  military  and  the  civilians  occupied  the  presidio 
whilst  the  Fathers  set  to  work  building  the  old  Mission 
Church.  Many  other  missions  were  now  being  established 
in  several  parts  of  California.  Hvangelizing  the  Indians 
was  pushed  as  rapidly  as  possible.  The  country  becoming 
populated  and  the  soil  cultivated,  herds  of  cattle  and  horses 
and  sheep  flourished  and  the  golden  shores  of  California 
were  soon  made  to  blossom  like  the  rose.  The  Missions 
rapidly  prospered  and  soon  became  very  wealthy  and  influ- 
ential, ruling  and  governing  the  country  for  many  years. 

Within  about  fifty  years,  the  Franciscan  Friars  had 
established  twenty-one  missions,  with  large  farms  and  exten- 
sive flocks.  They  were  carrying  on  extensive  trade  in 
hides,  tallow,  wool  and  wine.  They  owned  about  twenty-five 
to  thirty  miles  of  the  choicest  land  around  each  mission. 
These  "golden  days"  continued  from  1770  to  1822.  About 
this  time  the  Spanish  power  in  Mexico  had  its  downfall  and 
with  it  the  Missions  and  powers  of  the  Franciscan  Fathers 
commenced  to  decrease,  until  finally  in  1845  they  were 
formally  abolished  and  their  property  confiscated. 

For  several  years  prior  to  this  confiscation  settlers  had 
been  constantly  increasing.  The  Mexicans  had  been 
attracted  by  the  richness  of  the  soil  and  the  healthfulness 
of  the  climate.  Trappers  and  hunters  and  citizens  in  deli- 
cate health  and  with  adventurous  spirits  crossed  the  high 
Sierras  and  flocked  to  California.  Between  1840  and  1845 
more  than  5,000  people  had  crossed  the  long  plains  and 
scaled  the  high  mountains  to  make  their  homes  on  the 
shores  of  the  Pacific. 

Before  the  close  of  1846  there  were  8,000  persons  who 
had  come  by  land  and  by  sea  to  live  in  California.  From 
1822  to  1845  occasional  skirmishes  and  petty  wars  occurred 
between  settlers  in  the  north  and  settlers  in  the  south,  and 


THE  FRANCISCAN  F1UAKS 


3(58  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

The  news  spread  like  wildfire.  In  less  than  four  years 
from  this  date  over  250,000  people  were  in  the  State  and 
mining  became  the  universal  occupation.  With  such  an 
enormous  immigration,  necessarily  a  large  number  of  outlaws 
found  their  way  here  as  well.  It  was  during  these  stirring 
times  that  the  noted  "  Vigilance  Committee,"  composed  of 
some  of  our  best  citizens,  was  obliged  to  administer  justice 
and  restore  law  and  order.  From  this  time  on  the  State  of 
California  has  increased  in  population,  mineral  and  agricul- 
tural worth  more  rapidly  than  any  other  State  in  the  Union. 


"  Know'st  thou  the  land  where  the  lemon-trees  bloom, 
Where  the  gold  orange  grows  in  the  deep  thicket's  gloom, 
Where  a  wind  ever  soft  from  the  blue  heaven  blows, 
And  the  groves  are  of  laurel,  and  myrtle,  and  rose  ?  " 


THE  CLIMATE  OF  CALIFORNIA 

"  The  empire  of  climate  is  the  most  powerful  of  all  empires." 

— Montesquieu . 

So  much  has  been  written  regarding  the  climatic 
advantages  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  that  I  shall  confine  myself 
to  giving  a  brief  outline  of  this  subject,  merely  touching 
upon  the  most  salient  points,  and  then,  only  as  they  bear 
upon  the  subject  of  health  and  health  resorts. 

The  continuous  tide  of  emigration  to  California  is 
largely  the  outcome  of  an  effort  on  the  part  of  Eastern 
people  to  escape  the  rigor  that  characterizes  the  climate  of 
the  vast  extent  of  country  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
In  California  the  changes  from  the  oppressive  heat  of 
Summer  to  the  intense  cold  of  Winter  are  unknown  nor  do 
Californians  suffer  from  the  many  atmospheric  eccentricities 
that  sweep  over  the  Eastern  country  in  the  form  of  blizzards, 


THE  CLIMATE  OF  CALIFORNIA  369 

cyclones  and  tornadoes.  Even  thunder  storms  are  practi- 
cally unknown  here.  The  configuration  of  this  State, 
which  is  nearly  800  miles  long  and  traversed  by  two 
mountain  ranges,  would  give  rise  to  the  greatest  climatic 
variations  were  it  not  for  certain  modifying  influences 
which  do  not  exist  anywhere  else  in  the  United  States — 
influences  which  reduce  the  differences  that  would  other- 
wise exist  in  a  range  of  over  sixteen  degrees  of  latitude. 
Professor  Whitney  remarks,  in  his  recent  work  on  the 
United  States  : 

u  The  causes  of  this  condition  of  things  in  the  Pacific 
Coast  belt  are  as  follows :  The  proximity  of  the  great  area 
of  water  from  which  the  prevailing  winds  blow  toward  the 
land,  as  will  be  seen  farther  on  ;  the  modification  which  the 
temperature  of  this  ocean  undergoes  near  the  American 
Coast  by  the  Asiatic  Coast  current  and  the  northern  or 
Arctic  Coast  current ;  and  the  position  of  the  mountain 
ranges  near  the  coast.  The  fact  that  the  prevailing  winds 
blow  from  this  great  water  area  toward  the  land  has  a  power- 
ful influence  in  bringing  about  a  uniformity  of  climate  along 
the  edges  of  the  land,  and  this  is  still  further  aided  by  the 
peculiar  nature  of  the  currents  along  this  coast.  The 
influence  of  the  warm  Asiatic  current,  the  Kuro-Siwo,  is 
distinctly  felt  in  raising  the  temperature  as  far  south  as 
the  northern  border  of  California;  from  here  south,  the  cold 
Arctic  current  which  apparently  emerges  from  under  the 
warm  current,  makes  its  presence  felt  in  lowering  the  tem- 
perature along  the  coast  nearly  or  quite  as  far  south  as  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  country." 

A  little  farther  on  he  states  that  "on  the  California 
coast  the  winds  are  very  strong  and  steady  from  the  north- 
west in  the  Summer,  but  decidedly  more  to  the  southwest 
in  Winter.  In  Summer  the  intensely  heated  plateau  to 
the  east  draws  the  air  from  the  Pacific,  which  blows  with  vio- 
lence through  every  depression  in  the  Coast  Ranges  towards 
the  heated  land-mass.  There  is  no  '  wind-gap'  in  the  Coast 


. 


QAttAtU  QSQPK  AT  tVOLfSKUt\ 


TYPICAL   SOUTHERN   CALIFORNIA 


THE  CUM  A  TE  OF  CA  LIFORNIA  371 

Ranges  so  deeply  and  widely  cut  as  that  of  the  Golden 
Gate  at  San  Francisco.  At  this  point  the  cold  winds  from 
the  sea  find  entrance  to  the  Great  Valleys  of  Sacramento 
and  San  Joaqnin,  and  the  mass  of  air  thus  set  in  motion 
spreads  itself  out  fan-like  after  passing  through  the  Gate 
so  that  the  prevailing  winds  in  those  valleys  during  the 
Summer  are  always  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  towards 
the  mountains.  The  hotter  the  weather  in  the  interior  the 
more  violent  the  wind  at  San  Francisco.  But  this  condition 
is  limited  to  the  daytime.  At  night  the  rapid  cooling  of 
the  higher  plateau  checks  or  stops  altogether  the  indraught 
of  air,  and  an  almost  entire  calm  prevails  at  San  Francisco, 
while  the  cool  air  flows  in  a  gentle  breeze  down  the  slopes 
of  mountains,  in  a  reverse  direction  from  that  which  it  had 
during  the  daytime." 


VELOCITY  OF  WINDS 

Protected  from  the  ocean  by  the  Coast  Ranges,  the  air 
as  a  rule  is  dry,  so  that  a  degree  of  heat  varying  from  95° 
to  100°  F.  can  be  borne  with  perfect  comfort,  whereas  in 
the  humid  atmosphere  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  this  temper- 
ature if  kept  up  for  any  length  of  time  would  be  insuffer- 
able and  in  many  cases  fatal.  Now  this  dryness  and 
lightness  of  atmosphere,  relieved  by  cool  dewy  nights, 
gives  California  a  first  place  among  sanitariums,  as  these 
two  attributes,  accompanied  by  a  uniform  mean  temperature 
are  of  prime  importance  in  all  lung  and  throat  affections. 

A  glance  at  the  appended  table  will  satisfy  the  reader 
that  California  is  unrivaled  as  far  as  uniformity  of  climate 
goes,  and  that  it  will  compare  favorably  with  the  most 
celebrated  resorts  in  the  world,  either  in  the  United  States 
or  abroad. 

A.  '24 


372 


MIXERAL  ti 


VELOCITY  OF  WINDS 


373 


The  following  table,  obtained  from  the  records  of  the 

United  States  Signal  Service  office,  gives  the  average 
monthly  velocity  of  the  wind  in  miles  during  the  past  three 
years. 

1886  1887  1888 

March 135  15.2  13.3 

April 15.5  17.0  10.7 

May 10.9  18.7  17.1 

June 22.5  21.5  19.6 

July 21.7  20.0  19.6 

August 21.2  21.4  19.5 

September 18.1  17.2  17.4 

October...            14.0  13.6  13.3 


MKAN  TEMPERATURE 


a 

4 

H 

a, 

* 

s 

ftib 

P. 

0 

c 

O> 

t-a 

fe 

S 

3 

1-5 

•<* 

OB 

0 

£ 

Q 

Coronado,  California 

55.9 

58.5 

55.0 

57.2 

00.4 

63.1 

67.0 

70.5 

06.0 

59.7 

56.0 

50.0 

Naples  

46.5 

48.5 

52.0 

57.0 

00.5 

71.0 

75.0 

70.5 

72.5 

65.0 

54.5 

50.5 

Mentone.   .,  

48  0 

48.0 

5O    f\ 

57  0 

63.0 

70.0 

750 

75.0 

09.0 

64.0 

54.0 

49  0 

Rome  

47.6 

49.4 

52.0 

56.4 

64.5 

69.2 

73.3 

74.0 

09.5 

63.6 

58.8 

49.6 

45  8 

49  0 

51  4 

570 

630 

09.0 

73  0 

74.3 

OP  4 

61.8 

53  7 

48  6 

Florence  

41  0 

45.0 

48  0 

,500 

040 

69.0 

770 

760 

70.0 

59  0 

53  0 

47  0 

Mean  Temp,  at  Cor-r 

onado  for  1C  yearsj 

53.5 

54.7 

56.0 

58.2 

60.2 

66.6 

67.1 

69.0 

66.7 

62.9 

58.1 

56.0 

Mean  Temp,  of 
Year 

San  Francisco 56.00° 

Washington 56.07° 


Mean  Temp,  of 
Summer 

60.0° 
76.3° 


Mean  Temp,  of 
Winter 

51.00" 
36.05° 


Difference  in  San  Francisco .9P 

Difference  in  Washington 36.25° 


RAINY  SEASON 


While  we  have  two  seasons,  the  dry  and  the  wet,  a  very 
general  impression  regarding  the  latter  needs  correcting. 
Eastern  people  suppose  that  when  the  rains  once  begin  they 


374  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

are  continuous  for  six  months.  Rains  may  begin  in  Octo- 
ber or  November  and  continue  for  several  days.  Then  we 
enjoy  a  period  of  several  weeks  when  the  air  is  free  from 
dust,  the  roadbeds  are  hardened,  the  vegetation  takes  a  new 
start,  and  the  sun  beams  over  a  land  of  balmy  luxuriance. 

The  following  figures,  representing  the  mean  temper- 
ature of  January  and  July,  and  the  average  annual  rainfall 
(in  inches)  in  Men  tone,  St.  Paul,  St.  Augustine  (Florida), 
and  also  in  San  Diego,  Santa  Barbara,  Los  Angeles,  and 
Monterey  (California),  afford  a  subject  well  worthy  of  con- 
sideration. 


TEMPERATURE 

January  July  RAINFALL 

Degrees  Degrees  Inches 

San  Diego 57                   65  10 

Santa  Barbara 56                    66  15 

St.  Augustine 59                   77  55 

St.  Paul 13                  73  30 

Mentone 30                   69  23 

Los  Angeles 55                   67  18 

Monterey 50                   65  14 


RAINFALL 

The  very  finest  climate  in  California  will  be  found 
near  the  coast  between  the  34th  parallel  and  the  38th 
parallel,  taking  in  L/os  Angeles,  Santa  Barbara,  Monterey, 
Santa  Cruz  and  San  Francisco.  Again  taking  the  center 
of  this  region  which  will  be  in  and  around  Monterey  in 
latitude  36°,  37',  the  following  table  shows  the  maximum, 
minimum  and  mean  temperatures  and  rainfall  for  each 
month  during  the  eight  years,  as  follows  : 


TEMPERATURES  AND  RAINFALL 


375 


Maximum 

1884 

January  , 

64.00 

February  

74.00 

March  

70.00 

April  

71.00 

Mav  

78.00 

June  

69.00 

July  

76.00 

August  

77.00 

September  

77.00 

October  

77.00 

November  

71.00 

December  

68.00 

1885 

January  

65.00 

February  

08.00 

March  

81.00 

April  

76.00 

May  

77.00 

June  

69.00 

July  

75.00 

August  

76.00 

September  

72.00 

October  

72.00 

November  

74.00 

December  

73.00 

1886 

January  

70.00 

February  

75.00 

March  

72.00 

April  

70.00 

May  

72.00 

June  

78.00 

July  

76.00 

August  

79.00 

September  

79.CO 

October  

72.00 

November  

71.00 

December  

70.00 

1887 

January  

68.00 

February  

72.00 

March  

80.00 

April  

78.00 

May  

85.00 

June  

80.00 

July  

76.00 

August  

74.00 

September  

83.00 

October  

90.00 

November  

74.00 

December  

66.00 

Temperature  for  the  Month 


Minimum 

31.00 
28.00 
40.00 
45.00 
50.00 
56.00 
53.00 
50.00 
44.00 
40.00 
40.00 
30.00 

35.00 
35.00 
41.00 
43.00 
52.00 
52.00 
54.00 
53.00 
44.00 
41.00 
38.00 
35.00 

30.00 
39.00 
33.00 
42.00 
50.00 
51.00 
55.00 
54.00 
47.00 
38.00 
32.00 
36.00 

31.00 
29.00 
35.00 
43.00 
50.00 
55.00 
55.00 
54.00 
50.00 
48.00 
38.00 
37.00 


Mean 

49.51 
50.60 
54.51 
56.95 
59.68 
61.13 
61.01 
61.11 
57.52 
54.39 
52.23 
52.01 

49.90 
52.46 
55.95 
58.43 
59.35 
59.40 
62.50 
60.31 
59.10 
58.13 
56.52 
54.29 

52.10 
54.70 
52.10 
56.10 
59.90 
59.90 
60.80 
60.12 
58.90 
54.55 
50.90 
51.70 

49.60 
48.30 
53.65 
53.30 
56.51 
62.00 
61.60 
62.10 
62.60 
61.40 
57.50 
51.51 


RAINFALL 

2.60 
5.34 
6.08 
3.75 
.36 
1.80 

.07 
.03 

1.81 
.30 

5.33 

1.22 
.09 
.40 

1.70 
.20 
.03 


6.65 
1.73 

3.09 
1.14 
2.52 
3.39 
.08 


.70 

.78 
.60 

.35 
4.92 

.60 
1.16 

.05 


1.35 
1.81 


376 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


We  have  necessarily  a  great  variety  of  climates  in  a 
state  extending  through  ten  parallels  of  latitude,  and  in 
some  places  nearly  the  same  number  of  parallels  of  longi- 
tude— 32°  to  40°  North  Latitude  and  114°  to  124°  West 
Longitude. 


VIEW  OF  OAKLAND 

COMPARATIVE  ANNUAL  METEOROLOGY  OF  SAN 
FRANCISCO  AND  NEIGHBORHOOD 

For  the  years  of  1877,  1878,  1879,  1880,  1881  and  1882. 


TEMPERATURES 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

iSSi 

1882 

Mean  Temperature  of  the  year.... 

56.29 

55.28 

55.11 

53.69 

55.62 

54.49 

Mean  Temp,  of  warmest  day  

76.00 

69.33 

75.33 

70.66 

70.00 

69.33 

Mean  Temperature  of  coldest  day 

41.63 

37.00 

33.66 

41.00 

42.00 

35.00 

Maximum  Temp,  for  the  year  

96.00 

84.00 

93.00 

89.00 

87.00 

84.00 

Minimum  Temp,  for  the  year  

30.00 

'27.00 

27.00 

29.00 

31.00 

30.00 

Greatest  daily  variation  of  Temp. 

38.00 

33.00 

46.00 

36.00 

35.00 

31.00 

Least  daily  variation  of  Temp..  .  . 

1.00 

2.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

Greatest  monthly  range  of  Temp 

47.00 

46.00 

46.00 

48.00 

40.00 

42.00 

Rainfall  in  inches  for  the  year  

11.09 

31.71 

28.91 

28.07 

26.07 

18.87 

No.  of  clear  and  fair  days  for  year 

301 

255 

266 

258 

276 

276 

No.  of  cloudy  days  for  year... 

64 

110 

99 

108 

89 

89 

COM  PA  RA  Tl  VE  TEMPERA  TURK 


1877 


1878 

1879 

1880 

i88r 

1882 

55.73 

56.15 

52.97 

56.35 

54.12 

59.36 

60.07 

58.95 

60.27 

<>0.06 

56.92 

56.73 

55.86 

54.78 

56.44 

50.12 

47.60 

45.38 

51.10 

46.80 

SEASONS 

Mean  Temperature  of  Spring 55.18 

Mean  Temperature  of  Summer...  61.17 

Mean  Temperature  of  Autumn ....  57-67 

Mean  Temperature  of  Winter 50.39 


The  above  table  may  be  considered  a  fair  average 
of  the  meteorological  phenomena  obtaining  in  the  yellow 
territory  along  the  coast  (52°  to  60°),  with  this  exception, 
that  in  going  north  the  rainfall  increases  while  the  temper- 
ature slightly  decreases,  and  in  going  scmth  the  opposite  is 
the  case. 


COMPARATIVE  TEMPERATURE 

Points  in  California  and  points  in  a  corresponding  lat- 
itude on  the  Atlantic  Coast. 

From  this  comparative  temperature  table  it  will  be  seen 
that  California  Climate  is  much  more  equable. 


's  u 

a  * 

a  a 

4- 

r» 

V 

"2 

POINTS  IN 

POINTS    ON 

•8 

3 

1i 

B'S 

a  i 

BSO 

Z' 

8-| 

a  a 

HI   C 

« 

CALIFORNIA 

ATLANTIC   COAST 

'rt 

s3  d 
v  H 

8> 

m 

*« 

3 

>-r 

25  s 
00 

DEC. 

DKG. 

DEG. 

DEG. 

DEG. 

DEG. 

DEG. 

DEG. 

43 

Yreka 

Boston  

43 

69 

38 

48 

63 

45 

88 

41 

Redding 

New  York  

41 

71 

31 

M 

64 

48 

83 

40 

Chico     > 

Philadelphia  

40 

73 

34 

53 

60 

49 

74 

39 

Sacramento 

Baltimore  

73 

33 

53 

56 

51 

60 

38 

San  Francisco 

Washington  

38 

76 

36 

56 

57 

53 

64 

37 

Monterev 

Rich  mond  

37 

75 

37 

56 

63 

50 

85 

36 

Tulare 

Norfolk  

36 

74 

36 

54 

53 

68 

35 

Santa  Barbara 

Raleigh  

35 

76 

43 

60 

65 

58 

73 

34 

Los  Angeles 

Atlanta  

34 

80 

48 

64 

61 

54 

68 

San  Diego 

Savannah  

32 

81 

53 

67 

Looking  over  that  State  from  east  to  west  and  north  to 
south,  the  following  schedule  will  show  the  mean  annual 
and  the  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures,  with  the 
latitude  and  altitude  of  most  of  the  points  of  interest  in 
California  : 


378 


MINERAL  SPPJXGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


LOCATION 


Latitude         Altitude 


Anaheim 33.51  133 

Auburn 38.57  1,360 

Caliente 35.17  1,290 

Calistoga 38.38  363 

Chico 39.44  193 

Colton 34.02  965 

Colfax 39.08  2,422 

Dunnigan 38.51  69 

Fresno 36.45  292 

Gait 38.18  50 

Geysers 38.49  

Gilroy 36.59  193 

Indio 33.46  20 

Keene 35.12  2,705 

Livermore 37.42  485 

Los  Angeles 34.03  293 

Martinez 38.02  10 

Marysville 39.10  66 

Merced 37.20  171 

Mojave 35.02  2,751 

Monterey 36.37  5 

Napa 38.21  20 

Oakland 37.49  12 

Paso  Robles 35.38  

Redding 40.37  567 

Red  Bluff 39.08  308 

Reno 39.31  4,497 

Salinas :J6.41  44 

Sacramento 38.36  30 

San  T)iego 32.45  

Santa  Barbara 34.26  30 

San  Mateo 37.34  22 

San  Luis  Obispo 35.18  

San  Francisco 37.48  

Sanjose ;!7.21  91 

Santa  Cruz 36.58  18 

Spadra 34.03  705 

Stockton 37.58  23 

Sumner 35.24  415 

Summit 39.20  7,017 

Tehachapi 35.06  3,964 

Truckee 39.20  5,819 

Tulare 36.13  282 

Woodland 38.41  63 

Yosemite  Valley 37.47  

Yuma...  32.44  140 


/  ANNUAL  TEMPERATURE  > 

Average 
Maximum 

Average 

Minimum 

Mean 

92.00 

50.00 

07.00 

83.00 

39.00 

58.00 

83.00 

45.00 

64.00 

86.00 

36.00 

59.00 

88.42 

46.08 

05.00 

89.42 

41.66 

62.08 

85.42 

41.50 

56.91 

90.00 

45.00 

63.00 

90.12 

45.00 

64.34 

88.00 

43.00 

62.00 

87.00 

38.00 

58.00 

100.00 

•-)0.00 

73.00 

81.00 

32.00 

54.00 

88.00 

39.CO 

58.01 

89.67 

51.00 

04.75 

76.00 

42.00 

56.00 

88.17 

42.75 

63.58 

80.00 

41.00 

63.00 

87.00 

47.00 

(13.00 

78.50 

42.83 

57.40 

87.58 

37.50 

59.19 

69.33 

42.58 

54.75 

56.00 

86.33 

43.16 

61.58 

90.50 

45.67 

04.00 

72.00 

32.00 

4!)  00 

75.00 

42.00 

56.00 

80.58 

44.92 

60.33 

82.83 

47.50 

61.00 

81.00 

4G.J8 

00.00 

78.00 

44.00 

54.00 

."•0.96 

76.25 

42.33 

66.25 

83.08 

39.83 

56.75 

82.67 

42.42 

58.08 

93.00 

45.00 

64.00 

79.50 

41.50 

58.00 

89.00 

43.00 

C4.00 

58.17 

21.00 

40.66 

78.00 

32.00 

•VJ.OO 

68.83 

21.25 

43.00 

87.00 

43.00 

64.00 

86.00 

49.00 

61.00 

93.00 


58.00 


74.00- 


CORRESPONDING  TEMPERATURE  IN  THE  OLD  WORLD         379 

LOCALITIES  IN  THE  OLD  WORLD  CORRESPONDING  IN  TEM- 
PERATURE WITH  POINTS  IN  CALIFORNIA 

The  following  interesting  table  gives  the  annual 
temperature  and  latitude  of  corresponding  places  in  the 
old  world. 

FROM  44  TO  52  DEGREES 


- 

Mean  Annual 

CITY 

LOCALITY 

Temperature 

Latitude 

DEGREES 

DEGREES 

Carlstad  , 

,.  South-western  Sweden  

44 

59 

Dover  

..South-eastern  England  

45 

43 

Dantzig  

..North-eastern  Prussia  

46 

54 

Stromness;  

..Orkney  Isles  

46 

58 

Breslau  

..South-eastern  Prussia  

46 

51 

Copenhagen  

..Denmatk  

46 

55 

Dresden  

..Austria  

46 

51 

Edinburgh  

..South-eastern  Scotland.... 

47 

55 

Hamburg  

..Northern  Germany  

47 

53 

Dublin  

..Ireland  

.......         49 

53 

Munich  

..Bavaria  

49 

48 

Prague  

.  .  Bohemia  

49 

50 

Leyden  

..Holland  

50 

52 

Geneva  

.  .Switzerland  

50 

46 

Frankfort-on-Main  . 

..Germany  

50 

50 

The  territory  included  in  44°  to  52°  is  the  higher 
Coast  Ranges  and  the  lower  Sierras,  the  atmosphere  of 
which  is  dry,  pure  and  invigorating. 

The  mean'  Summer  temperature  is  from  50°  to  62°. 

FROM  52  TO  60  DEGREES 


CITY 
Turin  

LOCALITY 
Northern  Italy  , 

Mean  Annual 
Temperature 

DEGREES 

53 

Latitude 

DEGREES 

45 

Milan  

.....Northern  Italy  

.    ...        54 

45 

Toulouse  

....Southern  France  

55 

43 

Venice  

57 

45 

Constantinople  

Turkey  

57 

41 

Marseilles  

.     .         57 

43 

Bologna  

Northern  Italy  

57 

44 

Madrid  

Central  Spain  

57 

40 

Mentone  

South-eastern  France  

57 

43 

Toulon  

.  .  .  .Southern  France  

,  59 

43 

Florence  

59 

43 

Rome  ... 

...Western  Italv... 

59 

41 

380  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

FROM  60  TO  68  DEGREES 

Mean  Annual 
CITY  LOCALITY  Temperature          Latitude 

DEGREES  DEGREES 

Nice South-eastern  France 60  43 

Naples South-western  Italy Gl  40 

Lisbon Portugal 61  38 

Barcelonia North-eastern  Spain 63  41 

Algiers Northern  Africa 64  36 

Gibraltar Southern  Spain 64  36 

Smyrna Western  Asia  Minor 65  38 

Messina Sicily 66  38 


This  territory  (60°  to  68°),  extends  on  the  Coast  from 
San  Diego  to  San  Pedro  at  an  average  width  of  twenty-five 
miles,  narrowing  at  the  latter  point  to  a  few  miles  and 
extending  north  to  Point  Concepcion,  also  the  valleys  of  the 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  jointly  from  Sumner  (latitude 
35°  24')  to  Redding  (latitude  40°  37')  varying  from  forty  to 
fifty  miles  in  width  and  four  hundred  and  fifty  miles  in 
length. 

The  mean  Summer  temperature  of  this  region  is  from 
to  72°,  the  mean  Winter  temperature  from  45°  to  55°. 


68 


FROM  68  TO  72  DEGREES 


Mean  Annual 
CITY  LOCALITY  Temperature          Latitude 

DK6RKES  DEGRBK3 

Tunis Northern  Africa 68 

Canton China 69  23 

Las  Palmas Canaries 70 

SanCroix ofTeneriffe 71  28 

Cairo Egypt 71  30 

Macao China 72 

This  territory  (68°  to  72°)  extends  from  Yunia  to  San 
Gorgonio  along  the  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railway, 
and  includes  the  larger  portion  of  the  south-eastern  part  of 
the  State. 


CORRESPONDING  TEMPERATURE  IX  THE  OLD   WORLD 


.'{SI 


The  mean  Summer  temperature  of  this  region  is  from 
80°  to  88°  and  the  mean  Winter  temperature  55°  to  60°. 

The  territory  running  from  30°  to  44°  embraces  the 
high  timber  Sierras  and  a  portion  of  the  North  Coast  Range 
extending  from  near  Clear  Lake  to  Oregon. 

The  territory  running  from  52°  to  60°  extends  in  a 
narrow  strip  along  the  Coast  from  near  Point  Concepcion 
(latitude  34°)  to  the  Oregon  line  (latitude  42°).  From 


CUFF  HOUSE  SCENE.     SAN  FRANCISCO 


Point  Concepcion  in  a  southerly  direction  this  belt  leaves 
the  Coast  and  trends  in  a  south-easterly  direction  until 
near  Tehachapi,  where  it  divides,  one  branch  running  south 
to  State  line,  the  other  running  northeast,  diminishing  at 
State  line  in  latitude  37°.  This  region  is  also  represented 
along  the  foothills  bordering  the  great  valleys  of  the  State, 
particularly  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin. 


382 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 


The  mean  Summer  temperature  of  this  territory  is 
from  56°  to  68°,  and  embraces  a  large  number  of  the  health 
resorts  of  the  State,  including  nearly  all  the  hot  spring 
regions.  Mean  Winter  temperature,  40°  to  52°. 

It  will  be  observed  from  the  following  extensive 
monthly  schedule  that  California  compares  favorably  with 
the  most  noted  health  resorts  of  the  world. 

San  Francisco  having  330,000  inhabitants,  16.72  per 
1,000  die.  In  Los  Angeles  where  there  are  80,000  people 
only  8.26  per  1,000  die,  and  in  San  Diego  with  30,000  pop- 
ulation there  are  only  6  die  per  1,000.  For  the  general 
mortality  of  79  towns  in  California,  the  average  is  only 
1 4. 88  per  1,000. 

Compare  the  figures  with  the  mortality  of  the  East 
and  Europe. 


In  Manchester  (N.  H.) the  mortality  is  26.00  per  1,000 

"  Boston "  "  23.80 

"  Fitchburg  (Mass.) "  "  29.00 

"  Danburry  (Ct.) "  "  27..°>0         " 

"  Albany  (N.  Y.) "  "  20.51         " 

"  Long  Island  City "  "  33.71         " 

"New  York "  "  23.11 

"  Cleveland  (O.) "  "  23.62 

"  New  Orleans "  "  24.14         " 

"  Pensacola  (Fla.) "  "  26.40 

"  Raleigh  (N.  C.) "  "  26.80 

"  Charleston  (S.  C.) "  "  33.10 

BRITISH  AMERICA 

"Gait "  "  32.00 

"Hull "  "  48.00 

"  Montreal "  "  25.95 

"London "  "  18.82 

"  Liverpool  "  "  20.54         " 

"  Manchester "  "  29.68         " 

"  Glasgow  (Scotland) "  "  20.32        " 

"  Dublin  (Ireland) "  "  22.76 

EUROPE 

"Genoa "  "  26.67         " 

"  Havre "  "  37.95 

"  Naples "  "  39.59 


CORRESPONDING  TEMPERA  TURK  IN  THE  OLD   WORLD 


383 


With  perfect  sanitation  such  as  we  hope  will  soon  be 
inaugurated  in  San  Francisco,  we  do  not  hesitate  in  saying 
that  the  mortality  will  be  reduced  to  10  per  1,000  inhabi- 
tants. In  Los  Angeles,  San  Diego,  San  Jose,  etc.,  the  yearly 
mortality  ranges  from  5  to  10  per  1,000.  In  San  Francisco 
however,  many  sick  and  dying  people  arrive  from  all  over 
the  coast  and  from  the  Bast,  making  tjie  death-rate  greater. 
But  with  perfect  sewerage  and  the  excellent  purifying  trade- 
winds,  San  Francisco  will  be  one  of  the  healthiest  cities  in 
the  world. 


MONSTKR  GRAPEVINE  AT  SANTA  BARBARA 

To  thoroughly  appreciate  California  one  should  leave 
the  East  in  January  or  February ;  cross  the  Mississippi 
Valley  where  everything  is  bleak  and  desolate,  and  where 
the  northwest  wind  whistles  mournfully  around  house 
corners;  then  cross  the  broad  Western  prairies  where  the 
only  sign  of  life  to  be  seen  is  the  thin,  blue  snioke  floating 
upward  from  the  sno\v -covered  housetops  ;  then  over  grim 
mountain  ranges,  dark  snowsheds,  and  over  frozen  streams, 


3S4  MINERAL  SPKIXGS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

until  the  summit  of  the  Sierras  is  reached,  when  the  prom- 
ised land  gladdens  the  eye.  Here  are  sunny  slopes, 
budding  trees,  hills  carpeted  with  wild  flowers,  throngs  of 
song  birds,  cloudless  blue  skies,  and  life  and  warmth  every- 
where. Twenty  years  ago  Bayard  Taylor  enjoyed  this 
experience,  and  wrote : 

•'  Then  let  me  purchase  a  few  acres  on  the  lowest  slope 
of  these  mountains,  overlooking  the  valley,  and  with  a  dis- 
tant gleam  of  the  bay :  let  me  build  a  cottage  embowered 
in  acacia  and  eucalyptus,  and  the  tall  spires  of  the  Italian 
cypress.  Let  me  leave  home  when  the  Christmas  holidays 
are  over,  and  enjoy  the  balmy  Januarys  _i  ^ebruarys,  the 
heavenly  Marches  and  Aprils,  of  my  remaining  years  here, 
returning  only  when  May  shall  have  brought  beauty  to  the 
Atlantic  shores.  There  shall  my  roses  outbloom  those  of 
Paestum ;  there  shall  niy  nightingale  sing,  my  orange 
blossoms  sweeten  the  air,  my  children  play-  and  my  best 
poem  be  written.  " 


Thy  tawney  hills  shall  bleed  their  purple  wine, 

Thy  valleys  yield  their  oil ; 
And  Music  with  her  eloquence  divine, 

Persuade  thy  sons  to  toil. 

Till  Hesper,  as  he  trims  his  silver  beam, 

No  happier  land  shall  see  ; 
And  Earth  shall  find  her  old  Arcadian  dream 

Restored  again  in  thee  ! 

— Bayard  Taylor. 


I     .,    c 


•gBEBB^F 


y& 


, . 


